汽車商標汽車及其歷史汽車發(fā)動機汽車底盤單元一單元二單元三單元四汽車電氣設備汽車車身汽車使用說明書及維修手冊汽車檢測與維修設備單元五單元六單元七單元八汽車維護汽車檢測與維修新能源汽車概述汽車商務接待單元九單元十單元十一單元十二

單元十一

活塞連桿組故障診斷與修復新能源汽車概述

學習目標

完成本學習任務后，你應該能：1.了解新能源汽車的發(fā)展狀況和前景：2.明確新能源汽車的分類及特點，熟悉純電動汽車的結構組成；3.掌握新能源汽車相關詞匯及專業(yè)術語的英語表達；4.對相關內容進行閱讀和翻譯；5.正確完成課后練習。建議學時4

學時Text

Newenergyvehiclesrefertothosewhichuseunconventionalvehiclefuelaspowersource(oruseconventionalvehiclefuelandnewvehiclepowerunit),integratingthelatesttechnologyofdynamicscontrolwiththatofdrivesystemandfeaturingadvancedprincipleornewtechnologyaswellasnewstructures.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesMorethan130yearsago,theemergenceofthevehiclehaschangedtheworldandacceleratedtheglobaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.Thefirstmotorvehicleintheworldiselectricvehicle,whichisoneoftheoldestvehicles.Withthedevelopmentofenergyandinternalcombustionengine,electriccars,whichwerelimitedbythetechnicallevelandsocialenvironmentatthattimeandcouldn'tadapttothelongdistancedriving,werealmoststagnatedtodevelop.However,astherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy,duetothelong-termconsumptionofalargeamountofnon-renewableenergybyinternalcombustionenginevehicles,automobileexhaustemissionsalsoposeathreattohumanhealthandlife.Newenergyvehicleswithpureenergyandzeroemissionsaregreatlyvaluedonceagainallovertheworld.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesAsearlyasin1873,theBritishRobertDavidsonbuiltelectrictricyclesoutofhorse-drawncarriages,butnotincludedinthescopeofinternationalrecognition.Andin1881,FrenchengineerGustavTruffinventedthefirstelectrictricycleoftheworld,atricyclepoweredbyalead-acidbattery.In1890,thefirstbatterycar(Fig.11-1)wasborninIowa,USA.whichsetaworldrecordofvehiclespeedwith23km/hinthosedays.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-1theFirstbatteryCarofU.S.Text

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesBetweentheearly20thcenturyand1915,Americaproduced5,000electriccarsayear(Fig.11-2)anditscarparcreachedaround50,000.Sincetheearly1920s,thesteamcarsaccountedfor40percent,electriccarsfor38percent,andcombustionenginecarsonlyfor22percent,whichshowsthatwasthefirstgoldenageofelectriccars.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-2ElectricVehiclesEarly20thCihUSAText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesTheoilshockofthe1970susheredinasecondgoldenageforelectriccars,whichhadbeengonefor50years.Inthe1970s,anAmericancompanylaunchedtheCitiCar(Fig.11-3),anelectriccarwithatopspeedof71km/handarangeof69km,whichbecamethetopsellerofelectriccarsinAmericaofthetime.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-3AmericanCitiCarModelText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesIn1997,ToyotaofficiallypushedoutthePriusModel,whichwasputintoproductionworldwidein2000.From1997to2015,Toyotabroughtinatotalof4generationsofPriusModels,thecumulativesalesexceeded10million.In2008,TeslaRoadsterlauncheditsRoadstertwo-seatelectricsportscar(Fig.11-4),whichisthefirstlarge-scalemassproductionelectricsportscarintheworld.In2012,TeslaproduceditsModelS,drivingtherapiddevelopmentofelectriccarsworldwide.Majordomesticautomobilemanufacturershavelaunchedavarietyofelectricvehicles.AndBaic,Chery,BydandJianghuaiallhavetheirmassproductioncarsappearedonthemarket.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-4TeslaRoadsterText

ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopmentofNewEnergyVehiclesAlargenumberofInternetcarsenterprisesalsoinvestallkindsoftechnologyandcapitaltotheelectriccarindustry.Countriesalsogivestrongsupportinpolicyandfunding.Thisisthebesttimeforustocatchupwiththefirst-classadvancedtechnologyinautomotivefield.Withtheadventofthethirdgoldenageofelectriccars,newenergyvehiclesarefacingnewdevelopmentopportunitiesagain.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ClassificationandCharacteristicsofNewEnergyVehiclesNewenergyvehiclesincludefivetypes:hybridelectricvehicle(HEV),batteryelectricvehicles(BEV,includingsolarcars),fuelcellelectricvehicle(FCEV),hydrogenenginecarsandothernewenergyvehicles(suchassupercapacitors,flywheelsandotherhigh-efficiencyenergystorage).ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HybridElectricVehiclesHybridelectricvehiclesreferstothosethatrunonconventionalfuelandhaveelectricmotors/enginestoimprovelow-speedpoweroutputandfuelconsumption.Accordingtothetypesoffuel,hybridvehiclescanbedividedintogasolinehybridanddieselhybrid.Inthedomesticmarket,themainstreamofthehybridelectricvehiclesisgasolinehybrid(Fig.11-5),whiledieselhybrid(Fig.11-6)modelsarealsodevelopingrapidlyintheinternationalmarket.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HybridElectricVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-5BYDQINPRODMFig.11-6AudiQ7e-tron3.0TDIquattroText

HybridElectricVehiclesAdvantages:1.Themaximumpoweroftheinternalcombustionenginecanbedeterminedaccordingtotheaveragepowerrequiredaftertheadoptionofhybridpower.Atthispoint,theenginerunsundertheoptimalconditionsoflowfuelconsumptionandlesspollution.Whenthepowerofhigh-powerinternalcombustionengineisinsufficient,thebatterytriestogivesupplement;Iftheloadissmall,thesurpluspowercanbeusedtorechargethebattery.Becausetheinternalcombustionenginecanworkcontinuouslyandthebatterycanbeconstantlycharged,itsjourneyisthesameasthatofordinarycars.2.Becauseofthebattery,itisveryconvenienttorecoverthebraking,downhill,idleenergy.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HybridElectricVehiclesAdvantages:3.Inthebustlingdowntown,canshutdownengine,poweredbybatteryalone,toachieve“zero”emissions.4.Withinternalcombustionengine,itisveryconvenienttosolvetheproblemsofhigh-energyconsumptioninairconditioning,heating,defrostingetc.pureelectricvehiclesmeets.5.Canusetheexistinggasstationtofillup,don'thavetoinvestagain.6.Cankeepthebatteryingoodworkingcondition.Nooverchargeordischargeoccurring,soastoprolongtheservicelifeandreducecosts.Disadvantages:Longdistanceandhigh-speeddrivingcanhardlybefuel-efficient.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

BatteryElectricVehiclesElectricvehicles(Fig.11-7),asthenamesuggests,aremainlydrivenbyelectricpower.Mostcarsaredirectlydrivenbyelectricmotor.Someoftheminstallelectricmotorintheenginecompartment,whilesomedirectlyusewheelsastherotorsoffourelectricmotors,thedifficultyliesintheelectricitystoragetechnology.Sinceelectricitycanbeobtainedfromavarietyofprimaryenergysuchascoal,nuclearenergy,waterpower,windpower,light,heatandsoon,peoplecanrelievetheworryofthedwindlingoilresources.Electriccarscanalsomakefulluseofthesurpluselectricityatnightwhenelectricityconsumptionislow,sothatthepowerequipmentcanbefullyuseddayandnight,whichgreatlyimprovingitseconomicbenefits.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

BatteryElectricVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-7BatteryELectricVehicleText

BatteryElectricVehiclesAdvantages:Thetechnologyisrelativelysimpleandmature,andcanberechargedwhereverpowerisavailable.Disadvantages:Thebatteryenergystorageunitweightistoolittle,alsobecauseofthedearpriceandsmalleconomicscaleofelectricvehiclebattery,thepurchasepriceismoreexpensive.Asforthecostofuse,sometrialresultsshowsmoreexpensivethanfuelcars,butsomeisonly1/3ofthefuelcar,whichmainlydependsonthebatterylifeandthepricesoflocaloilorelectricity.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

FuelCellElectricVehiclesFuelcellelectricvehicles(FCV,Fig.11-8)aremotor-drivenvehicleswhichusehydrogenormethanolasfuelandgenerateelectriccurrentthroughchemicalreaction.Theenergyofbatteriesisconvertedintoelectricitybythechemicalreactionofhydrogenandoxygenratherthanbycombustion.Thechemicareactionprocessoffuelcelldoesnotproduceharmfulproducts,sofuelcellvehiclesarepollution-freevehicles.Theenergyconversionefficiencyoffuelcellsis2to3timeshigherthanthatofinternalcombustionengines.Therefore,fuelcellvehicleisanidealvehicleintermsofenergyutilizationandenvironmentalprotection.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

FuelCellElectricVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-8HydrogenFuelCellVehicleText

FuelCellElectricVehiclesComparedwithtraditionalvehicles,fuelcellvehicleshasthefollowingadvantages:1.Zeroorapproximatezeroemissions.2.Reducedtheoilleakcausedbywaterpollution.3.Loweredtheemissionsofgreenhousegases.4.Acceleratedthefueleconomy.5.Improvedthecombustionefficiencyoftheengine6.Smoothoperationandnonoise.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HydrogenPoweredVehiclesHydrogencarisarealzeroemissionvehicle,itsemissionsarepurewater.Ithasnopollution,zeroemissions,reservesandotheradvantages.Therefore,hydrogencarsisthemostidealalternativetoconventionalcars.Hydrogencarscostatleast20percentmorethanconventionalcars.Chang'anautomobilefulfilledtheignitionofChina'sfirsthigh-efficiencyzero-emissionhydrogeninternalcombustionenginein2007,anddisplayeditsfirstself-developedhydrogen-poweredconceptsportscar"hydrogenCheng"attheBeijingautoshowin2008.(Fig.11-9).ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

HydrogenPoweredVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-9Chang’anConceptportsCar“HydrogenCheng”Text

HydrogenPoweredVehiclesdvantages:Purewateremissions,nopollutantswhendriving.Disadvantages:Highcostofhydrogenfuelcells.Moreoverthestorageandtransportationofhydrogenfuelistechnicallydifficultbecausehydrogenmoleculesaresosmallthattheycaneasilyescapeoutofthestoragedeviceshell.Inaddition,themostfatalproblemisthathydrogenmustbeextractedbyelectrolysisofwaterornaturalgas,whichalsoneedtoconsumelargeamountsofenergy.Unlessitisextractedbynuclearpower,carbondioxideemissionswillnottoberadicallyreduced.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ComponentsofBatteryElectricVehiclesThecomponentsofbatteryelectricvehicle（Fig.11-10）includes:electricdriveandcontrolsystem,mechanicalsystemslikingdrivingforcetransmissiondevice,workingunitsthatperformthegiventasksetc.Electricdriveandcontrolsystems,whichgreatlydifferfrominternalcombustionenginevehicle,arethecoreofelectricvehicle.Theelectricdriveandcontrolsystemconsistsofpowersupply,drivingmotorandmotorspeedcontroldevice.Otherdevicesofelectriccarsarebasicallythesameasthoseofinternalcombustionengines.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

ComponentsofBatteryElectricVehicles

ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesFig.11-10ComponentskfBatteryElectrivVehicleText

ThepowersupplyThepowersupplyprovideselectricenergyforthedrivingmotoroftheelectricvehicle.Theelectricmotorconvertstheelectricenergyofthepowersupplyintomechanicalenergyandtodrivethewheelsandworkingunitsdirectlyorthroughthetransmissiondevice.Leadacidbatteryisthemostwidelyusedpowersourceinelectricvehicles.However,withthedevelopmentofelectricvehicletechnology,leadacidbatteryisgraduallyreplacedbyotherbatteriesduetoitslowspecificenergy,slowchargingspeedandshortservicelife.Nowadaysthemainpowersuppliesinuseincludesodium-sulfurbatteries,nickel-cadmiumbatteries,lithiumbatteries,fuelcells,flywheelbatteriesetc.Theapplicationofthesenewpowersourcesopensupavastrangeofprospectsforthedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

DrivingmotorThepurposeofdrivingmotoristoconverttheelectricenergyofthepowersupplyintomechanicalenergy,anddrivethewheelsandworkingdevicesdirectlyorthroughthetransmissiondevice.Dcseriesmotorsarewidelyusedinelectricvehicles.Thesemotorshave“soft”mechanicalcharacteristics,whichareveryconsistentwiththedrivingcharacteristicsofcars.However,duetotheexistenceofcommutationspark,DCmotorlowspecificpower,lowefficiencyandheavymaintenanceworkload.Withthedevelopmentofmotortechnologyandmotorcontroltechnology,itisboundtobegraduallyreplacedbybrushlessDCmotor(BDCM),switchedreluctancemotor(SRM)andACasynchronousmotor.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

SpeedcontroldeviceThemotorspeedcontroldeviceissetforthespeedanddirectionchangeoftheelectricvehicle.Itsfunctionistocontrolthevoltageorcurrentofthemotorandtofulfilthecontrolofthedrivingtorqueandrotationdirectionofthemotor.Duringtherotationcontrolofthedrivingmotor,thedcmotorreliesonthecontactortochangethecurrentdirectionofthearmatureormagneticfieldtorealizetherotationchangeofthemotor,whichmakesthecontrolcircuitcomplexandreliabilityreduced.Inaddition,theapplicationsofacmotoranditsfrequencycontroltechnologymakesthebrakingenergyrecoverycontrolofelectricvehiclesmoreconvenientandthecontrolcircuitmoresimple.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

TransmissiondeviceTheroleofthetransmissiondeviceofelectricvehicleistotransferthemotordrivetorquetothedrivingshaft.Whentheelectricwheeldrive,mostpartsofthetransmissiondevicecanoftenbeignored.Becauseelectricmotorscanbestartedwithaload,electriccarsneedn'tclutchesasthatinconventionalinternal-combustionvehicles.Astherotationofthedrivingmotorcanbechangedthroughcircuitcontrol,there'snoneedforelectriccarstousereverselikeininternalcombustionenginetransmission.Whileapplyingsteplessspeedcontrolofmotor,electricvehiclescanignorethetraditionaltransmission.Whenusingtheelectricwheeldrive,theelectricvehiclecanalsoomitthedifferentialpertainingtotraditionalinternalcombustionenginevehicletransmissionsystem.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

DrivingunitThefunctionofthedrivingunitistochangethedrivingtorqueofthemotorintotheforceonthegroundthroughthewheelsanddrivethewheels.Itsstructureisthesameasthatofotherconventionalvehicles,consistingofwheels,tiresandsuspension,etc.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

SteeringapparatusThesteeringapparatusissetforrealizingtheturningofautomobile,whichiscomposedofsteeringmachine,steeringwheel,steeringmechanismandsteeringwheel.Thecontrolforceactingonthesteeringwheeldeflectsthesteeringwheeltoacertainangletoaccomplishtheautomotivesteeringthroughthesteeringgearandsteeringmechanism.Mostelectricvehiclesusefrontwheelsteering,butindustrialelectricforkliftsoftenuserearwheelsteering.Electricvehiclesteeringdevicehasmechanicalsteering,hydraulicsteering,hydraulicpowersteeringandothertypes.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

BrakemechanismThebrakingmechanismofanelectriccar,likethatofothercars,issetforthedecelerationorparkingofthecar,whichusuallyconsistsofthebrakeandcontroldevice.Inelectriccars,therearegenerallyelectromagneticbrakingdevices,whichcanusethecontrolcircuitofthedrivingmotortorealizethemotor'spowergeneration,maketheenergyfromdecelerationbrakingconvertintothechargingcurrentofthebatteryandthenberecycled.Atpresent,thebrakingdeviceofdomestichigh-powerelectricpassengercarissliding-vaneaircompressor,whichmainlyusescompressedairtobrake.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehiclesText

WorkingunitTheworkingunitisspeciallysetforthepurposeofcompletingtheoperationrequirementsofindustrialelectricvehicles,suchasliftingdevice,doorframeandcargoforkofelectricforklift.Theliftingoftheforkliftandtheinclinationofthedoorframeareusuallyaccomplishedbyahydraulicsystemdrivenbyanelectricmotor.ABriefIntroductiontoNewEnergyVehicles參考譯文

新能源汽車是指采用非常規(guī)的車用燃料作為動力來源（或使用常規(guī)的車用燃料、采用新型車載動力裝置），綜合車輛的動力控制和驅動方面的先進技術，形成的技術原理先進、具有新技術、新結構的汽車。

新能源汽車發(fā)展簡史130多年前，汽車的出現改變了世界，促進了全球經濟和社會發(fā)展。世界上第一輛機動車就是電動汽車，是最古老的汽車之一。隨著能源與內燃機的發(fā)展，電動汽車由于受到當時的技術水平和社會環(huán)境所限，不適應長距離行駛，其發(fā)展幾乎停滯不前。然而，隨著世界經濟高速發(fā)展，由于內燃機汽車長期消耗大量的不可再生能源，汽車尾氣的排放對人類健康和生活也構成了威脅,使用清潔能源、零排放的新能源汽車被世界各國重新重視起來。新能源汽車簡介

參考譯文

新能源汽車發(fā)展簡史早在1873年，英國人羅伯特·戴維森在馬車的基礎上制造出電動三輪車，但并沒有列入國際的確認范圍。而在1881年，法國工程師古斯塔夫·特魯夫發(fā)明了世界上第一輛電動三輪車，這是一輛用鉛酸電池為動力的三輪車。1890年，在美國衣阿華州誕生了美國第一輛蓄電池汽車（圖11-1），車速達到23km/h，創(chuàng)造了當時汽車時速的世界紀錄。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-1美國第一輛蓄電池汽車參考譯文

新能源汽車發(fā)展簡史從20世紀初到1915年，美國的電動汽車（圖11-2）年產量5000輛，保有量達到5萬輛。20世紀20年代初以來，蒸汽汽車占40%，電動汽車占38%，內燃機汽車只占22%，可見這是電動汽車的第一個黃金時代。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-220世紀初美國的電動汽車參考譯文

新能源汽車發(fā)展簡史20世紀70年代的石油危機，使得曾經消失了50年的電動汽車迎來了自己的第二個黃金時代。20世紀70年代一家美國公司推出了CitiCar車型（圖11-3），這一款電動車最高時速71公里，續(xù)航里程69公里，成為當時美國電動汽車的銷售冠軍。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-3美國Citicar車型參考譯文

新能源汽車發(fā)展簡史1997年，豐田公司正式推出普銳斯車型，在2000年面向全球投產。從1997年到2015年，豐田共推出4代普銳斯車型，累計銷量超過1000萬輛。2008年，特斯拉推出Roadster雙座電動跑車（圖11-4），是世界上第一款大規(guī)模量產的電動跑車。2012年特拉斯推出ModelS，帶動全球電動汽車的高速發(fā)展。國內各大車場都有推出各種電動汽車，北汽、奇瑞、比亞迪、江淮都有量產車上市。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-4特斯拉Roadster參考譯文

新能源汽車發(fā)展簡史一大波互聯(lián)網造車企業(yè)也把各種技術和資金投入到電動汽車行業(yè)，國家也在政策和資金方面給予大力的支持，這是我國汽車領域趕超世界先進水平的最好時機。電動汽車的第三個黃金時代來臨，新能源汽車又迎來了新的發(fā)展機遇。

新能源汽車的分類及特點新能源汽車包括五大類型:混合動力電動汽車(HEV)、純電動汽車(BEV，包括太陽能汽車)、燃料電池電動汽車(FCEV)、氫動力汽車和其他新能源汽車(如超級電容器、飛輪等高效儲能器)。新能源汽車簡介

參考譯文

混合動力電動汽車混合動力是指采用傳統(tǒng)燃料的，同時配以電動機/發(fā)動機來改善低速動力輸出和燃油消耗的車型。按照燃料種類的不同，主要又可以分為汽油混合動力和柴油混合動力兩種。國內市場上，混合動力車輛的主流是汽油混合動力（圖11-5），而國際市場上柴油混合動力車型發(fā)展也很快（圖11-6）。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-5比亞迪秦PRODM圖11-6奧迪Q7etron3.0TDIquattro參考譯文

混合動力電動汽車優(yōu)點：1.采用混合動力后可按平均需用的功率來確定內燃機的最大功率，此時處于油耗低、污染少的最優(yōu)工況下工作。需要大功率內燃機功率不足時，由電池來補充；負荷少時，富余的功率可發(fā)電給電池充電。由于內燃機可持續(xù)工作，電池又可以不斷得到充電，故其行程和普通汽車一樣。2.因為有了電池，可以十分方便地回收制動、下坡、怠速時的能量。3.在繁華市區(qū)，可關停內燃機，由電池單獨驅動，實現"零"排放。4.有了內燃機就可以十分方便地解決耗能大的空調、取暖、除霜等純電動汽車遇到的難題。5.可以利用現有的加油站加油，不必再投資。6.可讓電池保持在良好的工作狀態(tài)，不發(fā)生過充、過放，延長其使用壽命，降低成本。缺點：長距離高速行駛基本不能省油。新能源汽車簡介

參考譯文

純電動汽車電動汽車(圖11-7)顧名思義就是主要采用電力驅動的汽車，大部分車輛直接采用電機驅動，有一部分車輛把電動機裝在發(fā)動機艙內，也有一部分直接以車輪作為四臺電動機的轉子，其難點在于電力儲存技術。由于電力可以從多種一次能源獲得，如煤、核能、水力、風力、光、熱等，解除了人們對石油資源日見枯竭的擔心。電動汽車還可以充分利用晚間用電低谷時富余的電力充電V，使發(fā)電設備日夜都能充分利用，大大提高其經濟效益。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-7純電動汽車參考譯文

純電動汽車優(yōu)點：技術相對簡單成熟，只要有電力供應的地方都能夠充電。缺點：蓄電池單位質量儲存的能量太少，還因電動車的電池較貴，又沒形成經濟規(guī)模，故購買價格較貴。至于使用成本，有些試用結果比汽車貴，有些結果僅為汽車的1/3，這主要取決于電池的壽命及當地的油、電價格。新能源汽車簡介

參考譯文

燃料電池電動汽車燃料電池電動汽車（圖11-8）是指以氫氣、甲醇等為燃料，通過化學反應產生電流，依靠電機驅動的汽車。其電池的能量是通過氫氣和氧氣的化學作用，而不是經過燃燒，直接變成電能的。燃料電池的化學反應過程不會產生有害產物，因此燃料電池車輛是無污染汽車。燃料電池的能量轉換效率比內燃機要高2～3倍，因此從能源的利用和環(huán)境保護方面，燃料電池汽車是一種理想的車輛。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-8氫燃料電池汽車參考譯文

燃料電池電動汽車與傳統(tǒng)汽車相比，燃料電池汽車具有以下優(yōu)點：1.零排放或近似零排放。2.減少了機油泄露帶來的水污染。3.降低了溫室氣體的排放。4.改善了燃油經濟性。5.提高了發(fā)動機燃燒效率。6.運行平穩(wěn)、無噪聲。新能源汽車簡介

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氫動力汽車動力汽車是一種真正實現零排放的交通工具，排放出的是純凈水，其具有無污染、零排放、儲量豐富等優(yōu)勢。因此，氫動力汽車是傳統(tǒng)汽車最理想的替代方案。與傳統(tǒng)動力汽車相比，氫動力汽車成本至少高出20%。中國長安汽車在2007年完成了中國第一臺高效零排放氫內燃機點火，并在2008年北京車展上展出了自主研發(fā)的中國首款氫動力概念跑車"氫程"（圖11-9）。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-9概念跑車“氫程”參考譯文

氫動力汽車優(yōu)點：排放物是純水，行駛時不產生任何污染物。缺點：氫燃料電池成本過高，而且氫燃料的存儲和運輸按照技術條件來說非常困難,因為氫分子非常小，極易透過儲藏裝置的外殼逃逸。另外最致命的問題就是，氫氣的提取需要通過電解水或者利用天然氣，如此一來同樣需要消耗大量能源。除非使用核電來提取，否則無法從根本上降低二氧化碳排放。新能源汽車簡介

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純電動汽車的組成純電動汽車（圖11-10）的組成包括：電力驅動及控制系統(tǒng)、驅動力傳動等機械系統(tǒng)、完成既定任務的工作裝置等。電力驅動及控制系統(tǒng)是電動汽車的核心，也是區(qū)別于內燃機汽車的最大不同點。電力驅動及控制系統(tǒng)由電源、驅動電機和電動機的調速控制裝置等組成。電動汽車的其他裝置基本與內燃機汽車相同。新能源汽車簡介

圖11-10純電動汽車的結構組成參考譯文

電源電源為電動汽車的驅動電機提供電能，電動機將電源的電能轉化為機械能，通過傳動裝置或直接驅動車輪和工作裝置。電動汽車上應用最廣泛的電源是鉛酸蓄電池，但隨著電動汽車技術的發(fā)展，鉛酸蓄電池由于比能量較低，充電速度較慢，壽命較短，逐漸被其他蓄電池所取代。正在發(fā)展的電源主要有鈉硫電池、鎳鎘電池、鋰電池、燃料電池、飛輪電池等，這些新型電源的應用，為電動汽車的發(fā)展開辟了廣闊的前景。驅動電機驅動電機的作用是將電源的電能轉化為機械能，通過傳動裝置或直接驅動車輪和工作裝置。電動汽車上廣泛采用直流串激電動機，這種電機具有"軟"的機械特性，與汽車的行駛特性非常相符。但直流電動機由于存在換向火花，比功率較小、效率較低，維護工作量大，隨著電動機技術和電動機控制技術的發(fā)展，勢必逐漸被直流無刷電動機(BDCM)、開關磁阻電動機(SRM)和交流異步電動機所取代。新能源汽車簡介

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調速控制裝置電動機調速控制裝置是為電動汽車的變速和方向變換等設置的，其作用是控制電動機的電壓或電流，完成電動機的驅動轉矩和旋轉方向的控制。在驅動電動機的旋向變換控制中，直流電動機依靠接觸器改變電樞或磁場的電流方向，實現電動機的旋向變換，這使得控制電路復雜、可靠性降低。當采用交流異步電動機驅動時，電動機轉向的改變只需變換磁場三相電流的相序即可，可使控制電路簡化。此外，采用交流電動機及其變頻調速控制技術，使電動汽車的制動能量回收控制更加方便，控制電路更加簡單。新能源汽車簡介

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傳動裝置電動汽車傳動裝置的作用是將電動機的驅動轉矩傳給汽車的驅動軸，當采用電動輪驅動時，傳動裝置的多數部件常常可以忽略。由于電動機可以帶負載起動，所以電動汽車上無需傳統(tǒng)內燃機汽車的離合器。因為驅動電機的旋向可以通過電路控制實現變換，所以電動汽車無需內燃機汽車變速器中的倒擋。當采用電動機無級調速控制時，電動汽車可以忽略傳統(tǒng)汽車的變速器。在采用電動輪驅動時，電動汽車也可以省略傳統(tǒng)內燃機汽車傳動系統(tǒng)的差速器。新能源汽車簡介

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行駛裝置行駛裝置的作用是將電動機的驅動力矩通過車輪變成對地面的作用力，驅動車輪行走。它同其他汽車的構成是相同的，由車輪、輪胎和懸架等組成。

轉向裝置轉向裝置是為實現汽車的轉彎而設置的，由轉向機、轉向盤、轉向機構和轉向輪等組成。作用在方向盤上的控制力，通過轉向機和轉向機構使轉向輪偏轉一定的角度，實現汽車的轉向。多數電動汽車為前輪轉向，工業(yè)中用的電動叉車常常采用后輪轉向。電動汽車的轉向裝置有機械轉向、液壓轉向和液壓助力轉向等類型。新能源汽車簡介

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制動裝置電動汽車的制動裝置同其他汽車一樣，是為汽車減速或停車而設置的，通常由制動器及其操縱裝置組成。在電動汽車上，一般還有電磁制動裝置，它可以利用驅動電機控制電路實現電動機的發(fā)電運行，使減速制動時的能量轉換成對蓄電池充電的電流，從而得到再生利用。目前，國內大功率電動載客汽車上，制動裝置為滑片式空氣壓縮機，主要是利用壓縮空氣制動的方式。

工作裝置工作裝置是工業(yè)用電動汽車為完成作業(yè)要求而專門設置的，如電動叉車的起升裝置、門架、貨叉等。貨叉的起升和門架的傾斜通常由電動機驅動的液壓系統(tǒng)完成。新能源汽車簡介

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