重難點(diǎn)01-1閱讀理解之題型剖析-2023年高考英語(yǔ)【熱點(diǎn)·重點(diǎn)·難點(diǎn)】專(zhuān)練(新高考專(zhuān)用)新高考閱讀理解兩年(2021-2022)題型統(tǒng)計(jì)年份20222021卷別卷I卷II卷I卷II細(xì)節(jié)理解題6788推理判斷題7555詞義猜測(cè)題1211主旨大意題1111對(duì)于新高考省份來(lái)說(shuō)，2021-2022兩年是新課標(biāo)老教材新高考，2023年將是新課標(biāo)新教材新高考，由此我們有理由認(rèn)為：在體現(xiàn)“穩(wěn)中有變”原則的前提下，結(jié)合考慮“三新”的情況，預(yù)計(jì)2023年高考英語(yǔ)的命題會(huì)在“變”上加大力度。就閱讀理解題型而言，根據(jù)上表的統(tǒng)計(jì)情況分析看，筆者以為：細(xì)節(jié)理解題比重有減少的趨勢(shì)，而在推理判斷題或是在主旨大意題上亦有可能增加比重。一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題的題干是針對(duì)原文的具體敘述進(jìn)行設(shè)題的，主要考查考生對(duì)所閱讀的材料中的某一個(gè)特定細(xì)節(jié)、原文中的主要事實(shí)的甄別能力。(一)所考查的主要內(nèi)容細(xì)節(jié)理解題所考查的內(nèi)容主要有：直接信息題和間接信息題。1.直接信息題的答案幾乎可以直接從原文中找出來(lái)，考生只要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞與原文進(jìn)行對(duì)照，就能找到答案；2.間接信息題也就是語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論)。這類(lèi)題目要求考生能理解原文中某個(gè)短語(yǔ)或句子的含義，從而找到與答案意思相同的詞語(yǔ)和句子。這種題屬于中檔層次題，包括數(shù)字計(jì)算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫(huà)題等。(二)正選項(xiàng)的主要特征1.同義近義替換把原文中的關(guān)鍵在正確選項(xiàng)中進(jìn)行同義近義替換；2.詞性語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換把原文中的關(guān)鍵詞在正確選項(xiàng)中變換了詞性；在正確選項(xiàng)中改變了原文句子的語(yǔ)態(tài)；3.復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象在正確選項(xiàng)中進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)化；4.正話反話轉(zhuǎn)換把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)(正話反說(shuō)或反話正說(shuō))而成為正確選項(xiàng)(適用于尋找錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的題目)。(三)干擾項(xiàng)的主要特征1.擴(kuò)縮范圍干擾項(xiàng)或是擴(kuò)大或是縮小了范圍(通過(guò)改變或去掉限制性詞語(yǔ)，將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變)，使其與原文的內(nèi)容一部分吻合，一部分相悖。此種類(lèi)型的干擾項(xiàng)也有人稱(chēng)之為“正誤參半”(“誤”的那一部分就是“魚(yú)目混珠，以假亂真”)；2.無(wú)中生有干擾項(xiàng)所述內(nèi)容在原文中并未提及。此種類(lèi)型的干擾項(xiàng)在某種情況下又可稱(chēng)之為“偷梁換柱”(符合常識(shí)，但在原文中貌似有卻沒(méi)有)；3.張冠李戴原文中有與干擾項(xiàng)相一致的細(xì)節(jié)，但與題干要求貌似神離。最典型的有兩種：一種是對(duì)原文中所涉及到的“彼”和“此”的信息進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)嫁(把本來(lái)屬于“彼”的信息轉(zhuǎn)嫁到“此”的身上，反過(guò)來(lái)亦然)。另一種是考生把自己制作的“冠”(與某個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)非常相似)戴在“題干”上。也就是說(shuō)，考生不是依據(jù)原文信息進(jìn)行選擇，而是將自己置身其中憑自己的認(rèn)知對(duì)標(biāo)干擾項(xiàng)而作出的選擇。此種類(lèi)型的干擾項(xiàng)也有人稱(chēng)之為“混淆視聽(tīng)”或“曲解文意”?！緷M(mǎn)分技巧1】題文比對(duì)法用“題文比對(duì)”法解直接信息題。所謂“題文比對(duì)”就是在我們解題時(shí)，把題干中的“關(guān)鍵詞”與原文中“有關(guān)信息”比對(duì)后定答案。1.從題干中(包括備選項(xiàng))提取關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)(題眼)，鎖定答題方向；2.以這些“關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)”為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在原文中找到與此關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)相關(guān)的信息；3.仔細(xì)比對(duì)所給選項(xiàng)與原文中相關(guān)信息，與原文信息吻合的選項(xiàng)就是正確答案?！窘?jīng)典考例】(2022·北京卷A篇)(引用原題號(hào)，以后同)Peer(同伴)AssistedStudySessions(PASS)isapeer-facilitatedlearningprogrammeavailabletostudentsenrolled(注冊(cè))inmostcoreunitsofstudyinourbusinessschool.PASSinvolvesweeklysessionswhereyouworkingroupstotacklespeciallypreparedproblemsets,basedaroundaunitofstudyyou’reenrolledin.PASSdoesn’tre-teachordelivernewcontent.It’sanopportunitytodeepenyourunderstandingofthekeypointsfromlecturematerialswhileyouareapplyingyourskillstosolveproblems.Youworkinteractivelywithyourpeers.Asapeergroup,youdecidewhatiscoveredineachsession.Thatway,PASSdirectlyrespondstoyourneedsandfeedback.RegistrationinTerm2willopenat9am,21September2022.WaitinglistsIfasessionisfull,youcanregisterforthewaitinglist.Wewillemailyouifaplacebecomesavailableorifanewsessionistobeheld.Whenyouareplacedonawaitinglist,wewillemailyouanumberwhichtellsyouwhereyouareonthelist.Ifyouareclosetothefrontofthelist,youhaveagoodchanceofgainingaplaceintheprogrammeinthenearfuture.DeregisteringIfyoumisstwoPASSsessionsinarow,youwillbederegisteredandyourplacewillbegiventosomeoneonthewaitinglist.Makesureyoufillintheattendancesheetateachsessiontorecordyourattendance.You’llbeinformedbyemailifyouarebeingderegisteredasaresultofmissingsessions.Ifyoubelieveyouhavereceivedtheemailinerror,emailthePASSofficeatpassoffice@umbs.edu..21.InPASS,students_______.A.attendnewlectures B.decidetheirownschedulesC.prepareproblemsetsingroups D.usetheirskillstosolveproblems22.Whatcanstudentsdoifasessionisfull?A.Fillintheattendancesheet. B.Signupforthewaitinglist.C.Reporttheirneedsandfeedback. D.Emailtheofficetheirnumbersonthelist.23.Studentswillbederegisteredif_______.A.theysendemailsinerror B.theyfailtoworkinteractivelyC.theygivetheirplacestoothers D.theymisstwosessionsinarow【滿(mǎn)分技巧2】“‘定’章取義”法用“定‘章’取義”法解間接信息題。所謂“定‘章’取義”是指在解題時(shí)，抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞先定位到原文相關(guān)處或段落處，鎖定關(guān)鍵信息，這就是“‘定’章”。然后準(zhǔn)確理解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思后“取義”(尋找與原文信息相關(guān)的同義詞、近義詞或反義詞)，比對(duì)選項(xiàng)與原文信息，搞定正確選項(xiàng)?！窘?jīng)典考例】(2021·全國(guó)乙卷D篇節(jié)選)Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction(干擾)inhisopenoffice,hesaid,“That’swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus”.Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout(布局).ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipantsastheycompletedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofourgroupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground,fromtotalsilenceto50decibels(分貝),70decibels,and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup—thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop—significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise...32.Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?A.Ithelpshimconcentrate. B.Itblocksoutbackgroundnoise.C.Ithasapleasantatmosphere. D.Itencouragesface-to-faceinteractions.二、推理判斷題推理判斷題閱讀理解中對(duì)考生推理判斷能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意又的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)對(duì)文中細(xì)節(jié)中隱含的信息和語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析作出一定的判斷和推理，從而理解作者所要傳達(dá)的信息、得出文草的深層意義及隱含意義。它主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系系的能力和識(shí)別能力。推理判斷題是歷屆高考英語(yǔ)的命題重點(diǎn)，包括判斷和推理兩個(gè)方面。屬于深層理解題，一般難度較高，得分率較低；推理判斷題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定的推理判斷，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。(一)所考查的主要內(nèi)容特定細(xì)節(jié)推斷、態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)推斷、寫(xiě)作意圖推斷、文章出處推斷等。此外，高考偶爾還會(huì)考查對(duì)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)或框架構(gòu)成乃至文章的續(xù)寫(xiě)的推理判斷。(二)正選項(xiàng)的主要特征1.一般其內(nèi)容的含義比較豐富，更加具有綜合性和概括性，尤其當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都符合常識(shí)或者題目意思時(shí)，意義最豐富的選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。2.表述一般比較相對(duì)，不會(huì)用表示絕對(duì)意義的詞匯，如only,never,all,absolutely等，而會(huì)用一些相對(duì)留有余地的詞匯，如often,usually,sometimes,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。3.有時(shí)正確答案反而是與我們通過(guò)常識(shí)判斷得出的結(jié)論是相反的。因此，如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)看上去與常識(shí)的判斷相符，而余下的那一個(gè)卻是反常識(shí)的，那么那個(gè)選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。(三)干擾項(xiàng)的主要特征參看細(xì)節(jié)理解題“干擾項(xiàng)的主要特征”的有關(guān)內(nèi)容?！緷M(mǎn)分技巧1】“順藤摸瓜”解特定細(xì)節(jié)推斷題“順藤摸瓜”解特定細(xì)節(jié)推斷題，指的是順著“題干中的關(guān)鍵詞”這根“藤”定位到原文相關(guān)處，將題干中的一竄“瓜(四個(gè)備選項(xiàng))”與原文相關(guān)處仔細(xì)分析比對(duì)，最終摘到那個(gè)隱藏的真正的“瓜(即正確答案)”(一般來(lái)說(shuō)特定細(xì)節(jié)推斷題都是話里有話，需要考生把其中隱含的信息推理出來(lái))?！窘?jīng)典考例】(2019·全國(guó)II卷B篇節(jié)選)“Youcanusemeasalastresort(選擇),andifnobodyelsevolunteers,thenIwilldoit.”ThiswasanactualreplyfromaparentafterIputoutarequestforvolunteersformykidslacrosse(長(zhǎng)曲棍球)club.Iguessthatthere’sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpforanunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren’tevenon…Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,“Alright.Yes,I’lldoit.”24.Whatcanweinferabouttheparentfromherreplyinparagraphl?A.Sheknowslittleabouttheclub. B.Sheisn’tgoodatsports.C.Shejustdoesn’twanttovolunteer. D.She’sunabletomeetherschedule.【滿(mǎn)分技巧2】“看‘裁’吃飯”解態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)推斷題“看‘裁’吃飯”解態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)推斷題，指的是根據(jù)原文的體裁不同特點(diǎn)來(lái)推斷作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。記敘文的特點(diǎn)是：文章作者不是直接提出觀點(diǎn)，但常常有某種傾向性，因而考生在讀原文時(shí)要非常仔細(xì)的捕捉表達(dá)或暗示情感態(tài)度的單詞和短語(yǔ)。說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)是：作者往往采取中立的態(tài)度；議論文的特點(diǎn)是：文章的論點(diǎn)往往會(huì)直接或間接表明作者的態(tài)度立場(chǎng)。另外，考生要對(duì)表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的常見(jiàn)詞匯了如指掌。表示積極或支持態(tài)度的：appreciate,approve,approving,befor,confident,enthusiastic,favourable,hopeful,humorous,impressive,optimistic,pleasant,positive,praise,support,supportive,infavourof等等；表示消極或反對(duì)的態(tài)度：critical,disappointed,disapproving,disgusted,doubtful,indifferent,intolerant,negative,opposed,pessimistic,subjective,unconcerned,uninterested等等；表示中立態(tài)度的：ambiguous(模棱兩可的),cautious(謹(jǐn)慎的),factual(事實(shí)上的),impartial(不偏不倚的),objective(客觀的),neutral(中立的)等等?！窘?jīng)典考例】(2021·全國(guó)新高考I卷D篇節(jié)選)Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. CDoubtful. D.Unclear.【滿(mǎn)分技巧3】“量體裁衣/量‘法’而行”解寫(xiě)作意圖推斷題“量體裁衣/量‘法’而行”解寫(xiě)作意圖推斷題，指的是根據(jù)原文寫(xiě)作文體和寫(xiě)作手法，透過(guò)字里行間(要關(guān)注邏輯關(guān)系和細(xì)節(jié)暗示)，推斷出作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。從寫(xiě)作文體上看：應(yīng)用文有明顯支持傾向的語(yǔ)言，以此說(shuō)明寫(xiě)作意圖是告知、推銷(xiāo)還是吸引參觀者、讀者等；記敘文段首、段尾的高度概括句，或者哲理性的語(yǔ)言都會(huì)體現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作意圖；說(shuō)明文把握文章主旨，找準(zhǔn)主旨句進(jìn)而推斷出寫(xiě)作意圖；議論文提出論點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行論證，然后得出結(jié)論。而寫(xiě)作意圖往往就在最后的結(jié)論中。從寫(xiě)作手法上看：開(kāi)頭提出問(wèn)題引出主題或?qū)懽髂康模唤榻B與主題有關(guān)的事情或事物表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)與寫(xiě)作意圖。【經(jīng)典考例】(2020·新高考I卷C篇節(jié)選)Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.31.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Tointroduceabook. B.Toexplainaculturalphenomenon.C.Torememberawriter. D.Torecommendatraveldestination.【滿(mǎn)分技巧4】“對(duì)號(hào)入座”解文章出處判斷題文章出處判斷題只要考生具備一定的文體常識(shí)，然后“對(duì)號(hào)入座”，就可以搞定答案。比如，對(duì)于newspaper/newsreport,advertisement,website,travelguide/brochure,magazine/journal/entertainmentsection,sciencereport/studyreport/research,biography/autobiography,book/filmreview,courseplan等等上面應(yīng)該刊載/登載什么類(lèi)別的文章，考生都應(yīng)該有所了解。【經(jīng)典考例】(浙江·2020年1月卷A篇節(jié)選)Ineverknewanyonewho’dgrownupinJacksonwithoutbeingafraidofMrs.Calloway,ourlibrarian.SheranJackson’sCarnegieLibraryabsolutelybyherself.SILENCEinbigblackletterswasonsignshungeverywhere.Ifshethoughtyouweredressedimproperly,shesentyoustraightbackhometochangeyourclothes.Iwaswilling;IwoulddoanythingtoreadMymothersharedthisfeelingofmine.Now,Ithinkofherasreadingsomuchofthetimewhiledoingsomethingelse.IrememberherreadingamagazinewhiletakingthepartoftheWolfinagameof"LittleRedRidingHood“withmybrother’stwodaughters.She’djustlookupattherighttime,longenoughtoanswer-incharacter—“Thebettertoeatyouwith,mydear,”andgobacktoherplaceinthemagazinearticle.MymotherwasnotafraidofMrs.Calloway.Shewishedmetohavemyownlibrarycardtocheckoutbooksformyself.Shetookmeintointroduceme.“Eudoraisnineyearsoldandhasmypermissiontoreadanybookshewantsfromtheshelves,childrenoradults,”Mothersaid.23.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?A.Aguidebook.B.Anautobiography.C.Anewsreport.D.Abookreview.【滿(mǎn)分技巧5】“整體把握”解文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)判斷題文章結(jié)構(gòu)題的考查對(duì)象無(wú)非是整個(gè)篇章或其中的某個(gè)段落，在解答此類(lèi)題目之前，有必要對(duì)全篇或被考查的段落進(jìn)行通讀以了解其大意。然后：①了解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的組織形式。從段落組織方式上講，常見(jiàn)的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)有三種：總分式結(jié)構(gòu)(總→分；總→分→總；分→總)、并列式結(jié)構(gòu)(段落之間是平行關(guān)系，并且相對(duì)獨(dú)立)、對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)(結(jié)構(gòu)形式上是一正一反)、遞進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)(幾個(gè)段落之間屬于遞進(jìn)關(guān)系)；②了解文章的論證方法。從論證方法上講，常見(jiàn)的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類(lèi)：Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion即“提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題”的過(guò)程；Argument/Idea→Evidence→Conclusion/Restatingtheidea即“由論點(diǎn)到論據(jù)到結(jié)論/強(qiáng)調(diào)論點(diǎn)”的過(guò)程。③了解文章的寫(xiě)作手法。從寫(xiě)作手法上講，在高考閱讀理解中主要考查下定義、分類(lèi)說(shuō)明、列舉例證和對(duì)比等寫(xiě)作手法。其中，“引用”和“例證”是議論文和說(shuō)明文中最常用的寫(xiě)作手法之一，是歷年高考閱讀試題中必不可缺的命題方向。“引用”和“例證”的共同目的就是增強(qiáng)說(shuō)服力，以更好地達(dá)到說(shuō)理、說(shuō)明的目的。“引用”和“例證”的共同功能就是服務(wù)于段落或篇章的主題。【經(jīng)典考例】(南京外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中)Ourcharacter,basically,isacompositeofourhabits.“Sowathought,reapanaction;sowanaction,reapahabit;sowahabit,reapacharacter;sowacharacter,reapadestiny,”themaximgoes.Habitsarepowerfulfactorsinourlives.Becausetheyareconsistent,oftenunconsciouspatterns,theyconstantly,daily,expressourcharacterandproduceoureffectiveness…orineffectiveness.AsHoraceMann,thegreateducator,oncesaid,“Habitsarelikeacable.Weweaveastrandofiteverydayandsoonitcannotbebroken.”Ipersonallydonotagreewiththelastpartofhisexpression.Iknowtheycanbebroken.Habitscanbelearnedandunlearned.ButIalsoknowitisn’taquickfix.Itinvolvesaprocessandatremendouscommitment.ThoseofuswhowatchedthelunarvoyageofApollo11weretransfixedaswesawthefirstmenwalkonthemoonandreturntoearth.Superlativessuchas“fantastic”and“incredible”wereinadequatetodescribethoseeventfuldays.Buttogetthere,thoseastronautsliterallyhadtobreakoutofthetremendousgravitypulloftheearth.Moreenergywasspentinthefirstfewminutesoflift-off,inthefirstfewmilesoftravel,thanwasusedoverthenextseveraldaystotravelhalfamillionmiles.Habits,too,havetremendousgravitypull-morethanmostpeoplerealizeorwouldadmit.Breakingdeeplyimbeddedhabitualtendenciessuchasprocrastination,impatience,criticalness,orselfishnessthatviolatebasicprinciplesofhumaneffectivenessinvolvesmorethanalittlewillpowerandafewminorchangesinourlives.“Lift-off”takesatremendouseffort,butoncewebreakoutofthegravitypull,ourfreedomtakesonawholenewdimension.Likeanynaturalforce,thegravitypullcanworkwithusoragainstus.Thegravitypullofsomeofourhabitsmaycurrentlybekeepingusfromgoingwherewewanttogo.Butitisalsothegravitypullthatkeepsourworldtogether,thatkeepstheplanetsintheirorbitsandouruniverseinorder.Itisapowerfulforce,andifweuseiteffectively,wecanusethegravitypullofhabittocreatethecohesivenessandordernecessarytoestablisheffectivenessinourlives.30.Whatisthestructureofthetext?A. B. C. D.三、主旨大意題主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生容易失分的題目，因?yàn)樵擃?lèi)試題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。此類(lèi)題型一般在文章中沒(méi)有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。所以，遇到主旨大意題時(shí)切勿草率作答，一定要讀完讀通文章后再做判定，建議考生把此類(lèi)題放到最后來(lái)做。(一)所考查的主要內(nèi)容段落大意題、文章主旨題、和標(biāo)題歸納題。(二)正選項(xiàng)的主要特征1.選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括性強(qiáng)，最大程度覆蓋全段或全文；2.正確選項(xiàng)標(biāo)題簡(jiǎn)潔醒目、針對(duì)性強(qiáng)、高度概括。(三)干擾項(xiàng)的主要特征參看細(xì)節(jié)理解題“干擾項(xiàng)的主要特征”的有關(guān)內(nèi)容?！緷M(mǎn)分技巧1】厘清框架歸納段意段落框架大體可以分成以下三種：1.“總——分”式框架：段落首句為主題句。段落的其他各句都是為主題句服務(wù)的：舉例、論證等；2.“分——總”式框架：段落尾句為主題句，段落的其他各句都是為主題句服務(wù)的：舉例、論證等；3.“分——總——分”式框架：主題句在段中。段落開(kāi)頭列舉具體事例或現(xiàn)象，通過(guò)分析這些事例或現(xiàn)象得出結(jié)論(即主題句)，后面的內(nèi)容只是繼續(xù)或拓展結(jié)論。另外還有“無(wú)主題句式”：段落主題隱含在全段中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句。盡管如此，但可以通過(guò)某些關(guān)鍵詞句的解讀歸納出段落大意。【經(jīng)典考例】(2021·浙江卷C篇節(jié)選)“Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,”MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans.“Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,”Mullersaid.30.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies. B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.C.Amajorlimitationofthestudy D.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.【滿(mǎn)分技巧2】有的放矢尋找主題1.關(guān)注首段：開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山提出了主題或在首段末句給出主題；2.關(guān)注中段：開(kāi)頭段列舉具體事例或現(xiàn)象，中間段通過(guò)分析這些事例或現(xiàn)象得出結(jié)論(即主題句)，文末段只是繼續(xù)或拓展結(jié)論；3.關(guān)注末段：文末概括主題；4.關(guān)注首尾：首段揭示主題，末段再次點(diǎn)題。另外還有“無(wú)主題句”：文章中心主題隱含在全文中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句。盡管如此，但可以通過(guò)刪除某些細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)、例子后凝練出核心部分，也就是全文主旨大意。5.關(guān)注“標(biāo)志”標(biāo)志一“轉(zhuǎn)折詞”：轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的句子可能就是主題句；標(biāo)志二“總結(jié)詞”：總結(jié)詞后的句子一般就是主題句；標(biāo)志三“疑問(wèn)詞”：對(duì)疑問(wèn)句后所回答的內(nèi)容可能就是主題句；標(biāo)志四“復(fù)現(xiàn)詞”：反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的高頻詞往往是文章的主題詞，抓住高頻詞也就抓住了主題?！窘?jīng)典考例】(2022·全國(guó)高考甲卷C篇)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“Ijustdecidedwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.11.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.【滿(mǎn)分技巧3】借助抓手提煉標(biāo)題抓手一“掐住關(guān)鍵詞”：要掐住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，多次強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，這些其實(shí)就是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞，也是提煉標(biāo)題的關(guān)鍵詞；抓手二“濃縮主題句”：找準(zhǔn)主題句，將主題句進(jìn)行凝練濃縮，提煉出其中的核心詞匯，而這往往就是標(biāo)題的核心詞匯；抓手三“串聯(lián)諸細(xì)節(jié)”：分析原文重要細(xì)節(jié)，找出其中的共同點(diǎn)，串聯(lián)這些共同點(diǎn)提煉標(biāo)題；抓手四“正誤皆可試”：一是試“對(duì)”法(解題節(jié)省時(shí)間而保險(xiǎn)系數(shù)低)。用最可能的選項(xiàng)去驗(yàn)證其與原文內(nèi)容的相似度，最相似者為最佳選項(xiàng)；二是試“錯(cuò)”法(保險(xiǎn)系數(shù)大而解題耗時(shí)太多)。把四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容一一比對(duì)，逐一排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。【經(jīng)典考例】(2022·全國(guó)高考甲卷B篇)Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對(duì)稱(chēng)的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.25.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters四、詞義/句意猜測(cè)題詞義/句意猜測(cè)題是高考閱讀理解考查里面盡管所占比例最小，但它是必考的題型之一。它可以是對(duì)一個(gè)單詞的意義的推斷，也可以是對(duì)一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或句子的意義的推斷；既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的僻意，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語(yǔ)的意義往往不停留在字面上，而要根據(jù)短文提供的語(yǔ)境，通過(guò)閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識(shí)來(lái)推測(cè)尚不熟悉的詞、短語(yǔ)的意義、代詞的指代或句子的隱含意義。(一)所考查的主要內(nèi)容詞義猜測(cè)：對(duì)原文中所劃線的單詞、習(xí)語(yǔ)或短語(yǔ)的意義、代詞指代的猜測(cè)；句義猜測(cè)：對(duì)原文中所劃線句子的意義的猜測(cè)。(二)正選項(xiàng)的主要特征1.生詞的本義：對(duì)劃線超課標(biāo)詞的本義解釋?zhuān)?.熟詞的僻意：對(duì)劃線熟詞作出僻意的解釋?zhuān)?.代詞的指代：對(duì)劃線代詞邏輯指代的解釋?zhuān)?.句子的含義：對(duì)原句隱性意義的顯性解釋。(三)干擾項(xiàng)的主要特征1.表里不一的解釋?zhuān)焊蓴_項(xiàng)會(huì)列出劃線部分的字面意思或常規(guī)含義，此乃“表里不一”；2.貌合神離的解釋?zhuān)焊蓴_項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的意思表面上看與原文中劃線部分相當(dāng)吻合，其實(shí)不符，此乃“貌合神離”。干擾項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的意思考生非常熟悉，代到原文看似說(shuō)得通，其實(shí)不通，亦乃“貌合神離”；3.毫不相干的解釋?zhuān)好}者故意杜撰出來(lái)的解釋?zhuān)四恕昂敛幌喔伞?。【滿(mǎn)分技巧1】利用劃線詞與鄰里關(guān)系解詞義猜測(cè)題除了通常所用的構(gòu)詞法來(lái)解詞義猜測(cè)題外，我們還可以借助下列關(guān)系來(lái)解詞義猜測(cè)題。劃線詞與鄰里關(guān)系主要有下列幾種：1.邏輯關(guān)系：同義/近義關(guān)系、反義關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、讓步/轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系、相似關(guān)系等等(以上關(guān)系都有明顯的標(biāo)志詞)；2.語(yǔ)法關(guān)系：同位關(guān)系(同位語(yǔ)及其從句)、限制關(guān)系(限制性定語(yǔ)從句)、解釋關(guān)系(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句、下定義)等等。注意：同位關(guān)系和解釋關(guān)系有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)和括號(hào)等表示。【經(jīng)典考例1】(2022·全國(guó)高考乙卷C篇節(jié)選)Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.29.Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety. B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair. D.Constructionofinfrastructure.【經(jīng)典考例2】(2021·新高考I卷C篇節(jié)選)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.【經(jīng)典考例3】(2021·天津第一次高考卷B篇節(jié)選)ThepoignancyofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithabaseballuniform,Isawhimleavingbehindthelayerthatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.43.Theunderlinedpart“l(fā)eavingbehindthelayer”inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas.A.givingupanopportunity B.lookingforanewjobC.gettingridofabadhabit D.lettinggoofthepast【經(jīng)典考例4】(2020·天津第一次高考卷C篇節(jié)選)Makingtheskieselectricisn'tjustgoodfortheenvironment,italsomakessoundfinancialsense:asmallaircraftuses$400onconventionalfuelfora100-mileflight,whileanelectriconecosts$8-12forthesamedistance,andthat'sbeforeyoufactorinthehighermaintenancecostsofatraditionalengine.There’salsotheaddedbonusthatelectricplanesarejustmuchmorepleasanttoflyin.Noloudenginenoise,nosmelloffuel,justenvironmentallyfriendlypeaceandquiet.47.Theexpression“addedbonus”referstothefactthatelectricplanes_______.A.givepassengersmorepleasantviews B.bringairlinesmorefinancialbenefitsC.offermoreenjoyableflyingexperiences D.costlessinmaintenancethantraditionalones【滿(mǎn)分技巧2】利用原句(意)與選項(xiàng)比對(duì)解句意猜測(cè)題尋找原句前后的關(guān)鍵信息，細(xì)讀并分析這些關(guān)鍵信息，推斷出原句的大體意思，將其與備選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比對(duì)，內(nèi)容契合度最高的就是正確答案?！窘?jīng)典考例】(2022·天津高三專(zhuān)題練節(jié)選)Ifyouareuncomfortable,beingsilentwillonlymakeitworseandmaketheotherpersonuncomfortableaswell.Sowhenallelsefails,followthroughwithsmalltalkuntilacommontopicappears.Agoodwaytokeepaconversationgoingistoasktheotherpersonquestions.Peoplelovetotalkaboutthemselvesandifyoudothis,theywillleavetheconversation,thinkingveryhighlyofyou.Learninggoodcommunicationskillsisnotsomethingoutofreach.Ifyoumakeaneffort,youwillsucceed.20.What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedsentence?A.Youwillbegoodatcommunicationifyoutry.B.Goodcommunicationskillscanbelearnedifyoutry.C.Notallpeoplecanlearngoodcommunicationskills.D.Communicationskillscanbeimprovedeasily.【滿(mǎn)分技巧3】利用定位與代入替換解代詞指代題判斷被指代的部分是指代上文還是指代下文，將該被指代部分的內(nèi)容代入原文替換這個(gè)代詞，核實(shí)句意是否符合上下文的語(yǔ)境，符合的就是正確答案?！窘?jīng)典考例】(2020·山東高考/新高考I卷C篇節(jié)選)Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea...29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease. B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan. D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.(題目序號(hào)仿新高考)每組答題時(shí)間不超過(guò)30分鐘Group1AFournewbookstoread(2023屆廣東省六校高三上學(xué)期第二次聯(lián)考)Thebooksthatareincludedinthislistcanmeetyourreadingneedsatanytimeofyear.NobodyWillTellYouThisbutMeBessKalbInthisbook,theauthorsharestheadviceherbelovedgrandmotherBobbylefther.Bobbywasapowerfulwomanwhoshouldneverbeunderestimated,andshewasveryknowledgeableaboutthefamily’straditionsandsecrets.Thebookprovesthatfamilybondscanendurethroughgenerationsandbeyonddeath.WeCameHeretoShineSusieOrmanSchnallWeCameHeretoShinefocusesonthestrongfemalefriendshipbetweenanaspiringjournalistandanunluckyactressatthe1939NewYorkWorld’sFair.Leaningoneachother,thesetwoambitiouswomenstruggledagainstadversity(困境)atatimewhenwomenhadlittlesay.AStarIsBoredByronLaneFavoredbytelevisionstarJonathanVanNess,thisnovelispartlybasedontheauthor’sexperiencesastheformerpersonalassistanttoCarrieFisher,alegendaryAmericanactress.ThebookfollowsCharlieBesson,thenewassistanttotheHollywoodicon,KathiKannon.Theirthree-yearjourneytogetherisanunforgettableadventurethatisfunny,heartbreaking,andhopeful.FastGirlsEliseHooperThestoryinFastGirlstookplaceduringthe1936BerlinOlympics,whereBettyRobinson,LouiseStokes,andHelenStephensovercamedifficultpaststoattainOlympicgloryastheworld’sfastestfemaleathletes.Beyondtheathleticjourney,theyalsoaimedtochallengethesocialstandardsofwhatfemalescanachieve.21.WhoisthecharacterinBessKalb’sbook?A.Bobby. B.SusieOrmanSchnall.C.CarrieFisher. D.BettyRobinson.22.WhatkindofbookisAStarIsBored?A.Abiography. B.Anindustryreport.C.Areal-lifebasednovel. D.Afictionaladventurestory.23.Whichofthefollowingbookswillyouchooseifyouareinterestedinsports?A.WeCameHeretoShine B.NobodyWillTellYouThisbutMeC.AStarIsBored D.FastGirlsB(2023屆浙江省杭州二中新高三上學(xué)期適應(yīng)性測(cè)試)Althoughitisabusinessnotmanyareawareof,sidewalkrobotsaresettobecomeanindustrywithannualsalesof$Ibnwithinadecade,reckonsIDTechEx,aBritishfirmofanalysts.Thesefour-orsix-wheeledautonomousmachines,usuallythesizeofasuitcase,arealreadydeliveringgroceriesandothergoodsinAmerica,ChinaandEurope.Thatputsthemaheadofmanydriverlesscars,vansandlorriesbeingdeveloped.Thosebiggervehiclesareheldbacknotby