Unit4ProtectingourheritagesitesGrammarandusageExploringtherules在復(fù)合句中對(duì)其前面的抽象名詞做進(jìn)一步解釋或說(shuō)明，說(shuō)明其具體內(nèi)容的從句，叫作同位語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句——定義Ihavetheimpression

thatpeopletherearealwaysonthego.

我覺(jué)得那里的人總是忙忙碌碌的。Thenews

thatourteamhaswonthegameistrue.

我們隊(duì)贏了比賽的消息是真的。Ihavenoidea

whomsheaddressedtheletterto.

我不知道她把信寫給誰(shuí)了。Exploringtherules不是所有的名詞后面都能跟同位語(yǔ)從句，只有少數(shù)抽象意義的名詞可以跟同位語(yǔ)從句。常見(jiàn)的充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)從句先行詞的名詞有：同位語(yǔ)從句——常接同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞advice建議agreement協(xié)議belief信念doubt懷疑explanation解釋fact事實(shí)fear害怕feeling感覺(jué)hope希望idea主意/知曉news消息opinion觀點(diǎn)order命令promise諾言possibility可能性problem問(wèn)題answer回答question問(wèn)題report報(bào)道suggestion建議thought想法truth真相wish愿望warning警告probability可能性reply答復(fù)evidence證據(jù)proof證據(jù)criticism批評(píng)conclusion結(jié)論risk風(fēng)險(xiǎn)proposal建議story傳說(shuō)word消息information信息message信息saying格言desire欲望mystery秘密announcement宣告rumour傳聞Exploringtherulesthat引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或看法，沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)之意，即由原來(lái)的陳述句充當(dāng)。that在從句中不作成分，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，有時(shí)候可以省略。Wehavetheproof

thatthismancommittedthecrime.

我們有證據(jù)證明這個(gè)人犯了罪。Thefact

thatsomecountriesarestillsufferingfrompovertyisreallyagreatproblem.

一些國(guó)家仍在遭受貧困之苦，這確實(shí)是個(gè)大問(wèn)題。Ihadakindoffeeling

(that)thismighthappen.

我有種預(yù)感，這可能會(huì)發(fā)生。先行詞如含有動(dòng)詞意義，that可以省略，類似詞匯還有warning,reply,impression等。同位語(yǔ)從句——引導(dǎo)詞Exploringtheruleswh-word引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，表達(dá)疑問(wèn)概念，由原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)句充當(dāng)。Ihavenoidea

whethertheworkisworthdoing.

我不知道這項(xiàng)工作是否值得做。Thereseemstobenodoubt

whattheyaregoingtodonext.

他們下一步要做什么似乎是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的。Thequestion

whoeverwilltakehisplacehasn’tbeendiscussed.

究竟誰(shuí)來(lái)接替他的位置，這個(gè)問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有討論。whether（相當(dāng)于間接的一般疑問(wèn)句）whether疑問(wèn)代詞（相當(dāng)于間接的特殊疑問(wèn)句）who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever疑問(wèn)副詞（相當(dāng)于間接的特殊疑問(wèn)句）when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however同位語(yǔ)從句——引導(dǎo)詞Exploringtherules同位語(yǔ)從句——與定語(yǔ)從句的辨析先行詞內(nèi)涵不同同位語(yǔ)從句常是一些具有信息內(nèi)容或一定內(nèi)涵的抽象名詞，如idea,fact,

news,

hope,

belief,

suggestion,

proposal,

word,

thought,

doubt,

truth,

possibility,

promise等。定語(yǔ)從句是表示人、物、事、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞，如person,

thing,

time,

place,

reason等。Exploringtherules同位語(yǔ)從句——與定語(yǔ)從句的辨析表達(dá)的含義不同同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明和解釋，屬于名詞性從句的范疇。定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇。Thefactthathepresentedwasastrongproof.他所提供的事實(shí)是一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)。Thefactthatshehadn’tsaidanythingsurprisedusall.她什么也沒(méi)說(shuō)，這使我們大家都很吃驚。定語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句Exploringtherules同位語(yǔ)從句——與定語(yǔ)從句的辨析詞義不同，成分不同（有無(wú)疑問(wèn)之意）同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞that,who,whom,whose,when,where,why中，除了that沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)的含義之外，其他6個(gè)都含有疑問(wèn)的意思。定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞that,who,whom,whose,when,where,why中，沒(méi)有疑問(wèn)之意。Idon’tknowthereasonwhyshewasabsent.

我不知道她缺席的原因。Weshouldpayattentiontothequestionwhyshewasabsent.

我們應(yīng)該注意她缺席的原因。定語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句Exploringtherules...,butnoonecandenythefactthattheywereconstructedinthe13thcenturyBCE....theyhadnoideawhetherthetemplescouldbesavedfromtherisingwaters.Someexperts,however,hadafeelingthatitwaspossible.Atfirst,theyhadnoideawhichwaycouldwork.Therewasnoguaranteethatitwouldwork,...Furthermore,theexpertshadnocluewhetheranypartsofthetempleswouldbreakduringtransport....,butwehavethebeliefthatwewillneedthiskindofcooperationinheritagepreservation.FindthesentenceswithappositiveclausesinthearticleofpartAandfillintheboxbelow.ExploringtherulesAnappositiveclauseisusuallyplacedafteranabstractnountoexplainitscontent.Weoftenuse(1)________,(2)________oraquestionwordtointroduceanappositiveclause.Nounsthatcanbefollowedbyanappositiveclauseincludefact,idea,news,opinion,etc.WorkingouttherulesthatwhetherApplyingtherules1.WehavenodoubtthatUNESCOistryingtoprotecttheheritagesites.2.Thiswasthecluethathelpedthepolicefindthemanwhohad destroyedtheancientstatues.3.Manypeopledonotknowthereasonwhythisheritagesiteis threatened.4.Thereisnoquestionthatweshouldprotectoursharedheritage— wesimplyhaveto.5.IwanttoplanmytripbutIhavenoideawhenthetempleswillopen.Readthesentencesbelowandticktheoneswithappositiveclauses.B1定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句ApplyingtherulesCompletetheconversationbelowwithproperlinkingwordstoformappositiveclauses.B2Chris: Sorrytointerruptyou,MissMa.I’mwritinganarticleaboutUNESCO’sworkonheritagepreservation.Canyoutellmesomethingaboutit?MissMa: Sure.In1972,theConventionConcerningtheProtectionoftheWorldCulturalandNaturalHeritagewasadoptedbytheGeneralConferenceofUNESCO.Chris: ButI’veheardsomepeoplehaveseriousdoubts(1)__________theWorldHeritageConventionreallyhelps.MissMa: Sure,itdoes.Itlinkstheconceptsofnatureconservationandthepreservationofculturalpropertiestogether.ApartfromtheConvention,theWorldHeritageCommitteewasestablishedin1976andpassedthemotion(2)_________weshouldprotectourculturalandnaturalheritagesites.whetherthatApplyingtherulesChris: Isee.CanyoutellmewhattheWorldHeritageCommitteedoes?MissMa: Ofcourse.Forexample,itvotestodeterminewhichsitesaretobelistedasUNESCOheritagesitesandmonitorsthestateofconservation.Chris: That’samazing.IsChinaoneoftheUNESCOStatesParties?MissMa: Yes.Doyouhaveanyidea(3)_________ChinesepropertiesareontheWorldHeritageList?Chris: Yes,morethan50now.Forexample,theGrandCanal,theworld’slongestandoldestcanal,wasonthelistin2014.I’veheardthenews(4)_______certainheritagesitesinChinaareunderthreat.MissMa: You’reright.Theproposal(5)__________weshouldraisepublicawarenessofheritageprotectionisworthconsideri