PAGEPAGE11.好的教育為學生日后成功打下堅實基礎,政府應該承諾為每個學生提供平等機會,特別是那些貧困家庭出身的學生.Goodeducation

laysfirmfoundationsfor

(1.為……打下堅實基礎)students'

futuresuccess(2.未來成功).

Thegovernmentshould

becommittedto

(3.承諾做某事)providing

equalityofopportunity

(4.機會平等)foreverystudent,especiallyforthosefrom

disadvantagedbackgrounds

(5.貧困家庭出身).

1-layfirmfoundations

forsomething為……打下堅實基礎

laythefoundationsof/for

■to

producethebasicideasorstructuresfrom

whichsomethingmuchlarger

develops

打下…的基礎;為…打下基礎?Thetwoleadershavelaid

the

foundations

ofaneweraincooperation

betweentheircountries.兩位領導人為兩國合作的新紀元打下了基礎.?Hehelpedtolaythe

foundations

of

Englishdrama.他在奠定英國戲劇的基礎方面做出了貢獻.

外刊例句：

MrFoxhelpedto

lay

firmfoundationsfor

housingfinanceinordertomake

cheaper

loansavailabletomoreMexicanswhileprovidingthecountry's

pension

fundswithmortgage-backedsecuritiesinwhichtoinvest.(The

Economist)

可供替換的表達：layasolidfoundation

forsomething/laysolidfoundationsforsomething/

laythegroundwork

forsomething

注意：這里foundation是可數名詞,不能寫成layfirm

foundation

forsomething,要寫成

layafirm

foundationforsomething或者

lay

firm

foundationsforsomething

2-

futuresuccess

含義是"未來成功”

外刊例句：

Therearescores

of

amazingteachersandmanypeoplegrowupwithfondmemoriesofan

inspirationalteacherwhomadeallthedifferencetotheirformative

years.

Thisdoesn'tmean,however,thattheyarethesolefactor

determining

children's

futuresuccess.(The

Guardian)

注意：futuresuccess是一個固定搭配,不能寫成future’ssuccess,也不能寫成latersuccess

3-

becommittedto

doingsomething

承諾做某事,這里也可以寫成

the

governmentshouldcommititselftodoingsomething

[k?'m?t]

verb

(-tt-)

to

promiseorgiveyourloyalty,timeormoneyto

aparticularprinciple,

personorplanofaction

承諾,保證;(使)忠于;(使)致力于;投入(時間或金錢)?[R]Likesomanymen,he

hasproblems

committinghimself

to

arelationship.像許多男人一樣,他也有用情不專的問題.?Thegovernmentmust

commit

itself

to

improving

health

care.政府必須致力改善醫(yī)療保健服務.?Oncewehavecommitted

to

this

courseofactionthereisnogoingback.一旦我們承諾采取這個行動,就沒有回頭路.

外刊例句：

Chinais

committed

to

makingitscurrency,the

yuan,fullyconvertible,relaxing

thecontrolsthatkeepforeignmoneyout

anddomesticmoneyin.(The

Economist)

4-

equalityof

opportunity是一個固定表達,含義是"機會均等”,不能寫成equalityofopportunities

equalityequal?ity

/

i?kw?l?ti;

NAmE

i?kwɑ?-

/

?noun

[U]

?the

factofbeingequalinrights,status,advantages,etc.

?

平等;均等;相等：

?racial

/social/sexualequality

種族/社會/男女平等

?equality

ofopportunity

機會均等

?the

principleofequalitybeforethelaw

(=

thelawtreatseveryone

thesame)

法律面前人人平等的原則

外刊例句：

Anyonewhosets

footinstateschoolsregularlyknowsthatinspirationalandheroic

workis

happeninginthemeveryday.Itisnotstateschoolswhichare

theobstacle

to

equalityofopportunity,but

thelack

ofpoliticalwilltoremovetheunfairadvantagesenjoyedbythe

childrenoftheprivileged.(TheGuardian)

可供替換的表達：give

every

studentanequalchance

5-

disadvantaged

backgrounds

是一個固定表達,含義是"貧困家庭出身”,也可以說deprivedbackgrounds

外刊例句：

Toomanybright

childrenfrom

disadvantaged

backgrounds

fallby

thewaysideatsecondaryschooldespiteachievingtop

resultsat

primarylevel,accordingtoanalysiscommissionedbytheSutton

Trust.

(TheGuardian)

可供替換的表達：from

poor

families2.固守陳舊觀念的人覺得很難融入當代社會.Thosewho

clingto

(1.固守)outmodedbeliefs

(2.固有觀念)findithardto

fitinto

(3.融入)modernsociety(4.當代社會).

1-clingto的含義是"固守……,抓住……不放”

clingtosth

torefusetostopbelievingorhopingforsomething

堅持,保持,死死抱住(信念或希望)?She

clings

tothehopethat

herhusbandwillcomebacktoher.她堅信丈夫一定會回到自己身邊.外刊例句：Nobodyshould

clingto

theoldcoldwarlogic.Nobodyshouldarguethatonlya

particularregimeorpersoncanguaranteeacountry'sstability.Theonly

guaranteeofstabilityisthepeople.(TheGuardian)可供替換的表達：stickto/adhere

to

2-outmoded的含義是"過時的”,常見搭配有outmoded

ideas/beliefs

outmodedUK

[?a?t'm??.d?d]

US

[-'mo?-]

disapproving

adjective

■old-fashioned;nolongermodern,usefulor

necessary

過時的;廢棄的;無用的?Outmoded

workingpractices

arebeingphasedout.過時的操作規(guī)范正被逐步淘汰.

外刊例句：

Sometimesthesenotionshaveabasisin

fact,butmoreoftenthey'rebasedon

outmoded

beliefs

thatdon'tbearanyrelationtothewayourbodiesactuallywork.

(TheDailyMail)

注意："固有觀念”不能寫成traditionalsense,sense的意思是"感覺,感悟”,與"觀念”不同.

3-fitinto的含義是"與……相處融洽”

VERB

動詞與…相配;與…相協調;符合Ifsomethingfitssomethingelseor

fitsintoit,itgoestogetherwellwiththatthingorisabletobepartof

it.

Herdaughter

doesn'tfitthecurrentfeminineideal.她女兒并不符合當今的完美女性標準.

Fosteringisafull-time

jobandyoushouldcarefullyconsiderhowitwillfitintoyourcareer.撫養(yǎng)孩子是全天候的事,應該仔細考慮如何將它與事業(yè)協調起來.

There's

somethingaboutthewayhetalksofherthatdoesn'tfit.他談論她的樣子有點不對勁.另外一個類似的短語是

fitin

fitin

phrasalverb

[fittinginfittedinfittedinfitted

infitsin]

tofeelthatyoubelong

toaparticulargroupandareacceptedbythem

?

It'snosurpriseshe'sleaving-sheneverreally

fittedin.

外刊例句：

Asaboy,my

perceptionoftranssexualswasofburlymenindresses;unfortunatepeople

whodidn't

fitinto

societyand

wereasourceofridicule.(TheGuardian)

可供替換的表達：integrate

intosociety/becomeassimilatedintosociety

4-modern

society是指"現代社會”,另一個相似的說法是contemporarysociety,它是指"當代社會”,范疇要比"現代社會”窄.

外刊例句：

Thecovenant

betweenhumanismandsciencehasdefinedmodernsociety：thelatterhelps

peopleachievethegoalssetbytheformer.(TheEconomist)

Q：關于"觀念”,似乎有許多單詞可以對應,concept,idea,

belief,point,perception等等.希望能得到老師的指點,知道這些詞之間的差別.

A：

idea,concept,conception,impression,

notion,thoughtAllthesewordsdenotesomethingthatexistsinthemind

duringtheprocessesofperceiving,thinkingorwilling.

Idea

isthemostgeneralterm,applicableto

almostanypartoraspectofmentalactivity.[The

idea

ofdeathisfrighteningtomostpeople;Ihadno

idea

ofgoingtotheparty;Shehasageneral

idea

ofthecostoftherepairjob.]A

concept

isan

idea

ofacategoryorkindthathasbeengeneralizedfromparticularinstances.

Thus,the

concept

of"cat"

arisesfromthemanycatswesee.

Concept

alsoreferstoawidelyheld

idea

of

whatsomethingisorshouldbe：The

concept

ofgovernmentofmanysmallnationshasbeeninfluencedbythelegislative

andjudicialinstitutionsofBritain.Themeaningof

conception

ismuchlikethissecondsenseof

concept,butdiffersinthatthe

idea

ofwhatathingisorshouldbeishere

heldbyanindividualorsmallgroupandisoftencolouredbyimaginationand

feeling：Achild’s

conception

ofthe

universeisformedbyhislimitedexperienceandhisownfancies.A

thought

isan

idea

basedonintellectualactivity,andisnotdirectlyattributabletoasense

impression：Hehasmany

thoughts

on

thematter.A

notion

isavagueor

capricious

idea,oftenwithoutany

soundbasis：tohavea

notion

that

thesharemarketwillrise.An

impression

isanideathatarisesfromsomethingexternal.Itsuggestseithera

half-formedmentalpictureorasuperficialvieworconclusion.[Aninfant

mayhavethe

impression

thatits

fatherisagiant;My

impression

is

thathewaslying.]3.家長和老師應該糾正理科是男生專屬的偏見,因為女生在這些學科上也很有競爭力.Teachersandparentsshould

correctthebias

(1.糾正偏見)that

sciencesubjects

(2.理科)are

thepreserveof

(3.……的專屬)boys,asgirlsarealso

competitivein

(4.在……上有競爭力)thesesubjects.

1-correctbias是常見搭配,含義是"糾正偏見”.外刊例句：Historianstryto

correctthisbias

bytellingusaboutthemassesofordinary

Romans,butrarelydowehaveworkswrittenbyoraboutthesepeople.(The

Guardian)

可供替換的表達：correctprejudice

也可以說

inaneraofsomething,例如：Weliveinaneraofinstant

communication.

我們生活在一個信息即時交流的時代.

注意：intheageofdigital

revolution不能寫成inanageof

digitalrevolution

2-

"理科”是sciencesubjects,"文科”則是artssubjects

外刊例句：

Theproportionofboysstudying

sciencesubjects

isstill

considerablyhigherthantheproportionofgirls.(TheGuardian)

3-

bethepreserveofsomebody是一個常見表達,含義是"……是某人的專屬”,這里也可以寫成sciencesubjectsareamalepreserve

或者

sciencesubjectsareexclusivetoboys.

UK

[pr?'z?：v]

US

[-'z?：v]

noun

個別的行為

onlysingular

■anactivitywhichonlyonepersonoraparticular

typeofpersondoesorisresponsiblefor

(某人或群體的)專門活動?Owningracehorsesisthe

preserve

of

therich.擁有賽馬是富人的專利.?Sportusedtobeamale

preserve.體育曾經是男性的專利.

外刊例句：

ItiscertainlythecasethatIbenefited

fromsomeaspectsofanallgirls’education.Ineversufferedfromthesense

thatsomesubjectswere

thepreserve

of

boys,orthatbeingfemalewouldholdmebackinanyway.(The

Guardian)

4-

competitive含義是"有競爭力的”

com?peti?tive

/

k?m?pet?tiv

/

?

adj.

1.

~(withsb/sth)

asgoodasorbetterthanothers

?(與…)一樣好的;(比…)更好的;有競爭力的：

?ashopsellingclothesatcompetitive

prices

(=aslowasanyothershop)

在服裝價格上有競爭力的商店

?Weneedtoworkhardertoremain

competitivewithothercompanies.

我們必須更加努力工作以保持對其他公司具有競爭力.

?togaina

competitiveadvantage

over

rivalcompanies

占有超越對手公司的競爭優(yōu)勢

外刊例句：

Surveyssuggest

somecompaniesareenjoyingaboostfromtheweakpoundasitmakestheir

goodsandservicesmore

competitive

inoverseasmarkets.

注意：competitive不能與competent混淆,competent是指"勝任的,合格的”,與competitive(有競爭力的)有所不同.

Q：bias與prejudice有哪些區(qū)別?

A：bias與prejudice都有"偏見”的意思,但prejudice還有一個詞義,"損害”.可以參考《英語常用詞疑難用法手冊》里面的說明：

prejudice無論是作為名詞或是動詞,最主要、最為人所熟悉的詞義,就是"偏見”、"成見”,尤其是JaneAusten的著名小說《傲慢與偏見》(Prideand

Prejudice)用了這個單詞作書名,這個詞義就更為人們所熟知.但是prejudice還有一個詞義,就是"損害”,它同"偏見”這個詞義"本是同根生”,都是拉丁文的prae(前面,事先)+judicium(判斷),但是經過歲月演變,在好幾種歐洲語文中都衍生了兩個"姑表”式的不同詞義.

因此,遇到prejudice,要注意有時候是"害”不是"見”.【例如】...alawthatoperatedto(in)theprejudiceofblacks…一部損害黑人利益的法律/Iwilldonothingtotheprejudiceofmybrother.任何對我弟弟有損害的事我都不做./Whenfactionsarecarriedtoohighandtooviolently,itisa

signofweaknessinprinces;andmuchtotheprejudice,bothoftheir

authorityandbusiness.(SirFrancisBacon,TheEssays)如果派別的地位抬得太高,鬧得太厲害,這就表示侯王的力量削弱了,這對他們的權威和事業(yè)都是不利的./Thesearestillretained,totheprejudiceofourinterests,not

lessthanofourrights.(AlexanderHamilton.FederalistPapers,No.15)這些東西仍然扣在人家手里,損害了我們的利益,也同樣損害了我們的權利./

...youshalldonothinginapassion,nothingtomyprejudiceortoyour

mother'sprejudice,withoutmyknowledgeandconsent.(DanielDefoe,The

Fortunes&MisfortunesoftheFamousMollFlanders)...你不可以憑一時的沖動,不事先告訴我并且得到我的同意,就做出不利于我或是不利于你母親的事情./Aswithstandardlegaltrials,Hartmannsays,thedefendants

willhavetherighttoamilitarylawyer,therighttoremainsilentwithout

prejudice,therighttoexamineallevidence,andtherighttocall

witnesses.(USNews&WorldReport,Feb.25,2008,p.15)哈特曼說,同標準的司法審判一樣,被告?zhèn)儗⑾碛衅刚堃晃浑S軍律師的權利、保持沉默而不蒙受不利影響的權利、審閱所有證據的權利,以及傳喚證人的權利./SuchhumbletalentsasGodhasgivenmeIwillendeavourtoput

totheirgreatestuse;ifIamabletoamuse,Iwilltrytobenefittoo;and

whenIfeelitmydutytospeakanunpalatabletruth,withthehelpofGod,I

willspeakit,thoughitbetotheprejudiceofmynameandtothedetriment

ofmyreader'simmediatepleasureaswellasmyown.(AnneBrontё,TheTenant

ofWildfellHall)上帝賜了我區(qū)區(qū)一點才能,我一定努力好好利用;如果我能夠使人開心,我也會設法做到;而如果我覺得自己有義務把不合口味的真話說出來,哪怕是有損于我自己的名聲,有損于讀者眼前的愉快心情和我自己的愉快心情,我也一定會說出來.

4.只有通過促進工業(yè)界和高等教育界的合作,政府才能成功創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會.

Onlythrough(1.只有……)

promotingco-operation

between

(2.促進……的合作)theindustrialandhighereducationsector

(3.工業(yè)界和高等教育界)willthegovernmentsucceedin

creatingjobs(4.創(chuàng)造工作).

1-Onlythrough/by

…

can/will…

是一個常見的倒裝句式,含義是"只有……才能……”

外刊例句：Ilearnedthatonlythroughconstructivepoliticalactioncanwe

fulfilthepromiseofabetterfutureinwhichweareabletoclothe,feed,

andhouseourfamiliesinconditionsofliberty,equalityanddemocracy.(The

Guardian)

注意：Onlyby/through

在這里引導的倒裝句型是

Onlyby/through…canthegovernment…

不能寫成

Onlyby/through…,thegovernmentcan…

這里也可以使用onlyifonlyif

?(rather

formal)usedtostatetheonlysituationinwhichsthcan

happen

?

只有：

?Onlyifateacherhasgivenpermissionis

astudentallowedtoleavetheroom.

學生只有得到老師的許可才能離開教室.

?Onlyiftheredlightcomesonisthere

anydangertoemployees.

只有紅燈閃亮時才有危及職工的險情.但句子的結構要調整為：Onlyifthegovernmentpromotestheco-operation

betweentheindustrialandhighereducationsectorwillitsucceedin

creatingjobs.也可以說

inaneraofsomething,例如：Weliveinaneraofinstant

communication.

我們生活在一個信息即時交流的時代.

注意：intheageofdigital

revolution不能寫成inanageof

digitalrevolution

2-

promote/encouragecooperation(co-operation)是常見搭配,含義是"促進合作”

外刊例句：Mostresearchersusedtoth