閱讀理解大總結(jié)主旨與行文結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)攝法明顯主旨關(guān)鍵詞—主題詞反復(fù)出現(xiàn)詞、短語及同義變換關(guān)鍵句—主題句觀點(diǎn)結(jié)論句子成分與結(jié)構(gòu)分析關(guān)鍵段—主題段主題句+解釋說明+舉例說明+總結(jié)文章結(jié)構(gòu)—行文結(jié)構(gòu)總分總/總分/分總/分總分/分總分總/小總1分+小總2分=大總不明顯主旨主題詞+主題句+各段主題歸納概括總結(jié)細(xì)節(jié)服務(wù)于主旨主旨統(tǒng)攝細(xì)節(jié)避免把細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)成主旨考試時閱讀文章要把握主旨+行文結(jié)構(gòu)而不是沉迷于每一個詞每一個句都要讀明白當(dāng)然平時分析試卷時還是要把文章中不熟悉的生詞和復(fù)雜句子搞明白第1篇Mycolortelevisionhasgivenmenothingbutaheadache.IwasabletobuyitalittleoverayearagobecauseIhadmyrelativesgivememoneyformybirthdayinsteadofalotofclothesthatwouldn'tfit.Iletasalesclerkfoolmeintobuyingadiscontinuedmodel.Irealizedthisadaylate,whenIsaw:newspaperadvertisementsforthesetatseventyfivedollarslessthanIhadpaid.ThesetworkedsobeautifullywhenIfirstgotithomethatIwouldkeepitonuntilstationssignedoffforthenight.Fortunately,Ididn'tgotanychannelsshowingallnightmoviesorIwouldneverhavegottentobed.Mycolortelevisionhasgivenmenothingbutaheadache首句就是主題句其余都在解釋說明分清題干問的是主旨還是細(xì)節(jié)[2015全國II]BYourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating,forpeopleareoftenlessselfconscious(難為情)whenthey'reinpoorlylitplacesandsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesn'thaveenoughwindowlight,getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.3.Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,peqplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing,whilecoldcolorsmakeuslesshungry.Sowhenit'stimetorepaint,goblue.4.Don'tforgettheclockortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetime,andtrytomakedinnerlastat30minutes.Andwhileyou'reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turningonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.5.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplantscaneasilymakesusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12inchplateinsteadofa10inchplate.Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintake(攝入)jumpsby14percent.Andwe'llpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort.wideglassthanatall.skinnyglass.25.ThetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareaboutA.theirhomefortsB.theirbodyshapeC.housebuyingD.healthydiets28.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.IsYourHouseMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinnerC.EffectsofSelfConsciousness主旨句Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.=Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights+Mindthecolors+Don'tforgettheclockortheradio+Downsizethedishes.figure/'f?g?/

/'f?ɡj?/n.圖形；數(shù)字；（人的）體形；人物；畫像；價格vi.出現(xiàn)；計算；扮演角色vt.描繪；計算；認(rèn)為；象征詞匯閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)=拼寫+發(fā)音+各種詞性+各種含義行文結(jié)構(gòu)總=分1+分2+分3+分4寫作布局主題句主旨第1段總YourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigureHerearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.行文結(jié)構(gòu)第2段分Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.第3段分Mindthecolors.第4段分Don'tforgettheclockortheradio第5段分Downsizethedishes我們抓住了主旨很多題都會迎刃而解25.ThetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareaboutA.theirhomefortsB.theirbodyshapeC.housebuyingD.healthydiets直接選B項shape是對主題詞figure的同義改寫28.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.IsYourHouseMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinnerEffectsofSelfConsciousnessIsyourhomeenvironmentrelaxing本身就是主旨題考查文章主旨直接可以選A項因為只有A才與主題詞house和figure最貼切D選項將relaxing與主題figure風(fēng)馬牛不相及[2014遼寧]A1.Anewstudyshowsstudentswhowritenotesbyhandduringlecturesperformbetteronexamsthanthosewhouselaptops(筆記本電腦).2.Studentsareincreasinglyusinglaptopsfornotetakingbecauseofspeedandlegibility(清晰度).Buttheresearchhasfoundlaptopusersarelessabletorememberandapplytheconceptstheyhavebeentaught.3.Researchersperformedexperimentsthataimedtofindoutwhetherusingalaptopincreasedthetendencytomakenotesmindlessly"bytakingdownwordforwordwhattheprofessorssaid.4.Inthefirstexperiment,studentsweregiveneitheralaptoporpenandpaper.Theylistenedtothesamelecturesandweretoldtousetheirusualnotetakingskills.Thirtyminutesafterthetalk,theywereexaminedontheirabilitytorememberfactsandonhowwelltheyunderstoodconcepts.5.Theresearchersfoundthatlaptopuserstooktwiceasmanynotesasthosewhowrotebyhand.However,thetypistsperformedworseatrememberingandapplyingtheconcepts.Bothgroupsscoredsimilarlywhenitcametomemorizingfacts.6.Theresearchers'reportsaid,Whilemorenotesarebeneficial,ifthenotesaretakenmindlessly,asismorelikelythecaseonalaptop,thebenefitdisappears."7.Inanotherexperimentaimedattestinglongtermmemory,studentstooknotesasbeforebutweretestedaweekafterthelecture.Thistime,thestudentswhowrotenotesbyhandperformedsignificantlybetterontheexam.Thesetwoexperimentssuggestthathandwrittennotesarenotonlybetterforimmediatelearningandunderstanding,butthattheyalsoleadtosuperiorrevisioninthefuture.24.ThepassageislikelytoappearinA.anewspaperadvertisementB.aputertextbookC.asciencemagazineD.afinancereport提出一個論點(diǎn)（主旨）第1段提出一個論點(diǎn)（主旨）Anewstudyshowsstudentswhowritenotesbyhandduringlecturesperformbetteronexamsthanthosewhouselaptops第2段theresearchhasfoundlaptopusersarelessabletorememberandapplytheconceptstheyhavebeentaught.承上對主旨解釋說明Researchersperformedexperiments啟下用兩個實驗來論證第456段Inthefirstexperiment講第一個實驗Inanotherexperimentaimed講第二個實驗并且最后一句得出結(jié)論呼應(yīng)首句主旨進(jìn)行總結(jié)Thesetwoexperimentssuggestthathandwrittennotesarenotonlybetterforimmediatelearningandunderstanding,butthattheyalsoleadtosuperiorrevisioninthefuture.寫作布局主題句主旨第1段總Anewstudyshowsstudentswhowritenotesbyhandduringlecturesperformbetteronexamsthanthosewhouselaptops行文結(jié)構(gòu)第2段分theresearchhasfound....承上第3段分Researchersperformedexperiments....啟下第456段分Inthefirstexperiment第7段總Thesetwoexperimentssuggestthathandwrittennotesarenotonlybetterforimmediatelearningandunderstanding,butthattheyalsoleadtosuperiorrevisioninthefuture.24.ThepassageislikelytoappearinA.anewspaperadvertisementB.aputertextbookC.asciencemagazineD.afinancereport文章來源題根據(jù)主旨和主題詞studyresearchexperiment可以直接選C項CD篇問題分析體裁較難：說明文或議論文出題者往往會隱藏主旨復(fù)雜化行文結(jié)構(gòu)來迷惑考生增加難度總體思路：抓住主旨+理清行文結(jié)構(gòu)+跳讀例子和解釋說明思路明顯不明顯抓住主旨八大信息關(guān)鍵處主題段主題句主題詞歸納總結(jié)行文結(jié)構(gòu)模式特點(diǎn)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)分總分總鋪墊引子（背景知識/特殊經(jīng)歷/相關(guān)或相反內(nèi)容）+主旨觀點(diǎn)+分別論述+總結(jié)呼應(yīng)分總分問題分析型現(xiàn)象+分析+觀點(diǎn)觀點(diǎn)解釋型觀點(diǎn)+舉例解釋+結(jié)論每段結(jié)構(gòu)總分型/分總分型開頭總觀點(diǎn)+后面分別解釋說明先抑后揚(yáng)型先說一個觀點(diǎn)接著否定新說一個觀點(diǎn)推導(dǎo)遞進(jìn)型...therefore...however...so...but...反復(fù)的反轉(zhuǎn)這時就要全面的去看待不能以偏概全跳讀文章要讀不可全讀關(guān)鍵信息處要重點(diǎn)讀著重分析例子和解釋說明可掃讀忽略：數(shù)字大寫字母人名地名組織名等專有名詞八大關(guān)鍵信息出處分布情況①首尾句首尾段及各段首尾句或第二句②因果轉(zhuǎn)折but,yet,however,though,instead,still,infact,asamatteroffact...because,as,for,since,dueto,resultfrom,asaresult,resultin,thanksto,so,thus,therefore,consequently,cause,leadto,contributeto...,now③正反對比unlike,bycontrast,inparison,beparedwith,however,unfortunately,now④人觀事論Dr.xxsay,..thereportsuggeststhat...thestudyshowsthat....⑤事例前后forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,具體數(shù)據(jù)...⑥特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn):解釋或總結(jié)——解釋或補(bǔ)充說明?設(shè)問看答案;反問看本身⑦修飾修辭重復(fù)、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句...⑧特殊句式平時備考策略研讀外刊時文從源頭熟悉文章詞匯積累尤其生詞同/多義詞生僻詞高頻詞詞性變換熟悉替換改寫手法八大信息出處要敏感多背多標(biāo)熟練長難句成分與結(jié)構(gòu)分析明確正確選項如何改寫的錯誤選項如何設(shè)置的抓主旨+行文結(jié)構(gòu)+掃讀跳讀訓(xùn)練7、記錄反思總結(jié)自己的錯誤思路并和正確思路比較看出差別從而找到努力方向[2020全國卷III閱讀C]1.Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨(dú)),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.2.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismotherinlaw:shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.FouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathreestoreyVictorianhouseinBristoloneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.4."Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse,"saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:"WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit'sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismotherinlaw."5.AndwhatdoesNickthink?"Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIremendit?Yes,IthinkIwould."It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2001to419,000in2013.7.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremoremon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparents;manymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome,iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of2534yearoldslivewiththeirparents,paredwith16%in1991.ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.8.Storieslikethataremoremoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband'sfamilywhentheygetmarried.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Lifestylesindifferentcountries.Conflictsbetweengenerations.AhousingprobleminBritain.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.寫作布局主題句主旨第1段總提出一現(xiàn)象：morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether行文結(jié)構(gòu)第2345段分舉一個家庭的生活例子來說明這一現(xiàn)象第67段總數(shù)據(jù)說明thenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime/Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremoremon呼應(yīng)第一段第8段分據(jù)其他國家例子說明wheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted11.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain.D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.根據(jù)主旨morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether和行文結(jié)構(gòu)就可以直接選出D項文章講的就是多代家庭生活在一起的現(xiàn)象A.第8段雖然舉了印度但這一例子也是為了說明wheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted而不是說不同國家的生活方式B項文中并沒有說沖突無中生有C項也沒有說住房問題也是無中生有2020全國I卷D1.Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.2.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MlT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualpositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater."Werethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,"explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.3.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomemonvegetables.Strano’steamtoundthatthevcouldcreateafaintlightforthreeandahalfhours.Thelight,aboutonethousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreeintoselfpoweredstreetlamps.4.inthefuture.theteamhopestodevelopaversionOfthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaoneofftreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant'slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoffswitchwneretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.5.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighwayalotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).6.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollutionfree?寫作布局主題句行文結(jié)構(gòu)第1段鋪墊引子Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.指出長久以來人和植物之間聯(lián)系是科學(xué)研究的對象第2段主旨總Theengine