定語(yǔ)從句講義Ⅰ.概念：(1)定語(yǔ)從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊接在先行詞后面。(2)先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個(gè)詞，短語(yǔ)，或整個(gè)主句。(3)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：1)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)連詞；2)必在從句中作某個(gè)句子成份（可以做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)）常用的關(guān)系代詞:that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文語(yǔ),置于否定詞之后=that/who…not…,"沒有……不……",在從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ))常用的關(guān)系副詞（在從句中只作狀語(yǔ)）:when、why、whereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.定語(yǔ)從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的語(yǔ)法功能（做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)）；第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。Ⅱ.幾個(gè)關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：●that:可指人或物；在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)。(指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which)(一般不用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語(yǔ))如：1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主語(yǔ))2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.（賓語(yǔ)）4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?●which:指物；在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)。如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.（主語(yǔ)）2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.（賓語(yǔ)）3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.（表語(yǔ)）●who,whom,whose:who:主格,在從句中作主語(yǔ)，在口語(yǔ)或非正式用法中作賓語(yǔ);只可指人whom:賓格，在從句中作賓語(yǔ);只可指人whose:屬格，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.（主語(yǔ)）Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代詞如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.（賓語(yǔ)）比較：Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan（孤兒）.（指人）I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.（指物）關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ):關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞可放于從句之首,也可放于從句之末.但以放于句首較為正式.（介詞前置，必須注意不影響動(dòng)詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞必須放在句末.）Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介詞after與look構(gòu)成固定詞組，不可前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)●as的用法:(as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ))①如為限制性的，多用于thesame…as;thesameas；such…as…;asmany/muchas；so…as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一樣的書。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(關(guān)系代詞as和指示代詞same連用,在從句中用作表語(yǔ),先行詞是same.)比較：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定語(yǔ)從句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）②如為非限制性的，多單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，這種定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，句中或句尾，譯為"正如，這一點(diǎn)"。（動(dòng)詞常為know,see,expect,pointout,etc.）※Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作賓語(yǔ))=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作主語(yǔ)）=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.（as作賓語(yǔ)）=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.●but引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句but可被看作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，意義上相當(dāng)于whonot或thatnot，即用在否定詞或具有否定意義的詞后，構(gòu)成雙重否定。如：Thereisnomotherbutlovesherchildren．沒有不愛自己孩子的母親。Therewasnoonepresentbutknewthestoryalready．在場(chǎng)的人都知道這個(gè)故事。Ⅲ.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:●When指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。其先行詞是表時(shí)間的名詞（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行詞為"時(shí)間名詞"，可用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，when在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)；還可以用which或that引導(dǎo)，which或that在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。比較:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作狀語(yǔ)）Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作賓語(yǔ)）●Where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行詞是"地點(diǎn)名詞"，定語(yǔ)從句可用where引導(dǎo)，還可用which或that引導(dǎo)，which/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。比較:Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作狀語(yǔ)）Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.※Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作賓語(yǔ)）●Why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。先行詞為reason時(shí)，可用forwhich指代；當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如：Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.（作賓語(yǔ)）Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?（作主語(yǔ)）當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句常用that,inwhich,或how引導(dǎo)，that?？梢允÷浴ay后的定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞不用時(shí)較多。但如果關(guān)系詞在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.比較:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.Ⅳ.限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：1.形式上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句往往用逗號(hào)隔開。2.語(yǔ)法上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用that.3.語(yǔ)義上，限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，整個(gè)句子就不完整或者會(huì)改變意思；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.這就是我最喜歡的那本書。4.翻譯時(shí)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句可譯為一句（較短的一般譯為"的"字結(jié)構(gòu)）；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可譯為兩句。（見上句翻譯）比較:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞，指人時(shí)用who,whom,whose,指物時(shí)用which,whose;關(guān)系副詞when，where,why,etc.1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.3.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.Ⅴ.幾個(gè)易混淆的關(guān)系代詞的比較:●that&which:在定語(yǔ)從句中，which和that在指代事物時(shí)，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何情況下都是這樣，這里介紹宜用that,而不宜用which的情況.①先行詞為不定代詞,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.②先行詞被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等詞修飾時(shí)。1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.比較*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行詞是序數(shù)詞時(shí)或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTai2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行詞既有人又有物，用which和who都不適合，這時(shí)宜用that.如：1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時(shí).1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasin（盆）ofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.⑦疑問詞是who或which，關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免重復(fù)。1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?⑧主句是Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語(yǔ)從句宜用that作關(guān)系代詞.如：Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.定語(yǔ)從句中宜用which而不宜用that的情況:①當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時(shí).1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?②在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中.1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)③當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語(yǔ)時(shí).Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.④先行詞本身是that,宜用which.What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?⑤先行詞是those+復(fù)數(shù)名詞.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.(B)who&that:who和that指代人時(shí)，有些情況宜用who,而不宜用that①先行詞為anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people時(shí).如：1.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.2.Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.②在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句宜用關(guān)系代詞who指代人.如：1.Thereisagentlemanwhowan