SummaryofKeyGrammarPointsinEnglishforGrade8,Volume2NounVerbAdjectivesandAdvantsPositionsandconnectionsSentencestructureandtypesSenseandvoicecontents目錄01NounThesenounscanbecountedandareusuallypaidwithnumbersExamples:"Apple,""book,""cat."ThesenounscannotbecountedandarecommonlysingularExamples:"Milk,""Bread,""Rice."CountableanduncountablenounsUncountablenounsCountablenounsPositivenounsindicateownershiporsessionTheyareformedbyadding"-'s"totheendofanounExample:"John'sbook,""Thecat'stoy."Whenmorethanoneitemisposted,an"-s"isaddedtotheposter'snameExample:"Thechildren'stoys."PositivecaseofnounsNounsasattributesAnouncanbeusedasanattributetomodifyanothernounItisplacedinfrontofthenounitmodificationsExample:"Appletree."Whenmorethanonenounisusedasanattribute,theyareseparatedbycommasExample:"Flowergarden."02VerbPresentparticle:usedtoformthepresentcontinuoustense,e.g.,"Iamsinging."Itisformedbyadding"-ing"tothebaseformoftheverb"Thebookhasbeenread."Itisformedbyadding"-ed,""-d,"or"-t"tothebaseformoftheverb,dependingontheregularityoftheverb."PresentandpastparticlesInfinitiveverbisthebasicformoftheverb,commonlyprioritizedby"to,"e.g.,"torun."Itcanbeusedasasubject,object,orcompletioninasentenceTheinfinitiveverbcanbeeitherregularorirregularRegularinfinitiveverbsfollowthepatternofadding"-ed"tothebaseformoftheverb,whileirregularinfinitiveverbsdonotfollowthispatternInfinitiveverbModalverbsareagroupofaccessoriesthatexpressmodularity,i.e.,likelihood,opposition,necessity,etc.Theyinclude"can,""could,""may,""right,""must,""shall,""should,""will,"and"would."ModalverbscanbeeitherregularorirregularRegularmodalverbsfollowthepatternofadding"-ed"tothebaseformoftheverb,whileirregularmodalverbsdonotfollowthispatternThemodalverbshavetheirownuniqueformsandmeansthataredifferentfromotherAuxiliariesModalverbs03AdjectivesandAdvantsVSComparativeobjectivesareformedbyadding"-er"totheendoftheobjective,orbyusingthesuffix"-ier"forwordsthatarealreadyendin"-y"Forexample,"happy"behaviors"happier",and"busy"behaviors"busier"Superlativeobjectivesareformedbyadding"-est"totheendoftheobjective,orbyusingthesuffix"-est"forwordsthatarealreadyendin"-y"Forexample,"happy"benefits"happy",and"busy"benefits"busy"ThecomparativeandsuperiorformsofobjectionsComparativeadvertisementsareformedbyadding"-er"totheendoftheadvertisementForexample,"quickly"benefits"morequickly"Superlativeadvertisementsareformedbyadding"-est"totheendoftheadvertisementForexample,"quickly"benefits"mostquickly"ComparativeandSuperlativeAdvantersTheConversionofAdjectivesandAdvisersSomeobjectionscanbeconvertedintoadvertisementsbyadding"-ly"totheendForexample,"friendly"behaviors"friendly"Someadvertisementscanbeconvertedintoadvertisementsbyremoving"-ly"Forexample,"friendly"behaviors"friendly"04Positionsandconnections010204TheusageofcommonlyusedpositionsAt-usedforindicatingaspecifictimeorplaceIn-usedforindicatingalocationorpositionOn-usedforindicatingasurfaceorlocationBy-usedforindicatingameansoftransportationorcompletion03And-usedforconnectingtwosimilarideasorclaimsBut-usedforcontrastingideasorclaimsOr-usedforindicatingalternativesSo-usedforindicatingaresultorcause01020304TheusageofcommonlyusedconnectionsPositionsareusedtoindicaterelationshipsbetweenobjectsorideas,whileconnectionsareusedtoconnectclausesorideasPositionscanbeclassifiedastemporary,local,modal,orinstrumentaldependingontheirusageConnectionscanbeclassifiedascoordinating,coordinating,orcorrelateddependingontheirfunctionsPositionsareoftenusedwithnounsandpronounstoindicatelocation,time,orManner,whileconnectionsareusedtoconnectwords,phrases,orclausesAnalysisofpositionsandconnections05Sentencestructureandtypes123ApresencewithasinglesubjectandpredicateSimplepresenceApresencewithtwoormoreindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinatingconnectionCompoundpresenceAsentencewithanindependentclauseandasuborderclauseCompoundcomplexsentenceSimplesenses,compoundsenses,andcompoundcomplexsensesApresencethatmakesastatementDeclarativepresenceApresencethatasksaquestionInterrogtivepresenceApresencethatgivesacommandormakesarequestImperativepresenceAsentencethatexpressesstrongemotionExceptionsentenceDeclarativesenses,aggressivesenses,intrinsicsenses,andexceptionalsensesTheexactwordsusedbyapersonwhenspeakingDirectspeechAreportofwhatsomeonesaidorthoughtwithoutusingtheirexactwordsIndirectspeechDirectandIndirectSpeech06SenseandvoicePresentcontinuoustenseusedtoexpressanactionthatisongoingortemporaryinthepresentationmomentItisformedwiththehelpingverb"be"(am/is/are)plusthepresentparticle(-ing)oftheverbExample:"IamstudyingEnglish."PastcontinuoustenseusedtoexpressanactionthatwasonginginthepastandwasinterruptedbyanothereventItisformedwith"was"/"were"plusthepresentparticle(-ing)oftheverbExample:"Iwaswalkingtotheparkwhenmyphonerang."FuturecontinuoustenseusedtoexpressanactionthatwillbeongoinginthefutureItisformedwith"willbe"plusthepresentparticle(-ing)oftheverbExample:"Wewillbecelebratinghisbirthdaynextweek."Presentcontinuoustense,pastcontinuoustense,andfuturecontinuoustensePresentperfecttenseusedtoexpressanactionthathasbeencompletedinthepastanditseffectispresentItisformedwith"have"/"has"plusthepastparticleoftheverbExample:"IhavestudiedEnglishfortwoyears."PastperfecttenseusedtoexpressanactionthathadbeencompletedbeforeanotherpastactionoccurredItisfo