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GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundariesProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

Europeispartofahighlyglobalisedworldthatischaracterisedbyavarietyoflarge-scale,highimpactandofteninterdependentchanges,knownasglobalmegatrends.Forexample,whileunprecedentedeconomicandpopulationgrowthoverthelast100-150yearshasresultedinexcessiveburdensontheglobalecosystem,resourcedemandsandassociatedpressuresonecosystemsaresettoescalatefurtherinthecomingdecades.GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

ThisraisesquestionsaboutthelimitsoftolerableenvironmentalpressureontheEarth'slifesupportsystems,sometimesreferredtoas

planetaryboundaries.Recognisingthatthetotalglobalenvironmentalburdenisindeedrapidlymovingbeyondgloballysustainablelimits,itisimportanttobetterunderstandhowEurope'sfutureecologicalandsocietalresiliencemightbyaffectedbycurrentandfutureglobaltrends,andconversely,howEuropeansystemsofproductionandconsumptionarecontributingtoenvironmentalpressuresinotherpartsoftheworld.GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

ManyglobaltrendshavesignificantconsequencesforEurope.Forexample,demographic,economicorgeopoliticaldevelopmentselsewherecaninfluencetheavailabilityandpriceofnaturalresourcesandenergyinEurope.IncreasingenvironmentalpollutioninotherworldregionslikewisecontributestodirectenvironmentalandhumanharminEurope.Forinstance,althoughEuropeanemissionsofozoneprecursorgaseshavedeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades,measuredconcentrationsofground-levelozonehavenotfallenatmostgroundmonitoringstations.Thereisevidencethatthisispartlyduetothelong-rangetransportofprecursorgasesfromotherpartsoftheworld.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

Europealsocontributestoenvironmentalpressuresinotherpartsoftheworld.GreenhousegasemissionsinEuropecontributetoclimatechangeimpactselsewhereandpotentiallyfarintothefuture.GlobalisedsupplychainsmeanthatEuropeanconsumptioncontributestopressuresonecosystemsandcommunitiesinotherareasoftheglobe,forexamplethroughthreatstoglobalfreshwaterqualityandquantity,andthedegradationofhabitatsandlandscapes.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

Forsomeenvironmentalpressures,thereareclearindicationsthatimprovementsonEuropeanterritoryhavebeenoffsetbyanincreasingEuropeanfootprintinotherpartsoftheworld.Forexample,whilethetotalamountofagriculturallandwithintheEUhasdecreasedslightlyoverthepastdecade,theEUhasadisproportionallyhighglobalcroplandfootprintconsuming,directlyorindirectly,morethantwicetheamountofagriculturallanditusesinternally.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

HumanpressuresontheEarthsystemhavereachedascalewhereirreversibleorevencatastrophicglobalchangescannolongerbeexcluded.SuchirreversiblechangescouldmaketheEarthamuchlesshospitableplace.TheconceptofplanetaryboundariesindicateninecriticalprocessesthatregulatethestabilityandresilienceoftheEarthsystem.Planetaryboundarieshighlighttheideathatsustainabledevelopmentcanonlybeachievedwithinasafeoperatingspaceforhumanityidentifiedbythebiophysicalrealitiesofcriticalnaturalthresholds.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

However,bridgingfromconcepttopolicyapplicationandintegrationinvolvesthechallengeofmakingtheglobalconceptrelevantandtangibleatthecontinental,nationalorevenlocalscales.ThisincludesdownscalingtheconceptofplanetaryboundariestotheEuropeanscaleandmeasuringEurope'sperformanceagainstthesedownscaledlimits,includingEurope'sexternalfootprintofproductionandconsumption.Introduction

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

Overrecentyears,theEUhasdevelopedandadoptedarangeoflong-termstrategieswithasocietaltransitionperspectivetowards2050.Mostprominently,theSeventhEnvironmentalActionProgramme(7thEAP)—thestrategicguidingdocumentforallenvironmentalpolicymakinginthecurrentpolicycycleuntil2020—setsoutthevisionof“Livingwell,withinthelimitsofourplanet”,whichdirectlyrelatestotheideaofplanetaryboundaries.EUPoliciesontheTopic

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

The7thEAPformulatesanengagingbutambitiousvisionaboutEuropeasalowcarbonsocietywithagreenandcirculareconomy,andresilientecosystemsasthebasisforEuropeanwell-beingby2050.Thisvisionisunderpinnedwithmultiplelong-termgoals,suchastheRoadmapformovingtoacompetitivelow-carboneconomy,thelong-term2050targetforbiodiversityandecosystemservices(naturalcapitalprotected,valuedandappropriatelyrestored)aspartofthebiodiversitystrategy,orthegoalofzerolandtakeby2050aspartoftheRoadmaptoaresourceefficientEurope.EUPoliciesontheTopic

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

Thesuccessfuldeliveryoftheselong-termvisionsandgoalsrequiresnewandimprovedknowledgeontherapidlychangingglobalcontext.ThisrelatestobothhowEurope'senvironmentandsocietiesmightbeimpactedbyglobalmegatrendsand,conversely,howEurope'ssystemsofproductionandconsumptioncontributetoshapingglobalenvironmentalpressuresonaplanetEarthwithbiophysicalboundariesandlimits.EUPoliciesontheTopic

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

TheEEAhaspublishedassessmentsofglobalmegatrendsconsideredtobeofkeyimportanceforEurope'slong-termenvironmentaloutlookaspartofitslatesttwo'TheEuropeanenvironment—stateandoutlook'(SOER)reportsin2010and2015.Thelatterpublicationwassupplementedwithanin-depthassessment(EEAtechnicalreport)foreachofthe11megatrendsanalysed,includingnumerous(forward-looking)indicators.SomeoftheseindicatorsarealsopresentedinanextendedformaspartofthesetofEEAindicators(e.g.trendsinhumanpopulation,economicdevelopment).EEAActivities

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

ImpactsofglobalmegatrendsonEuropeanresourcesystemsinclude:

DivergingglobalpopulationtrendsTowardsamoreurbanworldChangingdiseaseburdensandrisksofpandemicsAcceleratingtechnologicalchangeContinuingeconomicgrowthAnincreasinglymultipolarworldIntensifiedglobalcompetitionforresourcesGrowingpressuresonecosystemsIncreasinglysevereconsequencesofclimatechangeIncreasingenvironmentalpollutionDiversifyingapproachestogovernanceEEAActivities

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

TheKnowledgeInnovationProject'Withinthelimitsofourplanet'(KIPWILOPwasinitiatedamongEnvironmentalKnowledgeCommunitypartnersin2015,withtheEEAasleadingpartner,asaresponsetotheknowledgeneedsforpolicymakingincombinationwithsignificantrecentscientificadvancesinthefield.TheprojectaimstooperationalisetheconceptofplanetaryboundariesattheEUscale,inordertoprovideknowledgeforfuture-orientedstrategicpolicymaking.EEAActivities

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

ArevisionandupdateofaspectsofglobalmegatrendswillbeprovidedaspartofthenextSOERin2020.Furthermore,aframeworkforassessingtheimpactsofglobalmegatrendsatnationallevels(workconductedincollaborationwiththeNationalReferenceCentreforForward-LookingInformationandServices)iscurrentlybeingdeveloped.Outlook

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

TheplanetaryboundariesworkwillbefurtherdevelopedwithintheWILOPprojectinthecoming2-3years.ThiswillincludesystematiceffortstodownscaleplanetaryboundariestotheEuropeanscaleandtomeasureEuropeanperformanceagainstthedownscaledallowances,aswellasin-depthanalysisofsingle'pilotplanetaryboundaries'andpotentialpolicyintegration.

Outlook

GlobalMegatrendsandPlanetaryBoundaries

轉譯

在翻譯中，不僅詞類可以轉譯，句子甚至是段落和篇章都可以轉譯，一個或多個詞的詞性發(fā)生了變化，其語法功能勢必也會隨之發(fā)生變化，那么，該詞在譯文中的成分和功能也會相應變化。比如，如果翻譯中將動詞轉譯為名詞，那么修飾該動詞的副詞也會隨之轉譯為形容詞，轉譯后的名詞可能成為主語，該句的句子成分就會隨之發(fā)生重大變化。由于英漢兩種語言不同的遣詞造句和表達習慣，翻譯中有時需要打破原文的句式結構，對譯文的結構進行一番調整，使之符合漢語的表達習慣和規(guī)范。一般來說，句子成分的轉換包括主語的轉譯、謂語的轉譯、賓語的轉譯、表語的轉譯、定語的轉譯、狀語的轉譯、補足語的轉譯等方面。Translation

轉譯一、主語的轉譯

(1)Boththefrequencyandinductanceofacrystalunitarespecifiedforinclusioninparticularfilter.譯文：晶體單元要包含在一個特定的濾波器中，就要規(guī)定出頻率和電感。（主語轉譯為賓語）(2)Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight.譯文：地球繞軸自轉，引起晝夜的變化。（主語轉譯為謂語）(3)Asemiconductorhasapoorconductivityatroomtemperature,butitmaybecomeagoodconductorathightemperature譯文：在室溫下，半導體的電導率差，但在高溫下它可能成為良導體。（主語轉譯為定語）(4)Warm-bloodedanimalshaveaconstantbodytemperature.譯文：溫血動物的體溫是恒定的。（主語轉譯為定語）Translation

轉譯三、賓語的轉譯

英語中的賓語，在翻譯時可以轉譯為漢語中的主語、謂語和定語等成分。

(1)Weneedfrequenciesevenhigherthanthosewecallveryhighfrequency.譯文：我們所需的頻率甚至比我們稱之為甚高頻的頻率還高。（動詞賓語轉譯為主語）(2)Therearethreedigitalsignalconvertersinourfactory,eachhavingitsownfeatures.譯文：我們廠有三臺數(shù)字信號轉換器，每臺有其自己的特點。（介詞賓語轉譯為主語）(5)Anothertypeoflensisthinnerinthemiddlethanattheedges,andisknownaseconcavelens.譯文：另一種造鏡的中間比邊緣薄一些，稱為凹透鏡。（介詞賓語轉譯為主語）Translation

轉譯四、表語的轉譯

由于英語中名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、動名詞和不定式等都可以作表語，而且英漢兩種語言表達方式存在差異，使得表語的英譯漢產生了不同的翻譯方法。翻譯時，往往需要轉譯為其他成分。

(3)Computersaremoreflexible,andcandoagreatervariety.譯文：計算機的靈活性比較大，因此能做更多不同的工作。（表語轉譯為主語）(4)Thisprogramwasnotpopularwithallofthetroops.譯文：并不是所有軍隊的人都喜歡這個計劃。（表語轉譯為謂語）(5)Alimitedquantityofthereagentswasavailable.譯文：可利用的藥劑數(shù)量是有限的。（表語轉譯為定語）(6)Thisproblemisofgreatimportance.譯文：這個問題非常重要。（表語轉譯為賓語）Translation

轉譯五、定語的轉譯

英語中表示性質的定語，比如形容詞或分詞，往往暗含謂語的意味，翻譯時，常常會被轉譯為謂語動詞。此外，如果英語中某一名詞轉譯成了漢語動詞，那么修飾該名詞的形容詞或分詞定語也要相應地轉譯為漢語的狀語。(1)Therearethreestatesofmatter—solid,liquidandgas.譯文：物質有三種狀態(tài)：因態(tài)、液態(tài)和氣態(tài)。（定語轉譯為主語）(2)Weshouldhaveafirmgraspofthefundamentalsofasubjectbeforemakingresearchintoit.譯文：我們應首先牢固掌握某學科的基本知識，然后才能從事對它的研究。（定語轉譯為狀語）(3)Theearthwasformedfromthesamekindofmaterialsthatmakesupthesun.譯文：構成地球的物質與構成太陽的物質是相同的。（定語轉譯為表語）Translation

轉譯六、狀語的轉譯

英語中有一些介詞短語，常常在意義上和主語有密切的關系，表示主語的位置、狀態(tài)和性質等，翻譯時，往往將其轉譯為漢語中的主語。此外，如果被修飾詞的詞性發(fā)生變化，如英語的副詞轉譯為漢語中的形容詞時，一些作狀語的介詞短語常常轉譯為定語。(2)InsizeandappearanceMercuryisverymuchlikeourmoon.譯文：水星的大小和外觀很像月亮。（狀語轉譯為主語）(3)Insomecountriesthepopulationdeclined,andgovernmentsactivelyencouragedpeopletohavemorechildren.譯文：有些國家的人口不斷下降，因此政府積極鼓勵人們多生孩子。（狀語轉譯為定語）(4)High-frequencywavesthatcannotbeheardcanbeputtomanyvaluableuses.譯文：人的聽覺感覺不到的高頻波也有許多有價值的用途。（狀語轉譯為賓語）Translation

轉譯七、補足語的轉譯

英語中補足語分為主語補足語和賓語補足語，翻譯時，往往將其轉譯為漢語中的謂語和賓語。(1)Waterresourcesarereportedtohavegreatimportanceforhydroelectricpowerstations譯文：據(jù)報道，水資源對于水電站具有重大意義。（補足語轉譯為謂語）(2)Theygotthemachinetoolrepairedinnotime.譯文：他們很快把機床修好了。（補足語轉譯為謂語）(3)Scientistsoftencallthisprocessdissolving.譯文：科學家們經常稱這個過程為溶解。（補足語轉譯為謂語）Translation

Exercise

1.ThisraisesquestionsaboutthelimitsoftolerableenvironmentalpressureontheEarth'slifesupportsystems,sometimesreferredtoas

planetaryboundaries.Recognisingthatthetotalglobalenvironmentalburdenisindeedrapidlymovingbeyondgloballysustainablelimits,itisimportanttobetterunderstandhowEurope'sfutureecologicalandsocietalresiliencemightbyaffectedbycurrentandfutureglobaltrends,andconversely,howEuropeansystemsofproductionandconsumptionarecontributingtoenvironmentalpressuresinotherpartsoftheworld.Translation

學術海報的制作一、學術海報的結構

題目（title）作者信息摘要（Abstract）簡介（Introduction/Background）問題（Problems）目的（Objectives）或假設（Hypothesis）材料和方法（MaterialsandMethods）結果（Result）討論（Discussion）結論/總結（Conclusion/Summary）推論（Implication）致謝（Acknowledgement）未來展望（FutureWorks）參考文獻（References）

Writing