第3章建筑工程識(shí)圖Chapter3ArchitecturalEngineeringDrawingRecognition房屋的類(lèi)型及組成Typesofhousesandtheircomposition013.1概述

Overview房屋的建造過(guò)程和房屋施工圖的分類(lèi)Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings02房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定Regulationsrelatingtohouseconstructiondrawings03概述Overview房屋建筑施工圖是指利用正投影的方法把所設(shè)計(jì)房屋的大小、外部形狀、內(nèi)部布置和室內(nèi)裝修，以及各部分結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造、設(shè)備等的做法，按照建筑制圖國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定繪制的工程圖樣。它是工程設(shè)計(jì)階段的最終成果，同時(shí)又是工程施工、監(jiān)理和計(jì)算工程造價(jià)的主要依據(jù)。Theconstructiondrawingofahouseisanengineeringdrawingdrawninaccordancewiththenationalstandardsforarchitecturaldrafting,usingthemethodoforthographicprojectiontoshowthesize,externalshape,internallayoutandinteriordecorationofthedesignedhouse,aswellasthestructure,constructionandequipmentofeachpart.Itisthefinalresultofthedesignstageoftheproject,andatthesametimeisthemainbasisforconstruction,supervisionandcalculationofprojectcosts.概述Overview1.房屋的類(lèi)型及組成Typesofhousesandtheircomposition房屋按使用功能可以分為民用建筑（居住建筑、公共建筑）、工業(yè)建筑（廠(chǎng)房、倉(cāng)庫(kù)等建筑）和農(nóng)業(yè)建筑（糧倉(cāng)、飼養(yǎng)場(chǎng)等）。Housescanbedividedintocivilbuildings(residentialbuildings,publicbuildings),industrialbuildings(factories,warehouses,etc.),andagriculturalbuildings(granaries,breedinggrounds,etc.)basedontheirfunctionaluse.1.房屋的類(lèi)型及組成Typesofhousesandtheircomposition1.房屋的類(lèi)型及組成Typesofhousesandtheircomposition用途：Uses:各種不同功能的房屋，雖然它們的使用要求、空間組合、外形、規(guī)模等各不相同，但是構(gòu)成建筑物的主要部分一般都有基礎(chǔ)、墻、柱、梁、樓板、地面、樓梯、屋頂、門(mén)、窗等，此外還有陽(yáng)臺(tái)、雨篷、臺(tái)階、窗臺(tái)、雨水管、明溝或散水，以及其他一些構(gòu)配件。Varioushouseswithdifferentfunctions,althoughtheirusagerequirements,spatialcombinations,appearance,scale,etc.aredifferent,themainpartsthatmakeupabuildinggenerallyincludefoundations,walls,columns,beams,floors,floors,stairs,roofs,doors,windows,etc.Inaddition,therearebalconies,awnings,steps,windowsills,rainwaterpipes,openchannelsoraprons,andothercomponents.用途：Uses:各種不同功能的房屋，雖然它們的使用要求、空間組合、外形、規(guī)模等各不相同，但是構(gòu)成建筑物的主要部分一般都有基礎(chǔ)、墻、柱、梁、樓板、地面、樓梯、屋頂、門(mén)、窗等，此外還有陽(yáng)臺(tái)、雨篷、臺(tái)階、窗臺(tái)、雨水管、明溝或散水，以及其他一些構(gòu)配件。Varioushouseswithdifferentfunctions,althoughtheirusagerequirements,spatialcombinations,appearance,scale,etc.aredifferent,themainpartsthatmakeupabuildinggenerallyincludefoundations,walls,columns,beams,floors,floors,stairs,roofs,doors,windows,etc.Inaddition,therearebalconies,awnings,steps,windowsills,rainwaterpipes,openchannelsoraprons,andothercomponents.2.房屋的建造過(guò)程和房屋施工圖的分類(lèi)

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings建造房屋要經(jīng)過(guò)兩個(gè)過(guò)程：Buildingahouseinvolvestwoprocesses:一是設(shè)計(jì)，二是施工。masonry,buildingplastering,walljointing,bondingandinlayingofdecorativematerials.2.房屋的建造過(guò)程和房屋施工圖的分類(lèi)

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings建造房屋要經(jīng)過(guò)兩個(gè)過(guò)程：Buildingahouseinvolvestwoprocesses:首先，根據(jù)所建房屋的要求和有關(guān)技術(shù)條件，進(jìn)行初步設(shè)計(jì)，繪制房屋的初步設(shè)計(jì)圖，初步設(shè)計(jì)圖是設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中用來(lái)征求意見(jiàn)的圖樣，比較簡(jiǎn)略，經(jīng)研究、修改和審批之后，再完整、詳細(xì)地繪制出房屋施工圖。Firstly,basedontherequirementsandrelevanttechnicalconditionsofthebuilthouse,apreliminarydesigniscarriedoutandapreliminarydesigndrawingofthehouseisdrawn.Thepreliminarydesigndrawingisasimplesampleusedforsolicitingopinionsduringthedesignprocess.Afterresearch,modification,andapproval,acompleteanddetailedconstructiondrawingofthehouseisdrawn.2.房屋的建造過(guò)程和房屋施工圖的分類(lèi)

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings建造房屋要經(jīng)過(guò)兩個(gè)過(guò)程：Buildingahouseinvolvestwoprocesses:房屋施工圖是建造房屋的技術(shù)依據(jù)，是直接用來(lái)指導(dǎo)施工的，要求表達(dá)完整、尺寸齊全、準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。Buildingconstructiondrawingsarethetechnicalbasisforbuildinghousesandaredirectlyusedtoguideconstruction.Theyrequirecompleteexpression,completedimensions,andaccuracy.2.房屋的建造過(guò)程和房屋施工圖的分類(lèi)

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings房屋施工圖由于專(zhuān)業(yè)分類(lèi)不同，又分為建筑施工圖、結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖和設(shè)備施工圖，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“建施”、“結(jié)施”和“設(shè)施”。Duetodifferentprofessionalclassifications,buildingconstructiondrawingsarefurtherdividedintobuildingconstructiondrawings,structuralconstructiondrawings,andequipmentconstructiondrawings,abbreviatedas"constructiondrawings","structuralconstructiondrawings",and"facilities".2.房屋的建造過(guò)程和房屋施工圖的分類(lèi)

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings設(shè)備施工圖按需要又分為給排水施工圖、采暖通風(fēng)施工圖、電氣施工圖等，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“水施”“暖施”“電施”。Equipmentconstructiondrawingscanbefurtherdividedintowatersupplyanddrainageconstructiondrawings,heatingandventilationconstructiondrawings,electricalconstructiondrawings,etc.,abbreviatedas"waterconstruction","heatingconstruction",and"electricalconstruction".2.房屋的建造過(guò)程和房屋施工圖的分類(lèi)

Theprocessofbuildingahouseandtheclassificationofhouseconstructiondrawings由此可見(jiàn)，在房屋的設(shè)計(jì)階段，需要繪制初步設(shè)計(jì)圖和施工圖；

Itcanbeseenthatinthedesignstageofahouse,preliminarydesignandconstructiondrawingsneedtobedrawnup;在施工階段，要讀懂整套施工圖，并按照?qǐng)D紙進(jìn)行施工。

Duringtheconstructionphase,itisnecessarytounderstandtheentiresetofconstructiondrawingsandcarryoutconstructionaccordingtothedrawings.因此，從事建筑專(zhuān)業(yè)的工程技術(shù)人員，必須掌握識(shí)讀和繪制房屋施工圖的其本技能。Therefore,engineeringandtechnicalpersonnelengagedintheconstructionprofessionmustmasterthebasicskillsofreadinganddrawinghouseconstructiondrawings.3.房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings為了保證制圖質(zhì)量、提高效率、表達(dá)統(tǒng)一，繪制和閱讀房屋施工圖應(yīng)依據(jù)正投影原理及視圖、剖面圖和斷面圖的基本圖示方法，遵守《房屋建筑制圖統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB/T50001-2001；Inordertoensurethequalityofdrawing,improveefficiencyandunifyexpression,thedrawingandreadingofhouseconstructiondrawingsshouldbebasedontheOrthographicmapprojectionprincipleandthebasicgraphicalmethodofviews,sectionsandcrosssections,andcomplywith“theUnifiedStandardforBuildingDrawings”GB/T50001-2001;在繪制和閱讀總平面圖時(shí)，應(yīng)遵守《總圖制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB/T50103-2001；Whendrawingandreadingthegenerallayout,itisnecessarytocomplywiththe"GeneralLayoutDrawingStandard"GB/T50103-2001;在繪制和閱讀建筑平面圖、建筑立面圖、建筑詳圖時(shí)，應(yīng)遵守《建筑制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB/T50104-2001；WhendrawingandreadingFloorplan,buildingelevationandbuildingdetails,“theStandardforBuildingDrawings”(GB/T50104-2001)shallbefollowed;在繪制和閱讀結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖時(shí)，應(yīng)遵守《建筑結(jié)構(gòu)制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB/T50105-2001；Whendrawingandreadingstructuralconstructiondrawings,itisnecessarytocomplywiththe"BuildingStructureDrawingStandard"GB/T50105-2001;在繪制和閱讀給水排水施工圖時(shí)，應(yīng)遵守《給水排水制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB/T50106-2001。Whendrawingandreadingwatersupplyanddrainageconstructiondrawings,the"WaterSupplyandDrainageDrawingStandard"GB/T50106-2001shouldbefollowed.

現(xiàn)就下列幾項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明有關(guān)規(guī)定的主要內(nèi)容和表示方法。Hereisabriefexplanationofthemaincontentandpresentationmethodsoftherelevantregulationsonthefollowingitems.

(3)常用圖例CommonLegend(1)(2)04圖線(xiàn)Graphline比例Proportion標(biāo)高Elevation3.房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings建筑專(zhuān)業(yè)制圖采用的各種線(xiàn)型、線(xiàn)寬，應(yīng)符合《建筑制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中的規(guī)定，如表3-1所示。Thevariouslinetypesandlinewidthsusedinarchitecturaldrawingshouldcomplywiththeprovisionsofthe"ArchitecturalDrawingStandards",asshowninTable3-1.建筑制圖中的圖線(xiàn)

表3-1GraphlineinarchitecturaldraftingTable3-1（1）圖線(xiàn)Graphline3.房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings建筑制圖中的圖線(xiàn)

表3-1GraphlineinarchitecturaldraftingTable3-1繪圖時(shí)，應(yīng)按照所繪圖樣的具體情況選定粗實(shí)線(xiàn)的寬度“b”，其他線(xiàn)型的寬度也就隨之而定；Whendrawing,thewidth"b"ofthethickandsolidlineshouldbeselectedaccordingtothespecificsituationofthedrawnpattern,andthewidthofotherlinetypesshouldalsobedeterminedaccordingly;（1）圖線(xiàn)Graphline3.房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings建筑制圖中的圖線(xiàn)

表3-1GraphlineinarchitecturaldraftingTable3-1如果所繪圖樣比較簡(jiǎn)單，可采用兩種線(xiàn)寬的線(xiàn)寬組，其線(xiàn)寬比為b:0.25b。Ifthedrawnpatternisrelativelysimple,twolinewidthgroupscanbeused,withalinewidthratioofb:0.25b.（1）圖線(xiàn)Graphline3.房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings（2）比例Proportion建筑專(zhuān)業(yè)制圖選用的比例，應(yīng)符合《建筑制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中的有關(guān)規(guī)定，如表3-2所示。Theproportionselectedforarchitecturaldrawingshouldcomplywiththerelevantprovisionsofthe"ArchitecturalDrawingStandards",asshowninTable3-2.建筑制圖比例

表3-2ArchitecturaldrawingscaleTable3-2.（3）常用圖例CommonLegend建筑物和構(gòu)筑物是按比例縮小繪制在圖紙上的，對(duì)于有些建筑構(gòu)件及建筑材料，往往不可能按實(shí)際投影畫(huà)出，同時(shí)用文字注釋也難以表達(dá)清楚。Buildingsandstructuresarescaleddownanddrawnondrawings.Forsomebuildingcomponentsandmaterials,itisoftenimpossibletodrawthemaccordingtoactualprojections,anditisalsodifficulttoexpressthemclearlywithtextualannotations.（3）常用圖例CommonLegend為了得到簡(jiǎn)單而明了的效果，《建筑制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》規(guī)定了統(tǒng)一的圖例和代號(hào)，常用構(gòu)造及配件圖例見(jiàn)教材表3-3，常用建筑材料圖例，見(jiàn)教材表3-4。Inordertoachieveasimpleandcleareffect,the"ArchitecturalDrawingStandard"specifiesaunifiedlegendandcode.ThecommonlyusedstructureandaccessorylegendsareshowninTable3-3ofthetextbook,andthecommonlyusedbuildingmateriallegendsareshowninTable3-4ofthetextbook.（4）標(biāo)高elevation標(biāo)高是標(biāo)注建筑物高程的另一種尺寸形式。Elevationisanotherformofdimensioningtoindicatetheelevationofabuilding.標(biāo)高分絕對(duì)標(biāo)高和相對(duì)標(biāo)高兩種。Therearetwotypesofelevations:absoluteelevationandrelativeelevation.絕對(duì)標(biāo)高以黃海平均海平面為零點(diǎn)，相對(duì)標(biāo)高以單個(gè)建筑物的室內(nèi)底層地面為零點(diǎn)，寫(xiě)成±0.000。TheabsoluteelevationisbasedontheaveragesealeveloftheYellowSeaasthezeropoint,andtherelativeelevationisbasedontheindoorgroundlevelofasinglebuildingasthezeropoint,writtenas±0.000.3.房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings（4）標(biāo)高elevation建筑施工圖中的標(biāo)高符號(hào)應(yīng)按圖3-1（a）所示形式以細(xì)實(shí)線(xiàn)繪制，圖3-1（b）

所示為具體畫(huà)法。TheelevationsymbolsintheconstructiondrawingsshouldbedrawnintheformofthinsolidlinesasshowninFigure3-1(a),andthespecificdrawingmethodisshowninFigure3-1(b).3.房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings（4）標(biāo)高elevation標(biāo)高數(shù)字以米為單位，精確到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后三位數(shù)（總平面圖中精確到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后兩位數(shù)），標(biāo)注方法如3-1（c）所示。Theelevationnumberisinmeters,accuratetothreedigitsaftertheDecimalseparator(accuratetotwodigitsaftertheDecimalseparatorinthegenerallayout).Themarkingmethodisshownin3-1(c).3.房屋施工圖的有關(guān)規(guī)定

Relevantregulationsonbuildingconstructiondrawings（4）標(biāo)高elevation標(biāo)高數(shù)字前“－”表示該面低于零點(diǎn)標(biāo)高，高于零點(diǎn)的標(biāo)高不注“＋”號(hào)。如在同一位置表示幾個(gè)不同標(biāo)高時(shí)，數(shù)字可按圖3-1（d）的形式注寫(xiě)。Theelevationnumberprecededby"-"indicatesthatthesurfaceisbelowthezeropointelevation,andelevationsabovethezeropointarenotmarkedwith"+".Whenrepresentingseveraldifferentelevationsatthesamelocation,thenumberscanbeannotatedintheformofFigure3-1(d).PART.0101復(fù)雜盾構(gòu)法施工技術(shù)Complexshieldtunnelingconstructiontechnology總平面圖generallayout013.2建筑施工圖

Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑平面圖Architecturalplans02建筑立面圖

Architecturalelevations03建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection04建筑詳圖

ArchitecturalDetails05建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑施工圖是表示建筑物的總體布局、外部造型、內(nèi)部布置、細(xì)部構(gòu)造、內(nèi)外裝修以及施工要求的圖樣。

Architecturalconstructiondrawingsaredrawingsthatrepresenttheoveralllayout,externalshape,internallayout,detailedstructure,interiorandexteriordecoration,andconstructionrequirementsofabuilding.建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings建筑施工圖主要用來(lái)作為施工放線(xiàn)、砌墻、安裝門(mén)窗、室內(nèi)外裝修以及編制預(yù)算和施工組織計(jì)劃等的依據(jù)。Buildingconstructiondrawingsaremainlyusedasthebasisforconstructionlayout,walllaying,installationofdoorsandwindows,indoorandoutdoordecoration,aswellaspreparationofbudgetsandconstructionorganizationplans.建筑施工圖Architecturalconstructiondrawings一般包括總平面圖、建筑平面圖、建筑立面圖、建筑剖面圖和建筑詳圖。Itgenerallyincludesgenerallayout,Architecturalplans,Architecturalelevations,ArchitecturalsectionandArchitecturalDetails.1.總平面圖Generallayout將擬建工程四周一定范圍內(nèi)的新建、擬建、原有和拆除的建筑物連同其周?chē)牡匦蔚匚餇顩r，用水平投影和相應(yīng)的圖例所畫(huà)出的圖樣，稱(chēng)總平面圖。Thegeneralplanreferstothedrawingofnew,proposed,existing,anddemolishedbuildingswithinacertainrangearoundtheproposedproject,alongwiththesurroundingterrainandfeatures,usinghorizontalprojectionandcorrespondinglegends.它能反映出新建房屋和原有房屋的位置、朝向、道路、綠化等的布置以及地形、地貌、標(biāo)高等。Itcanreflectthelocation,orientation,layoutofroads,greenery,terrain,topography,andelevationofnewlybuiltandexistinghouses.1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖是新建房屋施工定位、土方施工以及其它專(zhuān)業(yè)（如水、暖、電、煤氣等）管線(xiàn)總平面圖設(shè)計(jì)的重要依據(jù)。Thegenerallayoutplanisanimportantbasisforthepositioningofnewbuildingconstruction,earthworkconstruction,andthedesignofpipelinegenerallayoutplansforotherspecialties(suchaswater,heating,electricity,gas,etc.).1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

總平面圖一般采用1:500、1:1000、1:2000的比例，表3-5給出了總平面圖中的部分圖例。Thegenerallayoutplangenerallyadoptsascaleof1:500,1:1000,and1:2000.Tables3-5providesomelegendsintheoveralllayoutplan.1.總平面圖Generallayout在總平面圖中，除圖例以外，通常還要畫(huà)出帶有指北方向的風(fēng)向頻率玫瑰圖（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)風(fēng)玫瑰圖），用來(lái)表示該地區(qū)常年的風(fēng)向頻率和房屋的朝向。Inthegenerallayout,inadditiontothelegend,thewinddirectionfrequencyrosechartwiththenorthdirection(Windroseforshort)isusuallydrawntoindicatetheperennialwinddirectionfrequencyoftheareaandtheorientationofthehouse.TheWindroseisdrawnaccordingtothenumberofwinddirectionsinthelocalaveragestatisticsformanyyearsinacertainproportion.總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

1.總平面圖Generallayout總平面圖常用圖例

表3-5CommonLegendforGeneralLayoutTable3-5

風(fēng)玫瑰圖是根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)囟嗄昶骄y(tǒng)計(jì)的風(fēng)向次數(shù)，按一定比例繪制的，風(fēng)的吹向是從外吹向中心。實(shí)線(xiàn)表示全年風(fēng)向頻率，虛線(xiàn)表示夏季風(fēng)向頻率。Thewinddirectionisfromoutsidetothecenter.Thesolidlinerepresentstheannualwinddirectionfrequency,whilethedashedlinerepresentsthesummerwinddirectionfrequency.在總平面圖中，常標(biāo)出新建房屋的總長(zhǎng)，總寬和定位尺寸，新建房屋室內(nèi)底層地面和室外地面的絕對(duì)標(biāo)高，尺寸和標(biāo)高都以m為單位，注寫(xiě)到小數(shù)點(diǎn)以后兩位數(shù)字。Inthegeneralplan,thetotallength,totalwidthandpositioningdimensionsofthenewbuildingareoftenmarked.Theabsoluteelevationoftheindoorgroundfloorandoutdoorgroundfloorofthenewbuildingisinm,andthesizeandelevationarewrittenintwodigitsaftertheDecimalseparator.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans建筑平面圖是房屋的水平剖面圖，是假想用一個(gè)水平剖切面，沿門(mén)窗洞的位置將房屋切開(kāi)，移去剖切平面上方的房屋，將留下的部分向水平投影面作正投影所得到的圖樣。

Thearchitecturalplansisthehorizontalsectionofthehouse,whichisthedrawingobtainedbyassumingthatahorizontalsectionplaneisusedtocutthehousealongthepositionofthedoorandwindowopenings,removethehouseabovethesectionplane,andmakeaOrthographicmapprojectionoftheleftparttothehorizontalprojectionplane.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans它主要用來(lái)表示房屋的平面布置情況，在施工過(guò)程中，是進(jìn)行放線(xiàn)、砌墻和安裝門(mén)窗等工作的依據(jù)。Itismainlyusedtorepresentthelayoutofahouseandservesasthebasisforsettingout,walllaying,andinstallationofdoorsandwindowsduringtheconstructionprocess.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans它主要用來(lái)表示一般地，建筑平面圖應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容：Ingeneral,theArchitecturalplanshallincludethefollowingcontents:1）圖名、比例、朝向、層次Title,Scale,Orientation,Hierarchy2）縱、橫定位軸線(xiàn)及其編號(hào)Verticalandhorizontalpositioningaxesandtheirnumbers3）墻、柱的斷面形狀和大小Sectionshapeandsizeofwallsandcolumns（1）圖示內(nèi)容Graphiccontent4）各房間的分隔情況，門(mén)窗布置及型號(hào)Partitioningoftherooms,arrangementandtypeofdoorsandwindows5）樓梯梯段的走向和級(jí)數(shù)Thedirectionandnumberofstepsofstairs6）其他構(gòu)配件如臺(tái)階、雨蓬、陽(yáng)臺(tái)的位置，衛(wèi)生間、廚房、壁廚等固定設(shè)備及雨水管、明溝的布置Thelocationofothercomponentssuchassteps,awnings,balconies,fixedequipmentsuchasbathrooms,kitchens,andwallkitchens,aswellasthelayoutofrainwaterpipesandopenchannels7）軸線(xiàn)間距、各建筑構(gòu)配件的定形尺寸、定位尺寸以及樓地面的標(biāo)高Axisspacing,fixeddimensionsofvariousbuildingcomponents,positioningdimensions,andfloorelevation8）剖面圖的剖切符號(hào)Sectioningsymbolsforcutawaydrawings9）詳圖索引符號(hào)Indexsymbolsfordetaileddrawings10）施工說(shuō)明等Constructioninstructions,etc.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements1）定位軸線(xiàn)Positioningaxis

定位軸線(xiàn)用細(xì)點(diǎn)劃線(xiàn)繪制，其編號(hào)注在直徑為8～10mm的圓內(nèi)，圓心在定位軸線(xiàn)的延長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)或延長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)的折線(xiàn)上。平面圖上定位軸線(xiàn)的編號(hào)，標(biāo)注在圖樣的下方與左側(cè)，橫向編號(hào)用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，從左至右順序編寫(xiě)，豎向編號(hào)用大寫(xiě)拉丁字母（I、O、Z除外）從下至上順序編寫(xiě)。Thepositioningaxisisdrawnwithafinedottedline,anditsnumberisindicatedinacirclewithadiameterof8-10mm.Thecenterofthecircleisontheextensionlineofthepositioningaxisorthebrokenlineoftheextensionline.Thenumberofthepositioningaxisontheplanismarkedatthebottomandleftofthedrawing.ThehorizontalnumberiswritteninArabicnumeralsfromlefttoright,andtheverticalnumberiswrittenincapitalLatinscript(exceptI,O,Z)frombottomtotop.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements1）定位軸線(xiàn)Positioningaxis在標(biāo)注非承重的分隔墻或次要的承重構(gòu)件時(shí)，可在兩根軸線(xiàn)之間附加軸線(xiàn)，附加軸線(xiàn)的編號(hào)應(yīng)按圖3-3所規(guī)定的分?jǐn)?shù)表示。Whenlabelingnonload-bearingpartitionwallsorsecondaryload-bearingcomponents,additionalaxescanbeaddedbetweenthetwoaxes,andthenumberingoftheadditionalaxesshouldberepresentedbythefractionspecifiedinFigure3-3.圖3-3附加軸線(xiàn)及其編號(hào)Figure3-3Additionalaxesandtheirnumbering（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements2）圖線(xiàn)Graphline建筑平面圖中被剖切到的主要輪廓線(xiàn)，如墻的斷面輪廓線(xiàn)用粗實(shí)線(xiàn)表示；ThemaincontourlinescutintheArchitecturalplans,suchasthesectioncontourlinesofthewall,arerepresentedbythicksolidlines;次要輪廓線(xiàn)，如樓梯、踏步、臺(tái)階等，用中實(shí)線(xiàn)表示；Secondarycontourlines,suchasstairs,steps,steps,etc.,arerepresentedbysolidlines;圖例線(xiàn)、引出線(xiàn)、標(biāo)高符號(hào)等用細(xì)實(shí)線(xiàn)表示。Legendlines,outletlines,elevationsymbols,etc.arerepresentedbythinsolidlines.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）符號(hào)和圖例Symbolsandlegends在底層平面圖上應(yīng)畫(huà)出指北針，所指方向應(yīng)與總平面圖中風(fēng)玫瑰的指北方向一致。指北針用細(xì)實(shí)線(xiàn)繪制，圓的直徑為24mm，指北針尾部寬為3mm，指針尖端指向北，由指北針可以看出整幢住宅和各個(gè)房間的朝向。Onthegroundfloorplan,anortharrowshouldbedrawn,pointinginthesamedirectionasthenortharrowofthewindroseontheoverallplan.Thenortharrowisdrawnwithathinsolidline,withacirclediameterof24mmandatailwidthof3mm.Thetipofthepointerpointsnorth,indicatingtheorientationoftheentirehouseandvariousrooms.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）符號(hào)和圖例Symbolsandlegends對(duì)需要另畫(huà)詳圖表達(dá)的局部構(gòu)造或構(gòu)件，應(yīng)在圖中相應(yīng)部位用索引符號(hào)索引；而索引出的詳圖，則應(yīng)畫(huà)出詳圖符號(hào)。Forlocalstructuresorcomponentsthatneedtobeshowninanotherdetaildrawing,thecorrespondingpartsofthedrawingshallbeindexedwithindexsymbols;Andforthedetaileddrawingsledoutbythecable,thedetaileddrawingsymbolsshouldbedrawn.比例為1:100、1:200時(shí)，建筑平面圖中的墻、柱斷面不畫(huà)建筑材料圖例，而按《建筑制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的規(guī)定，采用簡(jiǎn)化畫(huà)法，磚墻涂紅，鋼筋混凝土涂黑。Whenthescaleis1:100and1:200,thewallandcolumnsectionsintheFloorplandonotdrawbuildingmateriallegends,butaccordingtotheprovisionsof“theStandardforArchitecturalDrawing”,thesimplifieddrawingmethodisadopted,withbrickwallspaintedredandreinforcedconcretepaintedblack.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements4）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking在建筑平面圖中，應(yīng)標(biāo)注房屋總長(zhǎng)、總寬，各房間的開(kāi)間、進(jìn)深，門(mén)窗洞的寬度、位置、墻厚，以及其他一些主要構(gòu)配件與固定設(shè)施的定形和定位尺寸。IntheArchitecturalplans,thetotallengthandwidthofthehouse,thebayanddepthofeachroom,thewidth,locationandwallthicknessofthedoorandwindowopenings,andthesettingandpositioningdimensionsofothermaincomponents,fittingsandfixedfacilitiesshallbemarked.其中外墻應(yīng)注三道尺寸，最靠近圖形的一道，是表示外墻的細(xì)部尺寸；Threedimensionsshouldbenotedontheexteriorwall,andtheoneclosesttothefigurerepresentsthedetaileddimensionsoftheexteriorwall;（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements4）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking第二道主要標(biāo)注軸線(xiàn)間的尺寸；Thesecondlinemainlyindicatesthedimensionsbetweentheaxes;最外一道，表示這幢住宅兩端外墻面之間的總尺寸。上述尺寸，均不包括粉刷層厚度。Theoutermostonerepresentsthetotalsizebetweentheouterwallsofbothendsofthisresidentialbuilding.Theabovedimensionsdonotincludethethicknessofthepaintlayer.2.建筑平面圖Architecturalplans在建筑平面圖中，宜標(biāo)注室內(nèi)外地面、樓地面、陽(yáng)臺(tái)等處的完成面標(biāo)高，即包括面層（粉刷層厚度）在內(nèi)的建筑標(biāo)高。在底層平面圖中，還應(yīng)標(biāo)注出地面的相對(duì)標(biāo)高，在地面有起伏處，應(yīng)畫(huà)出分界線(xiàn)。IntheArchitecturalplans,itisadvisabletomarkthefinishedsurfaceelevationoftheindoorandoutdoorground,floor,balcony,etc.,thatis,thebuildingelevationincludingthesurfacelayer(thicknessofpaintlayer).Inthegroundfloorplan,therelativeelevationofthegroundshouldalsobemarked,andatareaswithundulations,boundarylinesshouldbedrawn.（3）建筑平面圖識(shí)讀Architecturalplansreading底層平面圖是在底層窗臺(tái)之上，底層通向二層樓梯平臺(tái)之下水平剖切后，按俯視方向投射所得到的圖形，主要反映這幢住宅底層的平面布置和房間大小。Thegroundfloorplanisagraphicobtainedbyprojectingthehorizontalsectionofthegroundfloorabovethewindowsillandbelowthelandingofthesecondfloorstaircaseinatop-downdirection,mainlyreflectingthegroundfloorlayoutandroomsizeofthisresidentialbuilding.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖是在與房屋立面相平行的投影面上所作的正投影。它主要用來(lái)表示建筑物的體型和外貌，并表明外墻面的裝修要求。TheArchitecturalelevationsisaOrthographicmapprojectionmadeontheprojectionplaneparalleltothebuildingelevation.Itismainlyusedtorepresenttheshapeandappearanceofabuilding,andtoindicatethedecorationrequirementsfortheexteriorwalls.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations房屋有多個(gè)立面，通常把房屋的主要入口的立面圖畫(huà)為正立面圖，從而確定背立面圖和側(cè)立面圖。Ahousehasmultiplefacades,andthemainentranceofthehouseisusuallydepictedasthefrontelevationtodeterminethebackandsideelevations.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations有定位軸線(xiàn)的建筑物，根據(jù)兩端定位軸線(xiàn)編號(hào)確定立面圖名稱(chēng)；Forbuildingswithpositioningaxes,determinetheelevationnamebasedonthenumberingofthepositioningaxesatbothends;3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations無(wú)定位軸線(xiàn)的建筑物，則可按房屋的朝向來(lái)定立面圖的名稱(chēng)，例如南立面圖、東立面圖。Forbuildingswithoutapositioningaxis,thenameoftheelevationcanbedeterminedbasedontheorientationofthebuilding,suchasthesouthelevationandeastelevation.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations有定位軸線(xiàn)的建筑物，根據(jù)兩端定位軸線(xiàn)編號(hào)確定立面圖名稱(chēng)；Forbuildingswithpositioningaxes,determinetheelevationnamebasedonthenumberingofthepositioningaxesatbothends;無(wú)定位軸線(xiàn)的建筑物，則可按房屋的朝向來(lái)定立面圖的名稱(chēng)，例如南立面圖、東立面圖。Forbuildingswithoutapositioningaxis,thenameoftheelevationcanbedeterminedbasedontheorientationofthebuilding,suchasthesouthelevationandeastelevation.（1）圖示內(nèi)容Contentoftheillustrations1）圖名、比例Figurename,scale2）立面兩端的定位軸線(xiàn)及其編號(hào)Positioningaxesandtheirnumbersattheendsofthefa?ade3）門(mén)窗的位置和形狀Positionandshapeofwindowsanddoors4）屋頂?shù)耐庑蜹heshapeoftheroof5）外墻面的裝飾及做法Externalwallfinishesandpractices（1）圖示內(nèi)容Contentoftheillustrations6）臺(tái)階、雨篷、陽(yáng)臺(tái)等的位置、形狀和做法Location,shapeandpracticeofsteps,canopies,balconies,etc.7）標(biāo)高及必需標(biāo)注的局部尺寸Elevationsandrequiredpartialdimensions8）詳圖索引符號(hào)Indexsymbolsfordetaileddrawings9）施工說(shuō)明等Constructioninstructions,etc.3.建筑立面圖Architecturalelevations1）定位軸線(xiàn)Positioningaxis2）圖線(xiàn)Graphline3）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking（2）相關(guān)規(guī)定和要求Relevantregulationsandrequirements3）尺寸標(biāo)注Dimensionmarking在立面圖中，一般不標(biāo)注房屋的總長(zhǎng)和總高，也不標(biāo)注門(mén)、窗的寬度和高度尺寸，而應(yīng)標(biāo)注室內(nèi)外地面、樓面、陽(yáng)臺(tái)、平臺(tái)、檐口、門(mén)、窗等處的標(biāo)高。Inelevationdrawings,thetotallengthandheightofthehouse,aswellasthewidthandheightdimensionsofdoorsandwindows,aregenerallynotindicated.Instead,theelevationsofindoorandoutdoorfloors,floors,balconies,platforms,eaves,doors,windows,etc.shouldbeindicated.（3）建筑立面圖識(shí)讀Readingofarchitecturalelevations4.建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection建筑剖面圖是房屋的垂直剖面圖，是假想用一個(gè)鉛垂剖切平面剖開(kāi)房屋，將位于剖切平面與觀察者的部分移去，留下的部分向投影面作投影所得到的圖形。Aarchitecturalsectionisaverticalcross-sectionalviewofahouse,whichisafigureobtainedbyimaginingaverticalcuttingplanetocutopenthehouse,removingthepartlocatedbetweenthecuttingplaneandtheobserver,andprojectingtheremainingparttowardstheprojectionplane.4.建筑剖面圖Architecturalsection建筑剖面圖的剖切位置根據(jù)具體情況而定，一般選在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，能反映房屋全貌和構(gòu)造特征的地方，剖面圖的數(shù)量視房屋的復(fù)雜程度和施工中的實(shí)際需要而定。Thecuttingpositionofaarchitecturalsectiondependsonthespecificsituation,andisgenerallyselectedinaplacewithcomplexinternalstructuresthatcanreflecttheoverallviewandstructuralcharacteristicsofthehouse.Thenumberofprofilemapsdependsonthecomplexityofthehouseandtheactualneedsofconstruction.建筑剖面圖主要用來(lái)表示房屋的內(nèi)部分層、結(jié)構(gòu)形式、構(gòu)造方法、材料、做法、各部位間的聯(lián)系及其標(biāo)高等情況。TheArchitecturalsectionismainlyusedtorepresenttheinternallayering,structuralform,constructionmethod,materials,methods,connectionsbetweenvariousparts,andtheirelevationsofthehouse.在施工過(guò)程中，建筑剖面圖是進(jìn)行分層、砌筑內(nèi)墻、鋪設(shè)樓板、屋面板和樓梯、內(nèi)部裝修等工作的依據(jù)。Duringtheconstructionprocess,thebuildingprofileisthebasisforlayering,buildinginternalwalls,layingfloors,roofpanelsandstairs,andinteriordecorationwork.（1）圖示內(nèi)容Contentoftheillustrations1）圖名、比例Figurename,scale2）外墻的定位軸線(xiàn)及其編號(hào)Positioningaxesofthefacadeandtheirnumbering3）剖切到的室內(nèi)外地面、樓板、屋頂、內(nèi)外墻及門(mén)窗、各種梁、樓梯、陽(yáng)臺(tái)、雨篷等的位置、形狀及圖例Thepositions,shapes,andlegendsofindoorandoutdoorfloo