Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld(譯林版2020必修第三冊(cè))單元話題閱讀精練(閱讀理解15篇+七選五5篇)I.閱讀理解A(2023上·黑龍江雞西·高一密山市第一中學(xué)?？计谥?Inspirationalideashaveahabitofstrikinginthemostunforeseenplaces.Forexample,dreamsoperateonthelevelofstories,makingthemprimarysourcesofideasandinspirations.Thefollowingarefourgreatideascreatedfromdreams.EliasHowe’ssewingmachineIn1895,EliasHowewasstrugglingwiththeneedle(針)design.Onenight,hehadadreamthatsomepeopleonanunknownislandcaughthimandwerepreparingtoturnhimintoameal.Theyweredancingaroundwavingtheirspears(矛)intheair,andthenhesawit.Thespearshadholesatthetip.Ithelpedhimsolvehisproblem.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityInhisdream,AlbertEinsteinwastalkingtoafarmerwhowastellinghimaboutthefenced(被圍住的)cows.However,thefarmersawsomethingdifferentfromhim.Whenwakingup,herealizedthatasimilareventcouldbedifferentfromadifferentpointofview.Throughthis,thetheoryofrelativityslowlybegantofallintoplace.Beatles’hitsongYesterdayYesterdaybythefamousbandBeatlesisoneofthemostcoveredsongsinhistory.Itallcametooneofthebandmembers,PaulMcCartney,inadream.Onenightin1963hesuddenlywokeupwithatune(曲調(diào))inhishead.Hegotupandstartedplayingthenotesuntilthesongcameintobeing.TheperiodictableWhileinhismidthirties,DmitriMendeleev,aknownRussianchemist,wasstrugglingtoplace56knownelementsonaperiodictable.Thenonenightinadream,hesawatablewhereallaspectsfellintoplaceascalledfor.Whenhewokeup,hewroteitdownonapieceofpaper.1.WhatinspiredEliasHowetodesigntheneedleofsewingmachines?A.Spearswithholesatthetip. B.Abigmealhehadinhisdream.C.Atalkwiththepeopletrappinghim. D.Thedancingmovesofsomestrangers.2.Whichofthefollowingwasinspiredbyadreamwhichincludedafarmer?A.Thesewingmachine. B.Thetheoryofrelativity.C.ThesongYesterday. D.Theperiodictable.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthefourstories?A.Adreamcanbeawishthatyourheartmakes.B.monpeoplecanalsohavegreatcreations.C.Clevermindsneverstopthinkingintheirlives.D.Greatideassometimesariseinanunexpectedway.B(2023上·北京·高一北京市第九中學(xué)校考開學(xué)考試)Muchoftoday’sscienceofphysicsisbasedonNewton’sdiscoveryofthethreelawsofmotion(運(yùn)動(dòng))andhistheoryofgravity(重力).Newtonalsodevelopedoneofthemostpowerfultoolsofmathematics.IsaacNewtonwasborninWoolsThorpe,England,onDec25,1642.Hewasbornearly.Hewasasmallbabyandveryweak.Nooneexpectedhimtosurvive.Buthesurprisedeveryone.Newton’sfatherdiedbeforehewasborn.Theboywasnotagoodstudent.Yethelikedtomakethings,suchaskitesandclocksandsimplemachines.Newtonalsoenjoyedfindingnewwaystoanswerquestionsorsolveproblems.Asaboy,forexample,hedecidedtofindawaytomeasurethespeedofthewind.Onawindyday,hemeasuredhowfarhecouldjumpwiththewindatthisback.Thenhemeasuredhowfarhecouldjumpwiththewindinhisface.Fromthedifferencebetweenthetwojumps,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.Itsoonbecameclear,however,thattheboywasnotagoodfarmer.Hespenthistimesolvingmathematicalproblems,insteadoftakingcareofthecrops.Hespenthoursvisitingabookstoreinthetown,insteadofsellinghisvegetablesinthemarket.NewtonbecameastudentofCambridgeUniversity.TheleadingEnglishpoetofNewton’stime,AlexanderPope,honoredthescientistwiththesewords,“Natureandnature’slawslayhidinnight.Godsaid,‘LetNewtonbe!’andallwaslight.”4.Everyonewas__________whenNewtonsurvivedfromtheweaknessatlast.A.happy B.angry C.surprised D.interested5.From__________,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.A.takingcareofthecropsB.sellinghisvegetablesinthemarketC.thedifferencebetweenthetwojumpsD.makingthings,suchaskitesandsimplemachines6.WhenIsaacwasaboy,he__________.A.likedtomakethingsB.spenthistimetakingcareofthecropsC.enjoyedfindingnewwaystomakethingsD.spenthourssellinghisvegetablesinthemarketC(2023上·安徽蕪湖·高一蕪湖一中?？计谥?Throughouthumanhistory,thereisabottomlesswellofpeoplewhomadegreatcontributionssothatwecannowenjoyabetterlife.Thefollowingare,justfourofthosegreatminds.JosephLister(1827—1912)Englishsurgeon(外科醫(yī)生).Listerpioneeredtheuseofantiseptic(防腐的)andantisepticsurgerywhichgreatlyimprovedsurvivalratesfrommajorsurgery.Forthis,heisoftenreferredtoasthefatherofmodernsurgeryashisuseofantisepticgreatlyincreasedthekindsofoperationsthatcouldbecarriedout.MaximilianBircherBenner(1867—1939)BircherBennerwasapioneeringSwissphysicianandnutritionist.Headvocatedtheeatingofrawfruitandvegetablesanddiscouragedeatingmeatandheavilyprocessedfoods.Althoughhewasquestionedbythescientificestablishment,hishealthyeatingideastookoffandhelpedcreateadietofprocessedbread,meatandcarbs(碳水化合物).Thehealthyeatingtrendsheestablishedhavecontinuedtogrowinpopularitywithmorescientificresearchshowingthehealthbenefitsofsuchadiet.Paracelsus(1493—1541)SwissGermanphysicianandleadinghealthreformer.Paracelsusfoundedthedisciplineoftoxicology(毒理學(xué))andpioneeredtheuseofchemicalsintreatingpatients.Heemphasizedpracticalexperience.Hewasalsooneofthefirstdoctorstonoteillnesscanbepsychologicalinnature.PeterMansfield(1933—2017)EnglishphysicistwhowithPeterLauterburhelpedtodevelopmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)whichgetsdoctorstoseeinsideapatient’sbodywithoutneedingtocutitopen.WithMRI,doctorscanseefarmorethanwithxray,whichislimitedtobones.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinMedicinein2003.7.WhatisMaximilianBircherBenner’scontribution?A.Hediscoveredxray.B.Hesetupahealthyeatingtrend.C.Heimprovedsurvivalratesofoperation.D.Hedidexperimentswithchemicalstotreatdiseases.8.WhoinventedMRItogivedoctorsmoreinformationofapatient’sbody?A.JosephLister. B.MaximilianBircherBenner.C.Paracelsus. D.PeterMansfield.9.Whatdothefourpeoplehaveinmon?A.TheyallreceivedNobelPrize.B.TheywereallborninSwitzerland.C.Theyallmadecontributionstotreatingpatients.D.Theyallhelpedtomakepeopleliveabetterlife.D(2023上·江蘇·高一校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))StephanieLouiseKwolekwasborninthesmalltownofNewKensington,Pennsylvania,in1923.HerparentswereimmigrantsfromPoland.Stephanie’sschoolwassosmallthattwogradesweretaughtinoneclassroom.Shewasanexcellentreaderwithagreatmemory.Shewasalsoverygoodatmath.Theolderkidsinherclassgotannoyedwhensheknewanswersthattheydidn’t.Stephanie’sloveoflearningcamefromherfather.Everynightwhenhecamehomefromwork,hesatandreadabookornewspaper.HeencouragedStephanietoexplorethegreatoutdoors.Together,theyoftenwalkedinthewoods,collectingleaves,flowers,andseeds.Stephanie’smother,aseamstress(女裁縫),inspiredStephanie’screativity.Shecopiedhermother’spatternstomakecostumesforpaperdolls.Sometimes,sheusedthesewingmachinewhenhermotherwasn’tlooking.Stephanielikedworkingwithfabric(織物),andshewasgoodatit.Shethoughtaboutacareerinfashiondesign.AsStephaniegrewolder,shedecidedshewantedtousesciencetohelppeopleanddecidedtobeeadoctor.Shestudiedchemistryincollege,butwhenshegraduated,shecouldn’taffordtogotothemedicalschool.Instead,shegotajobasachemistattheDuPontpanytoearnhertuitionfees.Thejobwassupposedtobetemporary,butStephaniefellinlovewithitandneverlookedback.HerworkatDuPontbinedherchildhoodloveofscienceandfabricwithherinterestinhelpingpeopleandsolvingproblems,andhercreationswouldchangetheworld.AtDuPont,StephanieinventedKevlarfiber.It’sfivetimesstrongerthansteel.Kevlarfiberisnowusedinmorethan200products,includingspacecraftandbulletproofvest(防彈衣).Stephanie’sinventionhassavedcountlesslives.Shespentherliferesearchingandteachingpeopleaboutherwork,andwasastrongadvocateforwomeninsciencearoundtheworld.10.WhichwordcanbestdescribeStephanieLouiseKwolekasachild?A.Popular. B.Friendly. C.Smart. D.Hardworking.11.WhatdoweknowaboutStephanie’sparents?A.Stephanie’sfatherusedtotakehertofieldtrips.B.Stephanie’smothertaughthertousesewingmachines.C.TheyencouragedStephanietoworkinfashiondesign.D.TheymovedtoPolandtosendStephanietoabetterschool.12.WhydidStephanieworkattheDuPontpanyinthefirstplace?A.Tosavemorepeople’slives. B.Tostudythescienceoffabric.C.Tosolvetheproblemoffiber. D.Tomakemoneyforhereducation.13.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A.Stephanie’scontributiontoscienceB.Womenscientists’influenceontheworldC.TheadvantagesofKevlarfiberinthewarD.ThepopularityofStephanie’sinventionindailylifeE(2023上·浙江·高一校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))TheNobeleconomicsprizewasawardedonMondaytoHarvardUniversityprofessorClaudiaGoldinforresearchthathasadvancedtheunderstandingofthegender(性別)gapinthelabormarket.TheannouncementwentatinysteptoclosingtheNobelmittee’sowngendergap:Goldinisjustthethirdwomantowintheprizeoutof93economicslaureates(獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)?.Shehasstudied200yearsofwomen’sparticipationintheworkplace,showingthatdespitecontinuedeconomicgrowth,women’spaydidnotcontinuouslycatchuptomen’sandadividestillexistsdespitewomengaininghigherlevelsofeducationthanmen.“I’vealwaysbeenanoptimist.ButwhenIlookedatthenumbers,Ifoundinthe1990s,ourlaborforceparticipationrateforwomenwasthehighestintheworld,andnowitisn’tthehighestintheworld,”GoldintoldTheAssociatedPress.“AlthoughGoldin’sresearchdoesnotoffersolutions,itallowspolicymakerstodealwiththeproblem,”saidRandiHjalmarsson,amemberoftheNobelmittee.“Sheexplainsthesourceofthegap,andhowit’schangedovertimeandhowitchangeswiththestageofdevelopment.Byfinallyunderstandingtheproblemandcallingitbytherightname,wewillfindasolution.”Goldin,77,toldAPthatwhathappensinpeople’shomesreflectswhathappensintheworkplace.Womenoftenhavetotakejobsthatallowthemtobeoncallathome—workthatoftenpaysless.“Goldintriedtofillinmissingdataforherresearch,”Hjalmarssonsaid.Forpartsofhistory,systematiclabormarketrecordsdidnotexist,and,iftheydid,informationaboutwomenwasmissing.“SoGoldinhadtobeadetectivetofindnoveldatasourcesandcreativewaystousethemtomeasuretheseunknowns.”14.Whatcanweinferfromthesecondparagraph?A.Mengainedhigherlevelsofeducationthanwomen.B.Thewomen’spaycaughtuptomen’s200hundredsyearsago.C.ManywomenscientistshavewontheNobeleconomicsprizetheseyears.D.Atthelate20thcentury,Americanwomenlaborforceparticipationratewasthetop.15.Whichofthefollowingisright?A.RandiHjalmarssondidn’tagreewithGoldin.B.Mostofthewomenusuallyprefertobehousewives.C.Whathappensinfamilylifeoftenmirrorsthatintheworkplace.D.Goldin’sresearchofferedthepolicymakerssolutionstotheproblem.16.WhichisachallengethatClaudiaGoldinfacedinherresearch?A.Lackofexperience. B.Lackofsupport.C.Lackofmoney. D.Lackofdata.17.What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?A.ASolutiontotheGenderGapintheLaborMarketB.ClaudiaGoldin—aGreatEconomicsDataDetectiveC.TheThirdWomanWhoWinstheNobelPrizeintheWorldD.NobelEconomicsPrizeGoestoHarvardUniversityWomanProfessorF(2024上·吉林遼源·高一遼源市實(shí)驗(yàn)高級(jí)中學(xué)校校聯(lián)考期末)AsEuropeenteredthe17thcentury,whentraditionalattitudesstillheldthatawoman’sproperrolewasasadaughter,wife,andmother,morefemaleswereattractedtotheScientificRevolution,justliketheyhadbeendrawntohumanismoverthepreviouscenturies.Oneofthemostwell-knownfemalescientistsofthe17thcentury,MargaretCavendishcamefromanoblefamilyinEngland.Cavendishwasanactiveparticipant(參與者)intheimportantscientificdebatesofhertime.Despiteherachievements,however,shewasnotincludedintheRoyalSociety.Shewroteanumberofworksonscientificmatters.Intheseworks,sheattackedwhatsheconsideredthefaultsoftheconventionalapproachestoscientificknowledgeandwasespeciallydoubtfulaboutthegrowingbeliefthathumanswerethemastersofnature:“Wehavenopoweratallovernaturalcausesandeffects...formanisbutasmallpart.HispowersarebutparticularactionsofNature,andhecannothaveasupremeandabsolutepower.”AnotherfamousfemalescientistwasMariaWinkelmannwholivedinGermanyandwaseducatedbyherfatherandreceivedadvancedtrainingfromalocalself-taughtastronomer(天文學(xué)家).WhenshemarriedGottfriedKirch,Germany’sforemostastronomer,shebecamehisassistant.Shemadesomeoriginalcontributions,includinganundiscoveredet,asherhusbandrelated:“Earlyinthemorning(about2：00a.m.)theskywasclearandstarry.Somenightsbefore,Ihadobservedavariablestar,andmywife(asIslept)wantedtofindandseeitforherself.Indoingso,shefoundaetinthesky,atwhichtimeshewokeme,andIfoundthatitwasindeedaet.Ihadnotseenitthenightbefore.”In1710,sheappliedforapositionasanassistantastronomer.Asawoman,withnouniversitydegree,shewasdeniedthepostbytheAcademyofSciencesinBerlin.Cavendish’sandWinkelmann’sdifficultieswiththescientificsocietiesoftheirtimesreflectthebarrierswomenfacedinthefieldofearlymodernscience.Theworkofthesefemalescientistsisstillviewedasbeingagainstthedomesticdutieswomenareexpectedtoperform.18.WhichofthefollowingwouldCavendishprobablyagreewith?A.Naturewasthemasterofhumans.B.Conventionalmethodsalwaysworked.C.Humans’knowledgehadabsolutepower.D.Sciencechangednaturalcausesandeffects.19.WhatwasWinkelmanndoingwhenshemadeherdiscovery?A.Walkingunderthestarrysky.B.Studyingaknownet.C.Workingwithherhusband.D.Watchingastar.20.WhatdidCavendishandWinkelmannhaveinmon?A.Bothreceivedformaleducation.B.Bothcamefromafamilyofscientists.C.Bothwererejectedbyscientificsocieties.D.Bothworkedformalescientistsasanassistant.21.Whatwouldbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?A.Women’sStudyofHumanisminthe17thCenturyB.FemaleScientists’DifficultieswithEarlyModernScienceC.TheRoleofWomenintheOriginsofModernEducationD.TheCooperationBetweenMaleandFemaleScientistsG(2024上·廣東廣州·高一校聯(lián)考期末)ProfessorHeinzWolff,whohasdiedaged89,wasabioengineeringpioneer.Heestablishedthediscipline,nameditand,ina60yearcareer,madesignificantcontributionstomedicalresearch.ButtotheBritishpublic,hewasbestknownasthedottyscientistwhofrontedTheGreatEggRace,aBBCshowinwhichcolourcodedteamsweresetengineeringchallenges(thefirstwastotransportanegginavehiclepoweredbyrubberbands).Withhistrademarkbowtie,halfmoonglassesandMittelEuropeanaccent,helookedreallylikeProfessorBranestawn,asdescribedbyW.HeathRobinson.Yetwhilehecheerfullyexploitedhisreputationasa“peculiaregghead”,hewasveryseriousabouthisworkandinspiredthousandsofyoungpeopletoconsiderscientificcareers.BorninBerlinin1928,HeinzWolffwasthesonofJewishparents.Hismotherdiedin1938,andthenextyearthefamilyfled.TheyarrivedinBritainonthedaywarwasdeclared.“Wereallycutitratherfine,”hesaidonDesertIslandDiscsin1998.Afterleavingschool,heworkedasatechnicianattheRadcliffeInfirmaryinOxford,whereheinventedamachinetocountredbloodcells,andthenattheNationalInstituteforMedicalResearch’spneumoconiosisresearchunitinCardiff,wherehedesignedameansofmeasuringdustlevelsincoalminers.HewentontostudyatUniversityCollegeLondonandgraduatedwithafirstinphysicsandphysiology.Then,in1983,hefoundedtheInstituteforBioengineeringatBrunelUniversity.Hisparticularinterestwasintechnologiestoimprovethelivesofolderpeople,buthewasalsoheavilyinvolvedinspaceresearchandworkedasanadvisertotheEuropeanSpaceAgency.WolffhadmadehisfirstappearanceonTVonPanoramain1966,encouragingRichardDimblebytoswallowa“radiopill”.OnTheGreatEggRace,whichranfrom1979,histaskwastogetopponentteamsrepresentingorganizationssuchasthechemicalpanyICI.Challengesincludedbuildingahovercraftfromalawnmower,andinventingabicyclethatcouldrideonwater.Markswereawardedforentertainmentvalueandtechnicalacplishment.Theshowendedinthemid1980s,butWolffcontinuedtojudgescientificpetitions,onTVandelsewhere.Anaturalentertainerwithaninexhaustiblecuriosityabouttheworld,hesaidhe’dbehappytodressupasaclownifitgotchildreninterestedinscience.22.Theword“dotty”(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.strange B.serious C.famous D.genius23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofHeinzWolffaccordingtothepassage?A.HisfamilyleftBerlinafterWorldWarIIbegan.B.Heusedtomajorinphysicsandphysiology.C.HeinventedamachinewhileinUniversityCollegeLondon.D.Hisinterestlayinhelpingthoselivinginwarstrickenareas.24.HeinzWolffdidn’tmindlookingridiculousaslongas________.A.hecouldkeepbeingcuriousabouttheworldB.hecouldbineentertainmentandtechnologyC.hecouldhelparousechildren’sinterestinscienceD.hecouldappearonTVtojudgescientificpetitions25.WhichofthefollowingisanachievementmadebyHeinzWolff?A.Representingachemicalpany.B.Designingamethodtocountredbloodcells.C.BeingthefirstscientisttofrontTVshows.D.Settingupthesubjectofbioengineering.H(2024上·甘肅·高一統(tǒng)考期末)InaclinicroomfilledwithmedicalstafflininguptogetCovidvaccines(疫苗),awomanfindsherselfintears.Yet,thosearenottearsoffearorsadness,buttearsofjoyandpride.Itdawnsonherthatherdecadesofhardworkhavefinallypaidoff.ThemRNAvaccinesshehelpeddevelophavesavedmillionsoflivesandhelpedtheworldfindawayoutoftheworstofthepandemic.ThatremarkablewomanisProfessorKatalinKarikó,aHungarianAmericanbiochemist,whotogetherwithhercolleagueAmericanimmunologistDrewWeissma,wasawardedthe2023NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefortheirgroundbreakingworkonthedevelopmentofmRNAbasedvaccines.Bornin1955inHungary,ProfessorKarikóhadachildhoodmarkedbyhardship.In1985whentheBiologicalResearchCentreoftheHungarianAcademyofScienceslostitsfunding,shemadeadaringandriskydecisiontostartajourneytotheUS.However,theAmericandreamwashardlyplainsailing,andthechallengesfacingProfessorKarikówereonlyjustbeginning.DespitethepromisingresultsinRNArelatedtherapytrials,shewastoldherresearchwasgoingnowhere.Herapplicationswererepeatedlyrejected,andin1995shelostherpositionintheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandwasforcedtoretire.ProfessorKarikórefusedtogiveupeasily.Shepersevered,formingapartnershipwiththeuniversity'simmunologyprofessorDrewWeissman,andeventuallytheymadetheirbigbreakthrough,findingawaytomodifymRNAsothatitcouldtriggeranimmuneresponse,layingthegroundworkforwhatwouldbeetheCovidmRNAvaccines.WhentheCovidpandemichit,theuseofmRNAwasthereasonwhyvaccinesweredevelopedsoquicklyatunprecedentedspeed.ProfessorKarikó’sjourney,fromherhumblebeginningstohergroundbreakingresearch,standsasatestamenttoherunwaveringperseveranceanddetermination.26.WhatchallengesdidProfessorKarikófaceduringhercareerintheUS?A.Shedidhaveenoughmoney.B.Shecouldn'tunderstandthelanguage.C.Shedidn'tknowhowtocarryoutherresearch.D.Herresearchwasnotacceptedbyotherscientists.27.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“persevered”?A.Gaveup. B.Kepttrying. C.Changedhermind. D.Putitaside.28.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?A.ProfessorKarikóshouldretireearlier.B.ProfessorKarikó'sdeterminationmadeallthedifference.C.AmericandreammadeeverythingeasyforProfessorKarikó.D.TheresearchofmRNAisonlyvaluablewhenCovidpandemichit.29.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Karikó'sAmericandream. B.ChallengesinKarikó'sresearch.C.Thedevelopmentofthevaccine. D.Karikó'slifeandherachievements.I(2023·山東菏澤·高一山東省鄄城縣第一中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí))ThomasAndrewswasborninBelfastin1813,sonofamerchant.Hewasdescribedas“amodest,silentboywithagreatcapacityforgeneralknowledge”.HehadpublishedthefirstofhismanyscientificpapersinthePhilosophicalMagazineentitled“Ontheactionofaflameurgedbytheblowpipeonotherflames”atage14.Shortlyafterthishissecondpublication“OnthedetectionofBarytaorStrontiawheninunionwithLime”appearedinthesamejournal.Hestartedhisformalstudyofchemistryin1828atGlasgowUniversityunderThomasThomsonandcontinueditlaterinParis.ThereheworkedinthelaboratoriesofJ.B.DumasandL.J.Thenard,wherehelearnedchemicalanalysisfromthesemostdistinguishedFrenchanalyticalchemists.ReturningtoDublin,hetookaB.A.degreeatTrinityCollegeDublinbeforepletinghismedicalstudiesinEdinburgh.At23hebecameaphysicianinBelfast,aswellasprofessorofchemistryattheBelfastAcademicalInstitute.Hismedicalmitmentsinthenexttenyearsmeanthehadlittletimeforexperimentationbuthestillmanagedtopublishanumberofscientificpapers.WhentheQueen’sCollegeopenedin1845,hebecameitsfirstprofessorofchemistry,aswellasitsVicePresident.Asanoutstandingexperimentalist,hewasthefirsttoshowthatozoneisanotherformofoxygen.Usingnarrowbore,thickglasscapillarytubes(毛細(xì)管),tocontaingasesunderextremeconditionsoftemperatureandpressure,hewasabletoshowthatBoyle’sLawdidnotapplyintheseextremeconditions.Heestablishedthecrucialconceptofcriticaltemperatureandcriticalpressure.Hisdiscoveriesledtotheliquefactionofallgases,someofwhichhadpreviouslybeenthoughtnottobeabletoexistasliquids.Internationallyrecognized,hewaselectedtomanyscientificacademies,andin1867,becamepresidentoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.30.WhatcanbeknownaboutteenageThomasAndrews?A.HewasafaithfulreaderofPhilosophicalMagazine.B.Hewasnationallyfamous.C.Hehadstronginterestinscience.D.Hewasexcellentineverysubject.31.WhydidAndrewsgotoParis?A.Topleteoneofhispapers.B.TolearnfromFrenchscientists.C.ToearnaB.A.degreeinchemistry.D.Tofurtherhismedicalstudies.32.WhyisBoyle’sLawmentionedinthelastparagraph?A.Toanalyseaphenomenon.B.Todemonstrateanoldtheory.C.TointroduceAndrews’discovery.D.Toillustrateachemistryexperiment.33.Whichistherightorderofthefollowingevents?a.ThomasAndrewsbecameaphysicianinBelfast.b.ThomasAndrewspublishedhisfirstpaperinamagazine.c.ThomasAndrewsstudiedchemistryatGlasgowUniversity.d.ThomasAndrewswasappointedVicePresidentoftheQueen’sCollege.A.dabc B.badc C.dbac D.bcadJ(2023·云南昆明·高一?？茧A段練習(xí))HenriettaSwanLeavittwasbornonJuly4,1868,inMassachusetts.Littleisknownaboutherprivatelife.Asacollegestudent,shestudiedanumberofsubjectsandfellinlovewithastronomy(天文學(xué)).Leavittnevermarriedandwasconsideredaseriouswomanwithlittletimetowasteonunimportantaspectsoflife.Hercoworkersdescribedheraspleasantandfriendly,andmuchfocusedontheimportanceoftheworkshewasdoing.Shebegantoloseherhearingasayoungwomanduetoaconditionthatonlyworsenedwithtime.In1893,shebeganworkingatHarvardCollegeObservatoryunderthedirectionofastronomerE.C.Pickering.Hedirectedagroupofwomen,whowerecalled“puters”.These“puters”conductedimportantastronomyresearchbystudyingphotographicplates(照相底片)oftheskyandcataloging(編入目錄)characteristicsofstars.Thewomenwerenotallowedtooperatetelescopes,whichlimitedtheirabilitytoconducttheirownresearch.Theylivedatatimewhenwomen’scontributionswereundervaluedorignored.HenriettaSwanLeavittcontinuedherresearchuntiljustbeforeherdeath,alwaysthinkingofherselfasanastronomer,despiteherstartasanameless“puter”inPickering’sdepartment.WhileLeavittwasnotofficiallyrecognizedduringherlifeforherwork,HarlowShapley,theastronomerwhowastheHarvardCollegeObservatorydirector,didrecognizeherworthandmadeherheadofStellarPhotometryin1921.AtthattimeLeavittwassufferingfromcancer,andshediedatthesameyear.ThispreventedherfrombeingrecognizedasaNobelPrizeownerforhercontributions.Afterherdeath,hernamewasplacedonalunarcrater(月球隕石坑),andasteroid(小行星)5383Leavittcarrieshername.Atleastonebookhasbeenpublishedaboutherandhernameisusuallymentionedaspartofthehistoryofastronomicalcontributions.34.WhatcanwelearnaboutLeavitt?A.Shewashardtogetalongwith. B.Shesufferedfromcancerinchildhood.C.Sheneverregardedherselfasanastronomer. D.Shebecameinterestedinastronomyatcollege.35.Whywerethewomenregardedas“puters”?A.Theydevotedthemselvestoscience. B.Theywerelookeddownuponbyothers.C.Theyusedtoserveasworkingputers. D.Theyknewnothingbutphotographicplates.36.WhathappenedafterLeavitt’sdeath?A.Shewashonoredinaspecialway. B.ANobelPrizewasawardedtoher.C.Oneofherbookswaspublished. D.Herachievementswereignored.37.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeLeavitt?A.Devoted. B.Generous. C.Reliable. D.Energetic.K(2023·安徽安慶·高一校聯(lián)考期末)Einstein’s$1.5MillionTiptoaBellboyInadditiontobeingascientist,aphilosopher(哲學(xué)家),andsomewhatofafunnyguy,AlbertEinsteinwassomethingevenmoreadmirable:agoodtipper.WeknowthisbecauseapieceofpapertheNobelPrizewinnergaveabellboyasatipsoldformorethan$1.5millionatauction(拍賣).

Asthestorygoes,EinsteinwastravelingtoJapantogivealectureserieswhenhefoundouthe’dbeenawardedtheNobelPrizeinphysics.Newsoftheawardsp