新概念第四冊Lesson36Thecostofgovernment單詞精講disunited【釋義】分裂的，不團(tuán)結(jié)的?！驹~源】來自于dis-（否定前綴）和united（團(tuán)結(jié)的）的組合?！径陶Z】adisunitednation（一個分裂的國家）；adisunitedfamily（一個不和睦的家庭）。【例句】Adisunitednationhastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。correspondingly【釋義】相應(yīng)地，相對地?！驹~源】來自于correspond（對應(yīng)）的副詞形式。【短語】correspondinglyhigh（相應(yīng)地高）；correspondinglylow（相應(yīng)地低）?！纠洹縇ifeinthecityismoreexpensive,butsalariesarecorrespondinglyhigher。backward【釋義】落后的，向后的?！驹~源】來自于back（后面）和-ward（表示方向的后綴）的組合?！径陶Z】abackwardcountry（一個落后的國家）；abackwardglance（向后看一眼）。【例句】Itshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry。incur【釋義】承擔(dān)，遭受?！驹~源】來自于拉丁語incurrere，意為“跑入，遭遇”。【短語】incurdebts（承擔(dān)債務(wù)）；incurlosses（遭受損失）?！纠洹緼disunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。administer【釋義】管理，執(zhí)行?！驹~源】來自于拉丁語administrare，意為“管理，照顧”。【短語】administeracountry（管理一個國家）；administerjustice（執(zhí)行正義）。【例句】Theeconomyhasbeenbadlyadministeredbythepresentgovernment。administrative【釋義】行政管理的，行政的?！驹~源】來自于administer的形容詞形式?！径陶Z】administrativecosts（行政成本）；administrativetasks（行政任務(wù)）。【例句】Administrativecostsarecostsrelatedtothenormalrunningofthebusiness。analogous【釋義】類似的，相似的?！驹~源】來自于希臘語analogos，意為“成比例的，相似的”?！径陶Z】analogousto（類似于）；analogoussituation（類似的情況）。【例句】Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation。overheads【釋義】一般費用，管理費用?！驹~源】來自于over（在...之上）和head（頭）的組合，意為“在頭頂上的費用”?！径陶Z】administrativeoverheads（行政費用）；fixedoverheads（固定費用）?！纠洹縊verheadsarebusinesscoststhatarerelatedtotheday-to-dayrunningofthebusiness。initiative【釋義】主動，積極性?！驹~源】來自于initiate（開始，發(fā)起）的名詞形式?！径陶Z】taketheinitiative（采取主動）；showinitiative（表現(xiàn)出積極性）?！纠洹縄ftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow。checker【釋義】檢查人員，收銀員。【詞源】來自于check（檢查）的名詞形式。【短語】qualitychecker（質(zhì)量檢查員）；cashchecker（收銀員）。【例句】Thebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly。foreman【釋義】監(jiān)工，領(lǐng)班?！驹~源】來自于fore（前面）和man（人）的組合，意為“在前面的人”。【短語】constructionforeman（建筑監(jiān)工）；factoryforeman（工廠領(lǐng)班）?！纠洹縏hebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly。dividend【釋義】紅利，股息。【詞源】來自于拉丁語dividendum，意為“應(yīng)分配的東西”。【短語】paydividends（支付股息）；dividendyield（股息收益率）?！纠洹縏hebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment。unduly【釋義】過度地，不適當(dāng)?shù)亍！驹~源】來自于un-（否定前綴）和due（適當(dāng)?shù)模┑慕M合?！径陶Z】undulyworried（過度擔(dān)心）；undulyinfluenced（受到不適當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懀??！纠洹緼disunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。二、課文精講“Ifanationisessentiallydisunited,itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個主從復(fù)合句。“Ifanationisessentiallydisunited”是條件狀語從句，“itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether”是主句，其中“it”是形式主語，真正的主語是“toholdittogether”。語言點“essentially”：本質(zhì)上、基本上，是由名詞“essence”（本質(zhì)）加上后綴“-ally”構(gòu)成的副詞。例如：Heisessentiallyakindperson.“disunited”：分裂的、不團(tuán)結(jié)的，是由否定前綴“dis-”和“united”（團(tuán)結(jié)的）構(gòu)成的形容詞?！癶old...together”：使……團(tuán)結(jié)在一起，例如：Weneedtoholdourteamtogether.“Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment,andreducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個并列句，由“and”連接。前半句“Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment”為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)；后半句“reducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry”中，“reduces”是謂語，“theamountofeconomicresources”是賓語，“correspondingly”是副詞作狀語，“thatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry”是定語從句修飾“economicresources”。語言點“correspondingly”：相應(yīng)地、相對地，是由動詞“correspond”（對應(yīng)）加上后綴“-ingly”構(gòu)成的副詞?！癳conomicresources”：經(jīng)濟(jì)資源，例如：Naturalgasisanimportanteconomicresource.“Anditshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個復(fù)合句?！癷t”是形式主語，“shouldnotbeforgotten”是謂語，“howsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry”是真正的主語，是一個主語從句。語言點“backward”：落后的，例如：abackwardarea（落后地區(qū)）?！癢herethecostofgovernmentishigh,resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癢herethecostofgovernmentishigh”是地點狀語從句，“resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow”是主句。語言點這里的“where”引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句，表示在某種情況下（這里指政府成本高的情況）?！癟hismaybeillustratedbycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個簡單句，是被動語態(tài)?！癟his”是主語，“maybeillustrated”是謂語，“bycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise”是方式狀語。語言點“illustrate”：說明、闡明，例如：Theexamplecanillustratehispoint.“compare...with...”：把……與……比較，例如：Compareyouranswerwithmine.“Anenterprisehastoincurcertaincostsandexpensesinordertostayinbusiness.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個簡單句?！癆nenterprise”是主語，“hastoincur”是謂語，“certaincostsandexpenses”是賓語，“inordertostayinbusiness”是目的狀語。語言點“incur”：招致、引起，例如：Heincurredalotofdebts.“stayinbusiness”：繼續(xù)營業(yè)，例如：Howcanwestayinbusinessduringthisdifficulttime?“Forourpurposes,weareconcernedonlywithonekindofcost--thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個簡單句?！癋orourpurposes”是狀語，“we”是主語，“areconcernedonlywith”是謂語，“onekindofcost”是賓語，“thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness”是對“onekindofcost”的補(bǔ)充說明。語言點“beconcernedwith”：關(guān)心、涉及，例如：Iamconcernedwithenvironmentalissues.“administer”：管理、執(zhí)行，例如：Thegovernmentadministersthelaws.“Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個簡單句。“Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusiness”是主語，“areanalogousto”是謂語，“thecostofgovernmentinanation”是賓語。語言點“analogous”：類似的、相似的，例如：Thetwosituationsareanalogous.“Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelowtotheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癟headministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelow”是主句，“totheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm”是程度狀語從句，其中“workinginthebusiness”是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語修飾“everyone”，“thatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm”是定語從句修飾“way”。語言點“totheextentthat”：達(dá)到……的程度，例如：Hewasangrytotheextentthathecouldn'tspeak.“promote”：促進(jìn)、提升，例如：Weshouldpromoteenvironmentalprotection.“Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癐ftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere”是條件狀語從句，“thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow”是主句。在條件狀語從句中，“asfallswithintheirsphere”是定語從句修飾“suchinitiative”。語言點“initiative”：主動性、首創(chuàng)精神，例如：Heshowedgreatinitiativeinthisproject.“sphere”：范圍、領(lǐng)域，例如：Thisproblemiswithinmysphereofknowledge.“Itwillbelowbecauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癐twillbelow”是主句，“becauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse”是原因狀語從句。在原因狀語從句中，“l(fā)ookingaftereachjob”是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語修飾“oneman”，“whatheisdoing”是賓語從句。語言點“l(fā)ookafter”：照顧、照料，例如：Shelooksafterherlittlesister.“keep...inline”：使……守規(guī)矩，例如：Theteachertriestokeepthestudentsinline.“reporton”：報告、匯報，例如：Hehastoreportonhisworkeveryweek.“Butifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob,thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癷fnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob”是條件狀語從句，“thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly”是主句，是一個并列句，由“and”連接。語言點“actina...manner”：以……方式行事，例如：Youshouldactinapolitemanner.“armiesof”：大批的、大量的，例如：Therearearmiesoftouristsduringtheholiday.“Asadministrativeoverheadsrise,sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingtheexpenseofadministration,willfall;andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個復(fù)合句。“Asadministrativeoverheadsrise”是時間狀語從句，“sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingtheexpenseofadministration,willfall”是主句，“andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment”是并列句。語言點“earnings”：收益、盈利，例如：Thecompany'searningsincreasedthisyear.“distributeasdividends”：作為股息分配，例如：Thecompanywilldistributepartofitsprofitsasdividends.“Itispreciselythesamewithanation.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個簡單句?！癐t”指代前面關(guān)于企業(yè)的情況，“ispreciselythesamewith”是謂語，“anation”是賓語。語言點“precisely”：精確地、恰恰，例如：That'spreciselywhatImean.“Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyalandresponsiblemanner,thegovernmentdoesnotrequirearmiesofpoliceandcivilservantstokeeptheminorder.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癟otheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyala