Unit3Period2Grammar&Vocabulary新課導(dǎo)入Theyhavejustconnectedtheprintertothecomputer.Theprinterhasjustbeenconnectedtothecomputerbythem.Readthesetwosentencesandtellthedifferencebetweenthem.activeformpassiveform課堂學(xué)習(xí)PresentperfectpassiveLookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.1a.Iguessyouhavebeenaskedaboutthetitleofyourbookbefore.b.Newinventionslike3Dprintershavebeenusedtomakereplacementheartsandboneparts.1.Whathashappenedto“you”insentence(a)2.Whohasusednewinventionstomakereplacementheartsandbonepartsinsentence(b)Someonehasasked“you”aboutthetitleofyourbookbefore.Peoplehaveused3Dprinterstomakereplacementheartsandboneparts.

Comparethemwiththefollowingsentencesandanswerthequestions.c.Iguesssomeonehasaskedyouaboutthetitleofyourbookbefore.d.Peoplehaveusednewinventionslike3Dprinterstomakereplacementheartsandboneparts.3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsofsentences4.WhydoestheauthorchoosetousethepassiveforminsteadoftheactiveforminthereadingpassageInthefirstgroup,thewordsinboldshowtheuseofthepassiveformwiththesubjects,whileinthesecondgroup,thewordsinboldshowtheuseoftheactiveformwiththesubjects.Theauthorchoosestousethepassiveforminsteadoftheactiveformtoemphasiswhathasbeendone,ratherthanwhoorwhatdoestheaction.Nowlookformoresentenceswiththepresentperfectpassiveinthereadingpassage.1.TheNewAgeofInvention

hasjustbeenpublished.(para.1)2.In

addition,

importantadvanceshavebeenmadeinmedicineandenvironmentalsciencethankstoincreasingcomputerpower.(para.6)3.NothinglikethishasbeeninventedyetandI’dsaywe’realongwayfromaninventionlikethatatthemoment.(para.14)Presentperfectpassive現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)一、構(gòu)成肯定式:have/has+beendone否定式:have/hasnot+beendone一般疑問式:Have/Has+主語+beendone特殊疑問式:疑問詞+have/has(+主語)+beendoneeg:Thedoorhasalreadybeenlocked.Thechildrenhaven’tbeentoldthegoodnewsyet.HashisnewnovelbeentranslatedintoEnglishyetHowlonghasthehousebeenbuilt二、現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)的主要用法1.表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響與結(jié)果，著重指現(xiàn)在的情況。當(dāng)動詞為結(jié)束性動詞時，可與already,yet連用，但不能與for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時間的狀語連用。eg:Theworkhasalreadybeencompleted.2.表示一個被動的動作或狀態(tài)開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去時，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用，或用于Howlong…

句型中。eg:Mycarhasbeenrepairedfortwoday.eg:Thehousehasbeenpaintedsincethefamilymovedout.3.用在時間或條件等狀語從句中，表示將來某時已完成的動作，即用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)代替將來完成時的被動語態(tài)。eg:Youcangohomeassoonasyourtaskhasbeenfinished.三、常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語already,yet,recently/lately,sincethen,eversince,sofar,ever,foralongtime,bynow,inrecentyears,in/during/overthepast/last(few)years四、應(yīng)注意的問題1.注意現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)的兩個助動詞，即have

/

has和been,兩者缺一不可。2.注意與一般過去時的被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。一般過去時的被動語態(tài)所表示的動作或狀態(tài)與現(xiàn)在情況沒有關(guān)系，而現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況的聯(lián)系。eg:Thisnovelwasfinishedlastyear.eg:Thisnovelhasbeenfinished.3.非延續(xù)性動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)中的運(yùn)用。非延續(xù)性動詞，如borrow,finish,begin,start,buy,marry,open,join等構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)不與for或since連用。但這類動詞的否定式可表示動作的持續(xù)過程，具有連續(xù)性，因而可與since或for引導(dǎo)的時間狀語連用。eg:Nobookshavebeenboughtsincelastweek.4.動詞短語是一個不可分割的整體，在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中要保持完整性，不可省略動詞短語中的介詞或副詞。eg:Theorphanhasbeenlookedafterbyhisneighbours.eg:Theproblemhasbeenpaidenoughattentionto.5.帶有雙賓語的動詞，如give,send,bring,take,teach,show,tell,make,sing,write,read,sell,buy,pay,lend,pass,promise等，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，一般將直接賓語或間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，若將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語時，間接賓語前面要用相應(yīng)的介詞。eg:Thecompanyhasgivenhimachancetoworkabroadrecently.eg:Hehasbeengivenachancetoworkabroadrecently

(bythecompany).2Rewritetheunderlinedpartsusingthepresentperfectpassive.Withinthenext80years,ourlivesmaybechangedbeyondrecognitionby3Dprinting.Ithasalreadyaffectedmanythingsinourlives,rightdowntothefoodweeat.Forinstance,somerestaurantsinLondonhaveserved3D-printedhamburgerstocustomers.Butperhapsthemostsignificantsuccessthatpeoplehaveachievedtodateisinmedicine.

Theyhavemadehumanbodyparts,includingabeatingheart,with3Dprintingtechnology.Anditisnotjusthumanswhoarebenefiting-inBrazil,peoplehavegivenanew3D-printedshelltoaturtleinjuredinaforestfire!Manythingsinourliveshavealreadybeenaffected3D-printedhamburgershavebeenservedtocustomersinsomerestaurantsinLondon.Butperhapsthemostsignificantsuccessthathavebeenachievedtodateisinmedicine.Humanbodyparts,includingabeatingheart,havebeenmadewith3Dprintingtechnology.Anew3D-printedshellhasbeengiventoaturtleinjuredinaforestfire!3ImagineyouareDrMoore.Lookatthepicturesandtellthepoliceaboutthedamageandlosstoyourlab.Usethepresentperfectpassivewhereappropriate.Thelockonthedoorhasbeenbroken.Thewindowhasbeenbroken.Mytwolaptopshavebeenstolen.Beakersandtesttubeshavebeendestroyed.Thebookcasehasbeenopened,andsomefileshavebeentakenawaywhileothershavebeenthrowneverywhere.Therobothasbeendamaged.Apairofgloveshavebeenleftinthelab.4Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.Careersinsciencephysicistmathematicianchemistastronomergeographerbiologist1.Whatdoyouknowaboutthesecareers2.WhatfamousscientistscanyounameinthesefieldsA1:Aphysicist

isapersonwhodoesresearchconnectedwithphysicsorwhostudiesphysics.Amathematicianisapersonwhoistrainedinthestudyofnumbersandcalculations.Achemistisapersonwhodoesresearchconnectedwithchemistryorwhostudieschemistry.Anastronomerisascientistwhostudiesthestars,planets,andothernaturalobjectsinspace.Ageographerisapersonwhostudiesthegeographyorisanexpertinit.Abiologistisapersonwhostudiesorworksinthefieldofbiology.A2:Physicist:

IsaacNewton

艾薩克·牛頓;AlbertEinstein阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦Mathematician:

ZuChongzhi

祖沖之;HuaLuogeng

華羅庚Chemist:DmitriMendeleev

德米特里·伊萬諾維奇·門捷列夫;AlfredBernhardNobel阿爾弗雷德·伯納德·諾貝爾Astronomer:

ZhangHeng張衡;GalileoGalilei伽利略·伽利雷Geographer:XuXiake徐霞客;PeiXiu裴秀Biologist:

T.C.Tung童第周LearningtolearnWordsaboutdifferentcareersinsciencecanbeformedbyadding-er,-istor-ianattheendofthewordsaboutsubjects,egbiology—biologist.Morecareers:baker,editor,statistician,librarian,columnist,linguist5CompletetheintroductionsaboutdifferentscientistswiththewordsinActivity4.Payattentiontothelanguagethatdescribestheircareers.GuoShoujing(1231-1316)wasafamousChinese1_____________oftheYuandynasty.Heinventedtwelvenewinstrumentstostudystarsandplanets.HealsodevelopedacalendarwhichisasaccurateastheGregoriancalendar.AmountainontheMoonandaminorplanetarenamedafterhim.astronomerBritish2___________CharlesDarwin

(1809–1882)isbestknownforhisworkOntheOriginofSpecies,inwhichheexplainschangesinspeciesduetonaturalselection.Hisideasdeeplyinfluenceourunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenhumansandnature.

biologistLiDaoyuan(ca466-527)

wasafamouswriterand3_____________oftheNorthernWeiDynasty.HedidfieldresearchacrossChinaandstudiedmorethanathousandriversandstreams,alongwiththelandscape,historyandcultureofthesurroundingareas.

geographerMarieCurie(1867–1934)wasaworld-famous4__________,andwasfirstawardedtheNobelPrizein1903forherextraordinaryworkonradioactivity.Shewasalsoregardedasabrilliant5________,andwasagainawardedtheNobelPrizein1911fortheisolationofpureradium.

physicist

chemistChenJingrun(1933–1996)wasoneoftheworld’sleading6______________.HisworkonChen’sTheoremmadeanimportantadvancetowardsprovingGoldbach’sConjecture(哥德巴赫猜想),thegreatestunsolvedprobleminnumbertheory.

mathematicians6Workinpairs.Thinkaboutothercareersinscienceanddiscusswhatinterestsyoumost.I’minterestedintheworkofa(n)...because...Languagepoints1.Withinthenext80years,ourlivesmaybechangedbeyondrecognitionby3Dprinting.在未來的80年里，我們的生活可能會被3D打印改變得無法辨認(rèn)。?beyond

prep.

無法……；超出（某個數(shù)量、水平或限度）；晚于，遲于【詞匯拓展】beyondrepair/control/belief無法修理/控制/相信beyonddescription無法形容，難以描述beyondrecognition變得認(rèn)不出來beyondone’spower超出某人的能力beyondone’sreach在某人夠不著的地方beyondcompare無與倫比[即學(xué)即練]完成句子1.Scott’sequipmentwasdamaged

________________(無法修理).2.Thescenerytherewas

___________________________(美得無法形容).3.Thetown

____________________________________(已經(jīng)變得讓人認(rèn)不出來了)sinceIwaslasthere.4.Tonight’sperformancehasbeencancelledduetocircumstances__________________________(我們無法控制).5.Someshopskeepopen

_____________________(到午夜以后).beyond

repairbeautifulbeyonddescriptionhaschangedbeyond

recognitionbeyondbeyond

midnightour

control2.Butperhapsthemostsignificantsuccessthatpeoplehaveachievedtodateisinmedicine.但或許迄今為止，人們所取得的最重要的成就是在醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域。?significant

adj.重要的，影響深遠(yuǎn)的【詞匯拓展】besignificant=beofsignificance重要的Itissignificantthat...……很重要significance

n.重要性，意義；意思，含義attachgreat

/

littleimportance

/

significance認(rèn)為……很有/幾乎沒有重要性thesignificanceof

……的重要性[即學(xué)即練]完成句子1.________________________________(……很重要)allthepeoplearetreatedequally.2.Atheory,howevergooditis,is

_______________________

(沒有意義)withoutbeingputintopractice.3.