Unit1ScienceandScientistsⅠ.閱讀理解A(2024·浙江省麗水、湖州、衢州三地市質(zhì)檢)Bornonherfamily'sfarminRay,NorthDakota,MaryShermanMorganhadbeenhelpingherfatherwithfarmworkbeforeshecouldattendthesmall-townschoolhouse.Beingafewyearsbehinddidn'tholdherbackandshegraduatedfromhighschoolwithhonors.Awareofherintelligence,sheranawayfromRaytoattendMinotStateUniversityasachemistrymajor,whereherskillwasevident.TheoutbreakofWorldWarⅡresultedinanationalshortageofchemistsandscientists.Inspiteofthefactthatshewasstillastudentandawoman,shewasofferedajobasachemicalanalystduetohertalents,producingexplosives(爆炸物)forthewartimeeffort.SheputherdegreeonholdandmovedtoOhio,takingonthedangerousjobofanalyzingunstablechemicalstoproduceweapons.Afterthewarendedtherewasafallindemandforexplosives,soshemadeamovetothefieldofaeronautics,movingtoCaliforniatoworkforNAA(NorthAmericanAviation)．Theonlywomanoutof900engineers,shewassoonpromotedtoarolewhichinvolvedcalculatingtheperformanceofrocketpropellants(推動劑)anddesigningspecialityfuelstoworkwithdifferentengines.However,neverhavingreturnedtocompleteherdegree,shewasnotaffordedtherankorhigherpayofanengineer,eventhoughshehadalltheskillsandknowledgeofone.HerexperiencewithpropellantsmeantthatwhenNAAwastaskedtofindafuelcapableofliftingtheredesignedRedstonemissilesintospace,Moganwasappointedtechnicalleadontheproject.Nationalpridewasontheline,soMorgansetaboutinvestigatingfuels.Aftercountlesstrails,shefinallydesignedherownmixture,whichwasnamedHydyne.HydynetestedwellwiththeRedstonemissilesandsubsequentlyotheraircraft(飛行器)，suchasJupiter-Crockets,provingtobeaquicksolutiontogettingtospacewithoutatotalrocketredesign.ThefuelmadethefirstsuccessfulUSsatellitelaunchpossible,evenifMorgansilentlyslippedawayfromhersuccess,retiringtofocusonherfamilyandleavingherchemistrycareerbehind.語篇導(dǎo)讀：本文介紹了科學(xué)家MaryShermanMorgan的人生閱歷，她在中學(xué)時發(fā)覺自己的天賦，又在斗爭后轉(zhuǎn)移至航天領(lǐng)域，探討創(chuàng)建出訪美國成功放射的衛(wèi)星的燃料。1．WhatdoweknowaboutMary？CA．Sheattendedschoolwhilehelpingwithfarmwork.B．Shewasofferedajobasachemistryanalystaftergraduation.C．Sheshiftedherworkingfocusasthedomesticdemandchanged.D．ShelaunchedthefirstUSsatellitebeforeretiringfromhercareer.解析：依據(jù)第三段第一句可知，當(dāng)斗爭爆發(fā)后爆炸物的需求削減，她就轉(zhuǎn)移到了航空學(xué)的領(lǐng)域，因此C項“依據(jù)國內(nèi)需求變更變更自己的工作重心。”正確。故選C。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“aeronautics”probablymean？DA．Analyzingchemicals.B．Producingexplosives.C．Mixingandsavingfuels.D．Designingandbuildingaircraft.解析：后幾句講她的工作包括計算火箭推動器的表現(xiàn)、涉及特殊的燃料來適配引擎，下一段的第一句又提到“l(fā)iftingtheredesignedRedstonemissilesintospace”，因此可以推想出aeronautics是航天領(lǐng)域的意思，因此D“設(shè)計和建立飛行器。”正確。故選D。3．WhatmadeMarythetechnicalleadontheprojectofNAA？CA．HerdiscoveryofHydyne.B．Herrankasanengineer.C．Herspecialknowledgeinfuels.D．Hersenseofnationalpride.解析：依據(jù)前兩段可知，Mary在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域有極高的天賦，在第三段最終說她的“knowledgeofone”她在燃料領(lǐng)域獨一無二的學(xué)問，因此C“她在燃料領(lǐng)域的特殊學(xué)問?！闭_。故選C。4．WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeMaryShermanMorgan？BA．Caringanddetermined.B．Courageousandcreative.C．Intelligentbutsensitive.D．Accomplishedbutproud.解析：Mary能設(shè)計獨創(chuàng)出全新的燃料Hydyne說明她很有創(chuàng)建力，由前兩段她努力追尋自己天賦、從事緊急工作的閱歷，也可以看出她的英勇。故選B。B(2024·湖北省七市調(diào)測)Scientistshavemadea“breakthrough”inhandlingnuclearfusion(聚變)．TheU．S.DepartmentofEnergyofficiallyannouncedthemilestoneinfusionenergyresearch.Forthefirsttime,researcherscreatedanuclearfusionreactionthatproducedmoreenergythantheyputintotheprocess.Theexperiment,conductedatLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratoryinCalifornia,generated3.15megajoulesofenergy,morethanthe2.05megajoulesputintocreatingit.Nuclearfusionworksbyforcingtogethertwoatoms—mostoftenhydrogen—tomakeaheavierone—likehelium(氦)．Thisexplosiveprocessreleasesmassiveamountsofenergy,theDepartmentofEnergyexplains.Fusionistheoppositeoffission(裂變),thereactionthatpowersnuclearreactorsusedcommerciallytoday.FusionoccursnaturallyintheheartoftheSunandthestars,providingthesecosmic(宇宙的)objectswithfuel.Sincethe1950s,scientistshavebeentryingtoreproduceitonEarthinordertomakeuseoftheso-calledclean,cheap,andalmostlimitlesselectricity.AccordingtotheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,fusiongeneratesfourtimesmoreenergyperkilogramthanthefissionusedtopowernuclearplants,andnearly4milliontimesmoreenergythanburningoilorcoal.What'smore,unlikefossilfuels,fusiondoesn'treleasecarbondioxide—thegreenhousegasthat'sthemaindriverofclimatechange—intotheatmosphere.Andunlikenuclearfission,fusiondoesn'tcreatelong-livedradioactivewaste,accordingtotheDepartmentofEnergy.Butsofar,nuclearfusionhasn'tsolvedourenergyproblemsonagrandscale.Therecentannouncementisahugestepforwardinnuclearfusionenergy,butapplyingthetechnologyatcommercialscaleislikelystillyearsaway.ChandaPrescod-Weinstein,atheoreticalphysicist,pointedoutthattheprocesstheDepartmentofEnergyusesrequirestritium(氚),arareandradioactiveisotope(同位素)ofhydrogen.“Itmayyetconveyimportantinformationthatisultimatelytransformative.Wedon'tknowyet，”Prescod-Weinsteintweeted.Investorshavepouredbillionsintocleanenergyfieldtryingtomakefusioncommerciallyworkable,andtherecentannouncementislikelytocontinuethattrend.語篇導(dǎo)讀：本文主要介紹科學(xué)家們在核聚變反應(yīng)上取得的突破，同時也科普了核聚變的原理，強調(diào)了它在能源制造上的價值以及其對將來的意義。5．Whatisthebreakthroughinnuclearfusionreaction?DA．Itreleasesmassiveamountsofenergy.B．Itproduces3.15megajoulesofenergy.C．Itworksbyforcingtogethertwoatoms.D．Itgeneratesmoreenergythanthatputintoit.解析：微小環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段的“Forthefirsttime,researcherscreatedanuclearfusionreactionthatproducedmoreenergythantheyputintotheprocess.”和“...generated3.15megajoulesofenergy,morethanthe2.05megajoulesputintocreatingit.”可知，這一巨大突破是指首次產(chǎn)生了能量產(chǎn)出大于投入的核聚變反應(yīng)。故選D。6．Whyhavescientistsbeenconductingnuclearfusionexperiments？DA．Toavoidthecommercialuseoffission.B．Torecyclethebyproductofradioactivewaste.C．Toreduceemissionofgreenhousegas.D．Toaimforthehighefficiencyinproducingenergy.解析：微小環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段的“Sincethe1950s,scientistshavebeentryingtoreproduceitonEarthinordertomakeuseoftheso-calledclean,cheap,andalmostlimitlesselectricity.”和“...fusiongeneratesfourtimesmoreenergyperkilogramthanthefissionusedtopowernuclearplants,andnearly4milliontimesmoreenergythanburningoilorcoal.”可知，科學(xué)家們始終致力于在地球上進行核聚變試驗，目的在于利用這種清潔、廉價、幾乎無限的能源，使其效能更高。故選D。7．WhatdoesParagraph5focuson？BA．Theattitudeofinvestors.B．Theprospectoffusionenergy.C．Thesignificanceoftheannouncement.D．Thedifficultyinproducingfusionenergy.解析：主旨大意題。依據(jù)第五段的首句即主旨句“Therecentannouncementisahugestepforwardinnuclearfusionenergy,butapplyingthetechnologyatcommercialscaleislikelystillyearsaway.”可知，雖然目前核聚變探討取得了突破，但以商業(yè)規(guī)模應(yīng)用該技術(shù)可能還須要幾年時間；另外，普雷斯科德－魏因施泰因的話和投資者們紛紛向這一領(lǐng)域傾注巨資，都表明白各方對這一技術(shù)前景的看法。故選B。8．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetofusionenergy？CA．Critical. B．Negative.C．Optimistic. D．Doubtful.解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)第一段的“TheU．S.DepartmentofEnergyofficiallyannouncedthemilestoneinfusionenergyresearch.”和第五段的“Therecentannouncementisahugestepforwardinnuclearfusionenergy”以及“Investors...tryingtomakefusioncommerciallyworkable,andtherecentannouncementislikelytocontinuethattrend.”可知，作者對核聚變能量的探討持樂觀看法。故選C。C(2024·湖北省名校聯(lián)考)Scientistshavesuccessfullyimplantedandintegratedhumanbraincellsintonewbornrats,creatinganewwaytostudycomplexpsychiatricdisorderssuchasschizophrenia(精神分裂癥),andperhapseventuallytesttreatments.Scientistscanassemblesmallsectionsofhumanbraintissuemadefromstemcellsinaspecialcontainer.Butinsuchacontainer,“neurons(神經(jīng)元)don'tgrowtothesizetowhichahumanneuroninanactualhumanbrainwouldgrow，”saidSergiuP．Pasca,thestudy'sleadauthorfromStanfordUniversity.Toovercomesuchrestrictions,researchersimplantedthegroupingsofhumanbraincells,calledorganoids,intothebrainsofyoungrats.Humanneuronshavealsobeenimplantedintoadultratsbefore,butananimal'sbrainstopsdevelopingatacertainage,limitinghowwellimplantedcellscanintegrate.“Bytransplantingthemattheseearlystages,wefoundthattheseorganoidscangrowrelativelylargeandreceivenutrients,andtheycancoveraboutathirdofarat'sbrain，”saidPasca.Totesthowwellthehumanneuronsintegratedwiththeratbrainsandbodies,airwasblownoutacrosstheanimals'whiskers,whichpromptedelectricalactivityinthehumanneurons.Thatshowedthatexternalstimulationoftherat'sbodywasprocessedbythehumanbraintissue.Thescientiststhenconductedanothertestintheoppositeorder:Theyimplantedhumanbraincellswhichcouldrespondtothebluelight,andthentrainedtheratstoexpecta“reward”ofwaterfromapipewhenthebluelightshoneontheneuronsviaacableintheanimals'brain.Aftertwoweeks,theyfoundshiningthebluelightsenttheratsscramblingtothepipe.TheteamhasnowusedthetechniquetoshowthatorganoidsdevelopedfrompatientswithTimothysyndromegrowmoreslowlyanddisplaylesselectricalactivitythanthosefromhealthypeople.TaraSpires-Jones,aprofessorattheUniversityofEdinburgh'sUKDementiaResearchInstitute,saidthework“hasthepotentialtoadvancewhatweknowaboutpsychiatricdisorders.”語篇導(dǎo)讀：本文主要介紹了科學(xué)家們成功地將人類腦細胞植入新生大鼠體內(nèi)，為探討精神分裂癥等困難精神疾病創(chuàng)建了一種新方法。9．Whydidscientistsresearchonratsinsteadofthespecialcontainer？CA．Psychiatricdisordersaretoocomplex.B．Ratsalsosuffersimilarpsychiatricillnesses.C．Thecontainerlimitsthegrowthofhumanbrainneurons.D．Humanbrainneuronsgrowtooquicklyinthecontainer.解析：微小環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段中的“Butinsuchacontainer,‘neurons(神經(jīng)元)don'tgrowtothesizetowhichahumanneuroninanactualhumanbrainwouldgrow，’saidSergiuP．Pasca...”可知，在特殊容器中，人類大腦神經(jīng)元的生長會受到限制。故選C。10．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3？AA．Rats'agehasasignificantinfluenceontheresearch.B．Humanbraincellscan'tbeimplantedintoadultrats.C．Rats'brainwon'tdevelopiftheyreceivehumanneurons.D．Humanneuronscangrowlargerinadultrats'brainthanyoungrats'.解析：推理推斷題。11．Whydidtheresearcherscarryoutonemoretest？DA．Totrainratstorespondtoexternalstimulation.B．Toshowsimilaritiesbetweenratsandhumantissues.C．Toconfirmhumanbraincellscouldgrowwellinrats'brains.D．Tocheckwhethersignalscouldbesentbacktorats'body.解析：推理推斷題。依據(jù)第五段中的“Theyimplantedhumanbraincellswhichcouldrespondtothebluelight,andthentrainedtheratstoexpect...”和“Aftertwoweeks,theyfoundshiningthebluelightsenttheratsscramblingtothepipe.”可知，科學(xué)家們再做一次試驗是為了核實信號是否會被反射回老鼠體內(nèi)。故選D。12．Whatisthesignificanceoftheresearch？BA．Itcanadvancemoreexperimentsonrats.B．Itcanfurtherourstudyofpsychiatricillnesses.C．Itcanprovidesomeusefulexperimentalmethods.D．Itcanpromoteourknowledgeofhumanbraincells.解析：微小環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段“TaraSpires-Jones...saidthework‘hasthepotentialtoadvancewhatweknowaboutpsychiatricdisorders.’”可知，這項探討有助于推動探討者對精神疾病的了解。故選B。Ⅱ.七選五(2024·湖北省八市聯(lián)考)Thereasonsskiersandsnowboardersweargoggles(護目鏡)orglassesmightseemalittleobvious,especiallyifyou'veeverhittheslopesyourself.Sunlightreflectedoffthesnowcanmakeithardtosee,andUV(紫外的)rayscanevendamageyoureyesight.Specialcoloredlenses(鏡片)alsocreatecontrast,soyourwholepathwon'tlooklikeoneflatexpanseofwhiteness.1.FOlympicspeedskaters,meanwhile,areracinginsideonsmoothice.2.BAccordingtoNBCOlympics,glassescanincreasevisibilityonindoortracks,too.3.DAndwhiletheicemaylooksmoothfromadistance,thosesharpbladescankickupicechipsthatcouldposeproblemsiftheyendupinyoureyes.Intheeventofacrash,shatter-proofglassesalsoprotectskaters'eyesfromerrantblades.4.GShort-trackspeedskaters(whoracearoundaroughly111-metertrack)cangoasfastas30milesperhourormore,andlong-trackspeedskaters(whosetrackis400meterslong)sometimeshitabout35milesperhour.Thewindresistancegeneratedbysuchspeed—inachillyarena(圓形運動場)—isenoughtomakeanyskater'seyesstartstreamingwithtears.Pictureleaningyourheadoutofthewindowofacarthat'sgoingaround35milesperhouronacoldday：You'dprobablywanttobewearingglasses,too.Thatsaid,glassesaren'tarequirement.5.EBelgium'sStijnDesmet,forexample,hasracedinBeijing2024OlympicWinterGameswithouteyewear,ashasChina'sZhangChutong.A．Howdotheywearglasses?B．Sowhydotheywearglasses?C．Someskiersareafraidofthesunlight.D．Someskaters'lensesaretintedtohelpwiththat.E．You'lloccasionallyseespeedskaterswithuncoveredvisages.F．Nottomentionthateyewearshieldsyoureyesfromanysnowyoudisplace.G．Butthebiggestreasonspeedskatersoptforeyewearjustmightbetheirspeed.語篇導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇說明文。從科學(xué)的角度說明白速滑運動員佩戴眼鏡的緣由。解析：1．考查語境推斷。依據(jù)上文可知，本段介紹了滑雪者佩戴護目鏡或眼鏡的緣由，本句為本段最終一句，應(yīng)承接上文接著說明緣由。故F項(更不用說眼鏡防止飛濺的雪跑進你的眼睛里了。)符合語境。故選F。2．考查語境&復(fù)現(xiàn)推斷。依據(jù)上文“Olympicspeedskaters,meanwhile,areracinginsideonsmoothice.”可知，室內(nèi)競賽的速滑選手也要佩戴眼鏡，且由下一段中的“AccordingtoNBCOlympics,glassescanincreasevisibilityonindoortracks,too.”可知，下一段內(nèi)容對其進行了說明，由此可知，本句為過渡句，應(yīng)提出他們?yōu)槭裁匆宕餮坨R的問題。故B項(為什么他們要佩戴眼鏡呢？)符合語境。B項中的glasses為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選B。3．考查語境推斷。依據(jù)設(shè)空處前一句可知，佩戴眼鏡也可以增加在室內(nèi)冰場的可視度，本句應(yīng)接著說明上文中的內(nèi)容，說明戴眼鏡是為了看得更清楚。故D項(為了看得更清楚，一些速滑選手的鏡片會進行著色。)符合語境。故選D。4．考查語境&復(fù)現(xiàn)推斷。依據(jù)下文“Short-trackspeedskaters...long-trackspeedskaters...”以及“Pictureleaningyourheadoutofthewindowofacarthat'sgoingaround35milesperhouronacoldday”可知，本段主要說明，速滑時速度過快、風(fēng)阻過強，所以運動員須要戴眼鏡來疼惜眼睛。故G項(但是速滑選手選擇佩戴眼鏡最主要的緣由可能就是他們的速度。)符合語境。G項中的speed為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故選G。5．考查語境推斷。依據(jù)上文中的“glassesaren'tarequirement”以及下文“Belgium'sStijnDesmet...withouteyewear,ashasChina'sZhangChutong.”可知，下文的例子說明有選手不佩戴眼鏡的狀況。故E項(你間或會看到不戴眼鏡的速滑選手。)符合語境。故選E。Ⅲ.語法填空(2024·八省八市高三第一次學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)評)TheSanyaNanfan(南繁)SeedBreeding(繁殖)Base，locatedinsouthChina'sHainanProvince，playsavitalroleasaseedcentreinChina.1.Uniquely(unique)blessedwithnature'sgiftsandawealthofthecountry'sresources，itservesasthededicatedground2.whereskilledagriculturalexpertscontributetofeedingournationandaddressingglobalhunger.Dr.XiaoFengstandsattheforefrontofagriculturalinnovationinNanfan.Jokingly3.referring(refer)tohimselfasa“mudskipper”，heisoftenspottedwithrolled-uptrouserlegsknee-deepinthe4.muddy(mud)fields.Dr.Xiao，alongwithotherNanfanresearchers,5.iscommitted/commits(commit)wholeheartedlytoimprovinggrainproduction，ensuringthatpeople'sdinnertablesarefilled.“Lifecanbecomparedtoaseed，”remarksDr.Xiao.“Occasionally，itmayeithernotgrowasexpected6.orremaininactive.Nevertheless，hopeandopportunitypersist.Theseedoflifewillalwaysmanage7.toemerge(emerge)throughtheground.”Theterm“Nanfan”itselfimpliestothepracticeoftransplantingsummertimecropsfromnorthernlatitudestoHainanduringitswinter.Thismakesforan8.extension(extend)ofgrowingseasons.Shorteningthebreedingcycle9.byhalformore，Nanfanacceleratesthebreedingprocess.Hopeisahumbleseed，when10.planted(plant)infertileground，i