地球與宇宙奧秘探索Ⅰ.閱讀理解AVeniceisbuilton118smallislandsinthemiddleoftheVenetianLagoonoftheAdriaticSeainNorthernItaly.Thebeautifulcityexperienceswatersurges(洶涌)fromtherisingtidesatleastfourtimesayear,usuallyduringwinter.However,the1.87-metertidethatsweptthroughthecityonNovember12,2019,wasoneofthehighesteverexperienced,secondonlytothe1.94-meterwavethatfloodedVenicein1966.Tomakemattersworse,itwasfollowedbytwowatersurges,bothtopping1.5metersonNovember15and17.Therapidseriesofhightidescoveredover80percentofthecityofcanals,causingwidespreaddestructiontomuseums,homesandbusinesses.Thoughdifficult,itisalwaysimportanttofindahopeinsuchevents.InVenice,ithaseintheformofthe“AngelsoftheSalt”—hundredsofyoungvolunteerswhocametothecity.TheyoungpeoplefromalloverItalywerealerted(提醒注意)tothesituationbyVeniceCalls,anorganizationconsistingof35youngstudents.Itsspokesperson,PieroRisica,toldCNN,“WhenwesawthehistoricfloodingonTuesdaynight,November12,weimmediatelystartedtogathervolunteerstohelpthecity.Thefirstdaywewere200,yesterday550,andtodaymorethan1,700.”Besideshelpingremovethefloodwatersfromneighbourhoods,thevolunteerswerealsoremovingthegarbageonthestreet.SomevolunteerscametoVenice'sMusicConservatory,whichsufferedwaterdamage.BecauseoftheworkofvolunteerslikeMaria,whohadbeencarefullyusingpapertowel(紙巾)toabsorbwaterfromhistoricmanuscripts(手稿)thatwerewetwithsaltwater,manyhistoricmanuscriptsintheMusicConservatorywererescued.What'supsettingVenetiansisthatthedisastercouldhavebeenavoidediftheMoveableBarrierSystemhadbeeninplace.Thisprojecttoplacemoveablefloodgatesthatwouldpreventthehightideshasbeenunderconstructionsince2003,andhasalreadycostD|S5billion.However,duetothecostoverruns,andoppositionfromsomepeopleconcernedabouttheproject'simpactontheweakcanalecosystem,itisnowhereclosetopletion.語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。威尼斯遭遇了潮水入侵，對該城市造成了很大破壞。1．WhatmakesVenicestruggleaccordingtothetext?A．Thelocationofthecity.B．Thelackofenoughcitycanals.C．Theunpredictableweatherinwinter.D．Thedestructionofseasonalwatersurges.解析：選D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Thebeautifulcity...duringwinter.”和第二段中的“causingwidespreaddestructiontomuseums,homesandbusinesses”可知答案。2．WhatcanbeinferredfromPieroRisica'swords?A．VeniceCallscanpredicttheflooding.B．VeniceCallsisactiveinfightingdisasters.C．VolunteersinVenicearebraveandrespectful.D．VolunteersinVeniceareshockedbythedisaster.解析：選B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“VeniceCalls...weimmediatelystartedtogathervolunteerstohelpthecity”可知，在應(yīng)對災(zāi)難面前，VeniceCalls工作很積極。3．WhatdoestheauthormainlytalkaboutinParagraph4?A．Whatvolunteersdidtohelpthecity.B．Howvolunteerssavedthehistoricmanuscripts.C．WhywatersurgeswerehighlydestructiveinVenice.D．WhatdamagewatersurgescausedtoVenice'sMusicConservatory.解析：選A段落大意題。第四段主要講述了水災(zāi)發(fā)生后志愿者所做的工作。4．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheMoveableBarrierSystem?A．Critical. B．Regretful.C．Confused. D．Doubtful.解析：選B觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“thedisastercouldhavebeenavoidediftheMoveableBarrierSystemhadbeeninplace”可知，作者對MoveableBarrierSystem沒有投入使用感到惋惜。BWithoutbreaksofinfectious(感染性的)diseasesmakingheadlinesaroundtheworld,scientistsareunderpressuretounderstandthedriversthatinfluencethetransmissionofpathogens(病菌的傳播)inordertobetterpredictandcontroldiseaseoutbreaks.InthewildsofBotswana,apathogencalledM.mungihasadifferentwayofinfectingthebandedmongoose(asmallfurryanimalthatkillssnakesandrats).Thepathogenspreadsfromanimaltoanimalthroughscent(氣味)marks.“Scentmarksaredepositedintotheenvironmentandcontainsmellsignalsthatconveyinformationfromonemongoosetoanother，”explainedKathleenAlexander,awildlifebiologist,wholedthenewstudy.Toconducttheirexperiment,AlexanderandCaroleAnneNicholsmonitoredthemovementsandmunicationofabout500bandedmongoosesinprotectedparklandscapes,urbanenvironments,andotherplaceswithvaryingcharacteristicsinBotswana.Inthisway,researcherswereabletogaininsightintothemannerinwhichlandtypeandanimalbehaviorinteracttoinfluencethespreadofthepathogen.Theresultwasaprehensivedatasetofmongoosebehavioralinteractionsacrossarangeoflandscapetypes.Inhigh-traffic,predator-rich(食肉動物多的)environments,suchasurbancentersornationalparks,themongoosesstayedconstantlyalerted(警覺的),devotingtheirenergytoscanningthesurroundingenvironmentandpreparingthemselvesforescaping.Thissuperawarenesslikelykeptthemsafefromdanger,butitalsogreatlycurtailedtheircontactwithothers,reducingthepossibilitythatM.mungiwouldspread.“Ifyou'rerunningfromapredator,you'renotstoppingtoleaveamessageforotheranimals，”Nicholssays.“You'rerunningforyourlife.”Buttheoppositewastrueattourismcabins,wherepredatorsarescarceandfood,whichisoftenleftbyhumanhands,iseasytofind.Here,themongoosesspentagoodamountoftimemarkingscent,creatingalotofopportunitiesforthepathogentospread.PreviousstudiesbyAlexanderhavepulledbackthemaskonhowanimalbehaviorshapesthespreadofdisease.Thesenewfindings,however,addanotherlayerofdifferencetothespreadofdisease,stressingtheroleofenvironments.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項關(guān)于縞獴(bandedmongoose)的研究揭示了環(huán)境會影響傳染病的傳播。5．What'sthepurposeofmarkingscentbybandedmongooses?A．Totrackdownsnakesandrats.B．Tobetteradapttotheenvironment.C．Toshareinformationwitheachother.D．Toprotectthemselvesfrompathogens.解析：選C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Scentmarks...conveyinformationfromonemongoosetoanother.”可知，縞獴之間利用氣味相互交流。6．WhatdidAlexanderandNicholsdoduringtheexperiment?A．Analyzedthespreadingwayofthepathogen.B．Markedthecharacteristicsofdifferentlandtypes.C．Collectedpreviousdataaboutbandedmongooses'behavior.D．Observedbandedmongooseacrossarangeofenvironments.解析：選D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句中的“...monitoredthemovements...andotherplaceswithvaryingcharacteristicsinBotswana.”可知，Alexander和Nichols在不同環(huán)境下觀察縞獴的行為。7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“curtailed”inParagraph4mean?A．Decreased. B．Explained.C．Replaced. D．Repeated.解析：選A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段畫線單詞后的“...you'renotstoppingtoleaveamessageforotheranimals”可知，這種狀況會“減少”縞獴之間的接觸。8．What'sthefindingofAlexanderandNichols'snewresearch?A．Predatorscanspeedupthespreadofdiseases.B．Environmentscaninfluencethespreadofdiseases.C．Animalscansensepotentialdangeraroundthem.D．Thespreadofdiseasescanshapeanimals'behavior.解析：選B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容及最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，縞獴在捕食者少的地方感染病菌的概率會大很多，因此，Alexander和Nichols新的研究表明生存環(huán)境會影響疾病的傳播。Ⅱ.閱讀七選五Mostoftheearth'sfreshwatersitsunderground.Tappingthegroundwaterhasenabledfarmingindrierplaces.OneexampleistheCaliforniaCentralValley.__1__Groundwateriswhatmadethisregion'scropproductionsobountiful.__2__Naturalwaterwayswillbegintoempty,whichcanhurtfreshwaterecosystems,includingsurfacewater—riversandstreams,whichwillbegintoflowintothegroundwateraquifer(含水層).Itwillharmwhatislivinginriversandstreams.Scientistsconsiderthisatippingpoint.That'swhensmallactionscanbeginhavinganunusuallybigimpact.Anewstudyhasfoundthat15to21percentoftappedwatershedshavereachedthetippingpoint.__3__Farmersintheseareasmainlyusegroundwatertowatertheircrops.Atcurrentpumpingrates,itispredictedthat42to79percentofwatershedswillreachtippingpointsby2050.“It'sreallyquitealarming，”saysIngedeGraaf,ahydrologist(水文學(xué)者)whostudiesthedistributionandcirculationoftheearth'swater.“Groundwaterandsurfacewaterarecloselylinked.__4__”Ahealthygroundwateraquiferprotectsecosystemsagainstseasonalupsanddownsintheavailabilityofwater.__5__Moreover,itwillmaintainthebiodiversityinthearea.Inthelongterm,itwillbenefitthehumanbeings.A．Pumpingmuchgroundwatercanbeharmful.B．Thatprovidesstabilityforareaplantsandanimals.C．Theearth'swaterisallconnectedtoonebigcircle.D．That'swhereaboutone-fourthoftheUSfoodes.E．Mostofthosetappedriversandstreamsareindryregions.F．However,muchpumpingatthisratecreatesatickingtimebomb.G．Itmeanstherewillbeashortageoffres