HistoryofUKHistoryofUKTheEarlySettlers(theprehistoricperiod)

1.ThefirstknownsettlerofBritain:theIberians(伊比利亞人)fromMediterraneanareas.TheyinhabitedGreatBritainduringtheStone(--4000BC)andBronzeAges(4000BC—500BC).2.Atabout2000BCtheBeakerFolk畢克人arrivedfromtheareasnowknownasHollandandRhineland萊茵蘭〔位于德國(guó)〕.

StonehengeNearly5,000yearsago(3000BC),StonehengewasbuiltbytheIberians.Nowitisstillstanding.Thequestion“why”itisbuiltisproblematic.

3.TheCelts凱爾特人(IronAge700BC-54AD)begantoarriveBritainabout700BC.TheycamefromterritorythatisnowGermanyandNetherlands.

TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.2.ThreeCelticTribesBytheendoftheBronzeAge,around700BC,CelticpeoplehadarrivedfromnorthwesternEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany.Celtsweretallinheight,blondeinhair&blueeyes,andsomewhataggressive.2.ThreeCelticTribesTheCeltictribeswereancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh;Theirlanguages,theCelticlanguage,arethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.2.ThreeCelticTribesTheycametoBritaininthreemainwaves:About750B.C,thefirsttribecamefromUpperRhinelandofnorthwestEuropeandsettledontheisland;Theywerethe“Gaels”(蓋爾人),whoselanguageisstillspokeninScotland.2.ThreeCelticTribesAbout400B.C,thesecondgroupoftheCeltscalledBritons/Brythons(布立吞人/不列顛人)came.FromtheBritonscametheEnglishnameforBritain.About150B.C,thethirdgroup,Belgae(比利其人)camefromGaul(高盧，在今法國(guó)，比利時(shí)等地).TheRomanInvasion&OccupationBetween55B.C.and54B.C,BritainwasinvadedbytheRomangeneralJuliusCaesartwicebuthefailed.In43A.D,theromantroopsof40,000menledbytheEmperorClaudiusconqueredBritain.TheyoccupiedEnglandandWalesfornearly400years.BritainbecameaprovinceofRomecalledBritannia.TheromantroopsmetstrongresistanceinScotland.Astonefortification(防御工事)wasbuiltbytheRomansalongtheEngland–Scotlandboundarytopreventmilitaryraids(攻擊)fromScotland.ItistheHadrian’sWall(哈德良長(zhǎng)城)(122AD).Hadrian’swallInfluenceofRomanConquest

markedthebeginningofthewrittenhistorybuilttowns,temples,theatersandbuildings;builtroadsandcultivatedland;BuiltthefirsthighwaysinBritainduringthefirsttofourthcenturiesintroducedasystemofeducationandorganizedgovernment.broughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain

.Latinwasofficiallanguage.madegooduseofBritain’snaturalresources,mininglead,ironandtinandmanufacturingpottery.Theywithdrewcompletelyin410ADAftereffect:limited,nointermarriagehappened,noimpactonlanguageandcultureofordinaryBritons,onlylefttheirroads,afewplacenamesandsomeChristianconverts.RomanBathRomanRoadIII.TheAnglo-SaxonBritain(446-871)ThreeTeutonic日耳曼的tribes:1.Jutes:fishedandfarmedinJutland(SouthernDenmark),establishedthekingdomofKentandgraduallydevelopedintosomeoftoday’sEnglishpeople.2.TheSaxons:

Time:fromtheendofthe5thcenturytothe6thcenturyOrigin:fromNorthernGermanyEstablishedkingdomsinEssex,Sussex,Wessex3.TheAngles:Time:halfofthe6thcenturyOrigin:fromNorthernGermanySettledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria4.TheAnglo-SaxonsInvasion(446-871)EnglandwasdividedintosevensmallKingdomscalled“Heptarch”(七國(guó)時(shí)期);TheywereKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.5．VikingandDanishinvasions(8th-9thCentury)VikingraidersweretheNorwegiansfromScandinaviaandDanesfromDenmark.TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury;TheVikingsandDanesbecameaseriousproblemtotheSaxonkingdomofWessexinthemiddleof9thcentury,especiallybetween835&878,andtheythreatenedtotakepossessionofallEngland.5．VikingandDanishinvasions(8th-9thCentury)KingAlfred(849-899)ThebraveAlfred,thekingofWessex(A.D.871—899)begantofightagainstthem;KingAlfred’s

ContributionsHedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeast,whileheruledtherest.HealsoconvertedsomeleadingDanesintoChristians.KingAlfredtheGreat5．KingAlfred’sContributionsHefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“theFatheroftheBritishNavy”andreorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.KingAlfred’s

Contributionsfurtherinclude:Heprotectedthecoastsandencouragedtrade;Heencouragededucationandestablishedmanyschools;KingAlfred’sContributionsHeintroducedandformulatedalegalsystem;Herepairedthechurchesandmonasteries;HetooktheleadtolearnLatin,anddidtranslations&writings,whichhavebeencalledthebeginningofproseliteratureinEngland.Allthisearnshimthetitle“AlfredtheGreat”and

HeisoftenregardedasthefirstkingofaunitedEngland.TheNormanConquest(1066)TheFrench-speakingNormansunderWilliamofNormandy(WilliamtheConqueror)invadedEnglandfromFrance;OnOctober14,1066,duringtheimportantBattleofHastings,WilliamdefeatedKingHaroldandkilledhim.OnChristmasDay,WilliamwascrownedkingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbey,thusbegantheNormanConquestofEngland，aboutfourcenturiesofFrenchrule.NormanConquestDukeofNormandy--WilliamtheConquerortheBattleofHastingsKingHaroldHewasformallycrownedonDec.25,1066inWestminsterAbbey,andbecameWilliamI.AfterthedeathofEdwardtheConfessorWestminsterAbbey

FoundedbyEdwardtheConfessorduring1050-1065;AllthecoronationsandceremoniesareheldheresincetheNormanConquerorWilliamwascrownedintheabbeyWellknownforitsPoets’CornerThetraditionalburialgroundforthemostfamouspoets,withChaucerasitsfirstoccupant,alsoSpencer,Newton,Darwin,Churchill,etcInfluenceofNormanConquestTwoMostImportantEffects:FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageandexertedenormousinfluenceonOldEnglishTheestablishmentoffeudalisminEnglandEnglandbegantobeunified

underaFrenchpoliticalsystem,muchofwhichisstillremainedintoday’sUK.NormanInfluenceNormanaristocracy.AfirmlyestablishedfeudalsystemAcloserconnectionwithRomanCatholicChurchCoexistenceof3languages:French,LatinandOldEnglishNumerouscontactsbetweenEnglandandFranceduke,marquis

侯爵,earl,伯爵viscount,子爵baron男爵

Normanbishops,Popeasoverlord最高君主Clergy,Nobility

貴族,ThirdEstate平民階級(jí)TheHouseofNormanWilliamI（1066-1087）HenryI（1100-1135）AdelaRobert

WilliamII（1087-1100）MatildaJefferyStephen（1135-1154）HenryII〔1154-1189〕HouseofPlantagenet(1154-1485).AfterWilliam’sdeath,manywarswerefoughtforthecrown.Until1154,HenryII(1154-1189)ascendedthethroneandbegantheruleoftheHouseofAnjou,alsoknownastheHouseofPlantagenet..TheHouseofPlantagenetHenryII1154-1189RichardI1189-1199John1199-1216

Henry

HenryIII1216-1272JefferyEdwardI1272-1307EdwardII1307-1327EdwardIII1327-1377HouseofPlantagenet(1154-1485)

AfterHenryIIdied,hissonRichardIinheritedthecrown.(Lionheart.Richard(1189-99)isknownas"CoeurdeLion",orLionheart,becauseofhisbraveryinbattle.)Unfortunately,hewaskilledinFrancein1199.ThenhisbrotherJohnbecamethethirdking.Intotal,thereare15kingsinthisdynasty.ThethirdandeldestsurvivingsonofHenryII.HewasinEnglandforonlytenmonths,spendingtheothertimefightingintheCrusades.HespokeverylittleEnglish.Heisusuallydepictedasabrave,warrior

勇士

king,andwasgiventhenickname'Lion-Heart'.KingRichardItheLion-Heart

1189-

1199TheCrusades十字軍東征WereaseriesofwarsinwhicharmiesfromallovertheEuropetriedtosnatchtheHolyLand(JerusaleminPalestine)duringthe11-14century;Therealpurposewastogetoverseaslandandtrade,andtoexpandtotheeast.ThemostfamousoftheEnglishcrusaderswastheking,RichardLion-Heart.KingJohnMagnaCartaSignificanteventsduringJohn’sruling:MagnaCarta(TheGreatCharterof1215)SignificanceThisfeudalcontractguaranteedthelords’feudalrights;TheGreatCharteristraditionallyregardedasthebasisofEnglishliberties;ItwasastatementoftherelationshipbetweentheCrownandthelords；ThespiritofMagnaChartawasthelimitationtothepowersoftheking.HundredYears’War(1337-1453).Thecausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic;.ThisWarwasnotonewar,butaseriesofintermittentwarsbetweenFranceandEngland，whichwasstartedbyEngland&foughtentirelyinFrance;.AtlastEnglishwascompletelydefeatedanddrivenfromFranceexcepttheportofCalais.TheHundredYears”War

(1337-1453)P52.6betweenFranceandEngland;themysteriousJoanofArcTheEnglishwerebrilliantlysuccessfultill1422.Therewasnoformaltreatythatendedit.ItresultedfromdisputesbetweentherulingfamiliesofthetwocountriesoverterritoriesinFrance.In1453,thebattleofCastillonendedEnglishruleinFranceandmarkedtheendoftheHundredYears’War.EnglishlanguagefinallytooktheplaceofFrenchinallclassesofsociety.HundredYears’War

from1337to1453JoanofArc圣女貞德

JoanofArc,ledtheFrencharmiestomanyvictoriesagainsttheEnglish,beforeshewascapturedandchargedforbeingawitch巫婆andburntalive.JoanofArcBornin1431APeasantGirlwhotendedsheep17yearsoldatthetimeanduneducatedill-treatedbyherfamilyStrongreligiousconvictionsSaintsspoketoherLedmanyFrenchvictoriesTrialedandburnedin1431Canonizedv.

正式宣布(死者)為圣徒in1920SignificanceofthewarpromotedtheconceptofEnglishnationalism.promotedthedevelopmentofthetextileindustryraisedthesocialpositionofthebourgeoisclass.AllthesefactorscontributetothedeclineoffeudalisminEngland.1.2.3HundredYears’War(1337—1453)TheWaroftheRoses(1455-1485)TheWaroftheRoseswaswagedintermittentlybetweenthetwobranchesofthePlantagenetFamily(金雀花王朝),theHouseofLancastersymbolizedbytheredrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhiterose,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,

HenryVII,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryin1485andputthecountryundertheruleoftheTudors(都鐸王朝).TheWaroftheRoses(1455-1485)SignificanceFromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened;Theking’spowerbecamesupreme,preparingforcentralizedgovernment;Buttheinterestsofthemajorityofthecommonpeoplewerenotdeeplyinvolved.HenryVIIIHewashandsomeandworefineclothesHelovedgames,horse-ridingandhuntingHespokefourlanguages,wrotepoetryandplayedmusicHewantedafirmholdonthethrone,sohewantedasontosucceedhimII.TransitiontotheModernAgeReligiousReformationCauses:Theprivilegeandwealthofthechurchwerealsoresented;HenryVIIIdeterminedtodivorcehiswifebutfailedbecauseoftheoppositionofthechurch.Purpose:1.togetridoftheEnglishChurch’sconnectionwithRomanCatholicChurchandthePope;2.tomakeanindependentChurchofEngland.CatherineofAragonMarried1509ShewasdaughtertothekingofSpainandex-wifeofArthur,Henry'sbrotherShehadadaughter,Mary,butnosonsShewastoooldformorechildrenIn1533,HenrydivorcedherGoddoesthreatenchildlessnessifamanmarrieshisbrother’swidowAnneBoleynMarried1533Shewasyoung,prettyandwittyShehadonedaughter,ElizabethShewasbeheadedin1536JaneSeymourMarriedin1536(11daysafterexecutionofAnne)Shehadason,Edward,butdiedsoonafter(1537)HenryprobablylovedherbestofallhiswivesAnneofClevesMarried1540ThemarriagemadealinkbetweenEnglandandGermanyHenrythoughtshewasuglyDivorced1540–thesameyear!CatherineHowardMarried1540Shewas20,Henrywas49ShewasunfaithfulExecutedin1542Married1543ShelikedfamilylifeandlookedafterHenry’schildrenSheoutlivedHenryCatherineParrTheHouseofTudorEnglishReformationContent:1.ActofSupremacy(1534),establishedthekingthestatusof“theonlysupremeheadofthechurchofEngland”.Influence:StrengthenedHenryVIII’sposition;EnglandwasmovingawayfromCatholicismtowardsProtestantism.TheEnglishReformationMaryIrepealedActofSupremacy(1554)re-establishedunitywithRomeexecuted284protestantsandtheArchbishopofCanterburyElizabethI(1558-1603)TheVirginQueen“IknowIhavethebodyofaweakandfeeblewoman,butIhavetheheartandstomachofaking,andofakingofEngland.”ElizabethIreinstatedActofSupremacy(1558)declaredherselfSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandModerateProtestantismThirty-NineArticlesandActsofUniformity,whichdescribeditschurchasbothCatholicandReformedAmoderateProtestant

appointedasArchbishopofCanterburyChangesoftheChurchChangesoftheChurchTheVirginQueenSheremainedsinglethroughoutherlife,andthuscalled“TheVirginQueen”Her45-yearreignisconsideredoneofthemostgloriousinEnglishhistory.Duringthistime,theartsflourished.GoldenAgeofEnglishHistoryEnglandadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade,literature,andthearts.Theageofexplorationbegan:claimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoods.TheAmericanState,Virginia,isnamedafterQueenElizabeth.EastIndiaCompanyTheCivilWar(1642-1651)

alsocalledthePuritanRevolution,astheKing’sopponentsweremainlyPuritansCause:conflictbetweenParliamentandtheKing,andalsoasaconflictbetweentheeconomicinterestsoftheurbanmiddleclassandthetraditionaleconomicinterestsoftheCrown.Twoparties:Royalists/CavaliersvsParliamentarians/RoundheadsConsequences

TheCivilWarledtothetrialandexecutionofCharlesIin1649,theexileofhisson,CharlesII,andreplacementofEnglishmonarchywiththeCommonwealthofEngland;TheEnglishCivilWarsnotonlyoverthrewfeudalsysteminEnglandbutalsoshookthefoundationoffeudalruleinEurope;Itisgenerallyregardedasthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.Thebeginningoftheageofconstitutionalmonarchy,ofamonarchywithpowerslimitedbyParliament.RestorationandGloriousRevolutionRestoration:

CharlesIIwasinvitedtoreturnfromhisexileinFranceastheKingin1661.In1665,hisbrotherJamesIIsucceededthethrone,buthewasnotacceptedbythebourgeoisie.GloriousRevolution:WilliamofOrange,JamesII’sDutchnephewandhusbandofMary,JamesII’sdaughter,wasinvitedtotaketheEnglishthroneforjointrulein1688.BourgeoisRevolutioninthe17thCenturyTheBillofRightsof1689In1689,WilliamandMaryacceptedtheBillofRightstobecrownedjointly.ThebillexcludedanyRomanCatholicfromthesuccession;Confirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacy;GuaranteedfreespeechwithinboththetwoHouses;Thustheageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.IndustrialRevolution〔1760-1830〕WhatisthebackgroundoftheIndustrialRevolution?WhichindustrybegantheIndustrialRevolutionfirst?WhataretherepresentativeinventionsintheIndustrialRevolution?WhataretheachievementsoftheIndustrialRevolutionintransportation?TheIndustrialRevolution

canbedefinedastheapplicationofpower-drivenmachinerytomanufacturing.WhataretheinfluencesoftheIndustrialRevolution?DramaticallyincreasedtheproductivityPromotedtheprocessofurbanizationThechangeofsocialclass:thecapitalistandtheworkingclassTheBritishEmpireWhenwasthefirstBritishEmpireformed?WherewerethecoloniesofthefirstBritishEmpiredistributed?WhenwasthesecondBritishEmpireformed?WhendidthesecondBritishEmpiredisintegrateandwhenwastheCommonwealthofNationsformed?1931,theCommonwealthofNationswasfounded.

ThesecondBritishEmpire(1837-1931)TheVictoriaAge:anageofnationaldevelopmentandgreatprosperity..Morecolorfulandconvenientlife:Electricity,telegraph,telephone,electriclight,electrictrams.Transportation:bicycle/Londonhadthefirstelectricundergroundrailwayin1891.Victoria:thegrandmotherofEurope(9childrenand40grandchildren)

TheFormationoftheSecondBritishEmpireQueenVictoriaMemorial

QueenVictoria(1819—1901)TheFormationoftheEmpire1.Sheencouragedfurtherindustrialization.2.TheBritishgovernmentadoptedNewImperialism.3.TheBritishgovernmentsenttheBritishfleetanywhereintheworld.Atendofthe19century,BritishEmpireincludedaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarterofworld’slandmass.Colonies1,Canda,Australia,NewZealand(dominion英聯(lián)邦自治領(lǐng)域)2,India(“brightestjewel”ontheEnglishCrown)

3,HongKong(OpiumWar,TreatyofNanking)4,Burma,SriLanka,Singapore,Malaya,Brunei,smallstatesintheWestIndiesandAsia.5,tookcontrolofSuezCanalandconqueredEgypt.6,theGoldCoast,Niger,Sudan,Kenya,Uganda,Zambia,UpperNigeria曾經(jīng)被大英帝國(guó)統(tǒng)治過的地區(qū).BritishCommonwealthisalooselyorganizedcommunityofformerBritishColonies,showingthattheysharecommonvaluesandgoals,andacommonhistorywithBritain.1/3oftheworld’spopulationbelongstotheCommonwealth..Itwasfoundedin1931,until1990,therewere53members..In1949theword“British”wasdroppedfromthetitleoftheCommonwealth..Almostallmembers(exceptMadagascarandAlgeria)ofthe

CommonwealthwereonceruledbyBritainaspartoftheBritainEmpire.BritainandWorldWarI-----1914—19181.beforethewar:twomilitarycampsCentralPowersin1882theAlliesin19072.duringthewar:TheBritishnavyplayedaveryimportantroleintheultimatetriumphoftheAllies.

3.theendofthewar:a.lostabout2,700,000casualties,b.70%ofhermerchantshipsc.becameadebtornationd.LondonwasreplacedbyNewYorkastheworld’sleadingbankingcenter.e.AtthePeaceConferenceatVersailles,Britaingotmostofwhathewanted.

BritainbetweentheTwoWars

GeorgeV---EdwardVIII(1936)---GeorgeVIthemostimportantmaritimeandindustrialpowerinEuropethelargestnavyandairforceintheworldthethirdlargestarmytheindustrywasagingundertheDepression,strikesandlaborunrest,colonialtiesbecameweakened

ReasonsforWWIIJapanwasunsatisfiedwiththeWashingtontreaty.ItalywasangryaboutBritainandFrance.TheunfairVersaillestreatyarousetheGerman’sstrongemotionofrevenge.TheGreatDepressionWorldWarIIbrokeoutbecauseoftheimbalanceinpoliticalandeconomicdevelopment.And1929-1933,theeconom