選擇性必修三

U3ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONEarthprovidesenoughtosatisfyeverymansneeds,butnoteveryman'sgreed.-MohandasKGandhi地球能滿足每個(gè)人的需求，但不能滿足每個(gè)人的貪婪。---莫罕達(dá)斯?甘地

CLIMATECHANGEREQUIRESTHEWORLD'SATTENTION氣候變化需要全世界的關(guān)注Wehaveknownaboutclimatechangefordecades.ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer(seethegraph).Awarmingoceanandatmospherealongwithmeltingiceandrisingsealevelsprovideevidenceofadramaticchangeintheglobalclimate.我們幾十年前就知道氣候變化了。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，地球正在變得越來(lái)越暖和(見(jiàn)圖表)。海洋和大氣的變暖以及冰川融化和海平面上升為全球氣候的急劇變化提供了證據(jù)。In2013,alotofpeoplewereshockedbyanewsphotoofadeadpolarbearthatwasfoundonNorway'sArcticislandofSvalbard.Accordingtothescientistswhofounditsdeadbody,allthatremainedofthepolarbearwas"skinandbones".

Anexpertwhohasstudiedpolarbearsformanyyearssaidthatfromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.Expertsclaimedthatlowsea-icelevelscausedbyclimatechangemeantthebearcouldnothuntsealsasbefore,soithadtotravelgreaterdistancesinordertofindfood.ThisalarmingcaseshowedhowtheincreaseintemperaturehadanimpactonEarth'secology.2013年，一張?jiān)谂餐睒O地區(qū)的斯瓦爾巴群島上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只北極熊尸體的新聞?wù)掌尯芏嗳苏痼@。根據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)這只北極熊尸體的科學(xué)家的說(shuō)法，這只北極熊只剩下“皮包骨頭”了。一位研究北極熊多年的專家說(shuō)，從它尸體的位置看，這只熊似乎是餓死的。專家稱，由于氣候變化造成的海冰水位較低，這只熊無(wú)法像以前那樣捕獵海豹，所以他為了找到食物不得不去更遠(yuǎn)的地方。這一令人震驚的案例表明氣溫升高對(duì)地球生態(tài)產(chǎn)生了怎樣的影響。Thenwhatiscausingtheincreaseintheglobalaveragesurfacetemperature?Climatescientistsoftenmentionakeyclimateprocesscalledthe"greenhouseeffect",whichhastwocommonmeanings:the"natural"greenhouseeffectandthe"man-made"greenhouseeffect.The"natural"greenhouseeffectreferstothefactthatheatfromthesunenterstheatmosphereandwarmsEarth'ssurfaceasshort-waveradiation.Theheatisreleasedbackintospaceatlongerwavelengths.Greenhousegasesintheatmosphere,suchasmethaneandcarbondioxide,trapsomeoftheheat,keepingEarth'sclimatewarmandhabitable.Withoutthisprocess,Earthcouldnotsustainlife.However,the"man-made"greenhouseeffecthasnowbecomeabigproblem.Whenpeopleproducehugeamountsofextragreenhousegasesbyburningfossilfuels,moreheatenergyistrappedintheatmosphereandcausesEarth'ssurfacetemperaturetorisequickly.那么是什么正在導(dǎo)致全球表面平均溫度的上升呢？氣候科學(xué)家經(jīng)常提到一個(gè)被稱為“溫室效應(yīng)”的關(guān)鍵氣候過(guò)程，它有兩個(gè)普遍的含義：“自然”溫室效應(yīng)和“人為”溫室效應(yīng)?！白匀弧睖厥倚?yīng)指的是來(lái)自太陽(yáng)的熱量進(jìn)入大氣層，并以短波輻射的形式使地球表面升溫。熱量以更長(zhǎng)的波長(zhǎng)釋放回太空。大氣中的溫室氣體，如甲烷和二氧化碳，會(huì)吸收一些熱量，使地球氣候保持溫暖和適宜居住。沒(méi)有這個(gè)過(guò)程，地球就無(wú)法維持生命。然而，“人為”溫室效應(yīng)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)大問(wèn)題。當(dāng)人們通過(guò)燃燒化石燃料產(chǎn)生大量額外的溫室氣體時(shí)，更多的熱量被困在大氣中，導(dǎo)致地球表面溫度迅速上升。Thereisstrongandcomprehensiveevidencethattheriseintemperaturehasledtoanincreaseinextremeweatherandnaturaldisastersworldwide,notonlycausingseriousdamage,butalsocostinghumanlives.Climatescientistshavewarnedthatifwedonottakeappropriateactions,thiswarmingtrendwillprobablycontinueandtherewillbeahigherpricetopay.Infact,newsreportsarefrequentlybroadcastaboutextremerainstormsandheatwavescausingdeathsandeconomiclosses.有力且全面的證據(jù)表明，氣溫上升已導(dǎo)致世界范圍內(nèi)極端天氣和自然災(zāi)害的增加，不僅造成嚴(yán)重的破壞，而且還致人喪命。氣候科學(xué)家警告說(shuō)，如果我們不采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng)，這種變暖的趨勢(shì)可能會(huì)繼續(xù)下去，并將使我們付出更高的代價(jià)。事實(shí)上，新聞報(bào)道經(jīng)常播送造成死亡和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的極端暴雨和熱浪。Continuedgreenhousegasemissionswillresultinfurtherwarmingandlong-lastingchangestotheglobalclimate.Thisrequirestheattentionofpeopleallovertheworld.Governmentsneedtoconsidermakingpoliciesandtakingappropriateactionsandmeasurestoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Weasindividualscanalsoreduceour"carbonfootprint"byrestrictingtheamountofcarbondioxideourlifestylesproduce.Itisourresponsibilitytoseizeeveryopportunitytoeducateeveryoneaboutglobalwarming,alongwithitscausesandimpacts,becausethisisthemostseriousissueaffectingallofusonthisplanet.Sowhatwillyoudotohelp?

持續(xù)的溫室氣體排放將導(dǎo)致全球氣候進(jìn)一步變暖和長(zhǎng)期的變化。這需要全世界人民的關(guān)注。各國(guó)政府需要考慮制定政策并采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袆?dòng)和措施來(lái)減少溫室氣體排放。作為個(gè)人，我們也可以通過(guò)限制生活方式產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳的量來(lái)減少我們的“碳足跡”。我們有責(zé)任抓住每一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，讓每個(gè)人了解全球變暖及其原因和影響，因?yàn)檫@是影響我們這個(gè)星球上所有人的最嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題，那么你會(huì)怎么做呢？REDUCINGWATERPOLLUTIONINTHELIRIVER減少漓江水污染

ThebeautifulLiRiveranditsamazingsurroundingsceneryisoneofthemostwell-knowntouristdestinationsinChina'sGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion.Itattractsmillionsofdomesticandforeignvisitorseachyear.However,itsreputationasatopdestinationhashadnegativeeffectsontheriver'swaterquality.Thisreportlooksattheproblemofwaterpollutionandsomeactionsthathavebeentakentodealwithit.美麗的漓江及其周邊迷人的風(fēng)景是中國(guó)廣西壯族自治區(qū)最著名的旅游目的地之一，它每年吸引數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的國(guó)內(nèi)外游客。然而，它作為首選旅游目的地的聲譽(yù)對(duì)河流的水質(zhì)卻產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響。這份報(bào)告就著眼于水污染問(wèn)題以及為解決這一問(wèn)題而采取的一些行動(dòng)。Previously,waterqualityintheLiRiverhadsufferedgreatlyfromanincreasingvolumeoftourists,manyofwhomfrequentlythrewgarbageintotheriver.Manytourboatscontributedtotheproblemtoo.Kitchensonboardwereusinglotsofoil,whichwasoftenthrownintothewater.Thegrowthintourismalsomeantthelocalpopulationroserapidly,aswellasthenumberofcommercialandindustrialenterprises.Waterpollutionlevelsincreased.withmorehouseholdandcommercialwasteendingupintheriver.Inordertofeedmorepeople,morechemicalswereusedtoincreasecropproduction.Thesechemicalsledtoseverewaterqualityissues,causingadecreaseinthenumberoffishspecies.Localofficialswereconcernedthatthepollutionwasdamagingthenaturalenvironmentandfeltthaturgentstepsshouldbetakentorestoretheriver'soriginalbeauty.以往，漓江的水質(zhì)因游客量的增長(zhǎng)遭到了嚴(yán)重破壞，很多游客頻繁地將垃圾扔進(jìn)江中。許多游船也造成了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。船上的廚房使用大量的油，這些油經(jīng)常被倒入水中。旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展也意味著當(dāng)?shù)厝丝谘杆僭鲩L(zhǎng)，以及商業(yè)和工業(yè)企業(yè)的數(shù)量增加。水污染等級(jí)上升，更多的家庭和商業(yè)廢棄物最終流入河中。為了養(yǎng)活更多的人，人們使用了更多的化學(xué)物質(zhì)來(lái)增加農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量，這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的水質(zhì)問(wèn)題，導(dǎo)致魚(yú)類(lèi)物種數(shù)量減少。當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T擔(dān)心污染正在破壞自然環(huán)境，并認(rèn)為應(yīng)采取緊急措施來(lái)恢復(fù)河流的原貌。Acomprehensiveinitiativewasstarted,withanumberofmeasuresthataddressedtheissues.Theconstructionofwastewatertreatmentfacilitiesimprovedthewaterqualityandwaterconservation.Thecollectionandtransportofhouseholdwastewasalsoimproved.Dozensofpollutingenterpriseswereclosedormoved.Thelocalgovernmentsetupstrictregulationsregardingfurtherindustrialdevelopment.Newruleswerealsointroducedregardingtourboatroutesandgarbagedisposalmethods.Furthermore,thelocalauthoritiesbegantousethemediatospreadenvironmentalawarenessandencouragegreateruseofcleanenergy.Atthesametime,theystartedtocarryoutinspectionsregularlyandfinetouristorganisationsforabuses.Withthesemea