考研英語二（閱讀）模擬試卷16（題后含答案及解析）

全部題型2.ReadingComprehension

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Whyisitthatmostofuscanrememberourprecisesurroundingsthe

momentthatwefirstlearnedofJohnFitzgeraldKennedy'sassassination,the

ChallengerexplosionorthefalloftheTwinTowers,butnotsay,whatgroceryaisle

wewerestandinginwhenthephonecallcametoremindustopickupmilk?Whatis

itaboutthetiming——ormorespecifically,thecoincidencewithintenseexperience—

thatsealsinvisualmemoriesmoreeffectively?That'sthequestionthatanewstudy

frompsychologistsattheUniversityofWashingtonsetouttoanswer.Thestudy,

publishedonlinerecentlyintheopen-accessjournalPLoSBiologyincludedaseries

offourexperiments.Ineachexperiment,whichincludeddistinctparticipants,Jeffrey

Y.Linandcolleaguesshowedstudysubjects16photographsdepictingfamiliar

landscapes.Thefirsttime,participantsmerelylookedattheimages;thesecondtime,

theywerealsoaskedtofbcusonanumbershowninthemiddleoftheimage;thethird

time,theyalsohadtomakenoteofanauditorycueastheylookedattheimages;and

finally,theywereshownimageswithanumberinthemiddle,buttoldtoignorethe

numberandfbcusonlyonthescenedepicted.Researchersfoundthat,when

shownanimagelaterandaskedtorecallifithadbeenamongthosethey'dalready

seen,subjects9memoryformationwasconsistentlybestwhentheyhadalsobeen

tryingtoconcentrateonanothertaskinboththesecondandthirdexperiments,which

involvedviewingnumbersorhearingaudiotoneswhiletheimageswerepresented,

subjectsformedclearermemoriesthaninthefirstexperiment一whentheywere

simplyinstructedtolookatthephotos一andthaninthefourthexperiment一when

theywereshownnumbersinthecenterofphotos,buttoldtoignorethemandfocus

ontheimagesthemselves.Thefindingssuggestthatitisn'tthenoveltyofwhat

we9reseeing,buttheexperiencethatwearehavingwhilewelookatsomething,that

determineshowwellwestoreitawayinourmemories.Or,astheauthorsphraseit,

thestudyresultsprovide"evidenceofamechanismwheretracesofavisualsceneare

automaticallyencodedintomemoryatbehaviorallyrelevantpointsintimeregardless

ofthespatialfocusofattention.Whenitcomestomakingmemories,timingisofthe

essence.

1.Thequestionsatthebeginningofthetextareintendedto.

A.describeaconfusingphenomenon

B.showthecomplexityofourmemory

C.drawforththetopicofthistext

D.supporttheargumentoftheauthor

正確答案：c

解析：題干的questions指第一段前兩句提出的問題，這兩個問題可概括為

“我們?yōu)槭裁茨軌蚯宄赜浀媚承┣闆r，卻不記得另一些情況？”和“什么樣的

時機(jī)會加深記憶?，第一段末句則指出第二個問題是某項(xiàng)研究的研究話題，第二

段緊接著介紹了這項(xiàng)研究，所以可推知，這些問題是為了引出本文要討論的話題，

由此可判斷C項(xiàng)符合題意。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

2.Whichofthefollowingsistrueofthestudymentionedinthistext?

A.Itwasconductedbysomeanthropologists.

B.Itstudiedthestepsofmemoryformation.

C.Itsconclusionwasbasedonseveralexperiments.

D.Itsfindingsoverturnedmanypreviousresearches.

正確答案：C

解析：四個選項(xiàng)均與研究的基本信息相關(guān)。第二段詳細(xì)說明了實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行的方

式和內(nèi)容，其中①句說到該研究包括四組實(shí)驗(yàn)，而根據(jù)第三、第四段的“Inboth

thesecondandthirdexperiments,,uinthefirstexperiment,,(iinthefourthexperiment

等字眼可知，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果(findings)是來自于這四組測驗(yàn)，C項(xiàng)所說的該

研究建立在幾組實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上與文意相吻合，故C項(xiàng)正確。知識模塊：閱讀A

節(jié)

3.Thestudyshowsthatpeoplerememberathingbetterwhenthey..

A.concentrateonotherthingsmeanwhile

B.strivetorememberthatthing

C.arestronglyattractedbyit

D.repeatitconstantlyinmind

正確答案：A

解析：本題詢問人們能更好記住事件的條件，這正是文中研究的結(jié)果，文中

第三段為研究的結(jié)論，與本題相關(guān)。其中該段①句總結(jié)說到，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)如果看圖

的同時精力還集中于另一任務(wù)(concentrateonanothertask),參與者的記憶往往更

加清晰，接著②句進(jìn)一步闡述此觀點(diǎn)在這一研究中的具體表現(xiàn)和反映，即“同時

需關(guān)注數(shù)字或記下聲音提示的實(shí)驗(yàn)參與者記憶更清晰”，A項(xiàng)的觀點(diǎn)與此不謀而

合，故A項(xiàng)正確。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

4.ItisimpliedinParagraph4thathowwellthememoryisstoreddependson

A.timingofthething

B.thelevelofnewnessofthething

C.therelatedexperiencetothething

D.thetracesofthevisualscene

正確答案：A

解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第四段。該段①句說實(shí)驗(yàn)表明我們能否記住某

事取決于看到某事時的經(jīng)歷(theexperiencethatwearehaving),最后一句則總結(jié)說

“時機(jī)是非常重要的”，A項(xiàng)復(fù)現(xiàn)了末句的timing,也與①句所述對應(yīng)，故可確

定A項(xiàng)為本題答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?

A.Timingiscriticaltomemoryformation.

B.Memorycanbemanipulatedforourgood.

C.Peopletendtorememberbigeventsbetter.

D.It'sbettertoremembertwothingsthanone.

正確答案：A

解析：這道題目需要通觀全文，總結(jié)性的觀點(diǎn)一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或者結(jié)

尾。這篇文章的開頭即引出了文章的主題，那么概括的部分應(yīng)在文章的末尾，所

以定位在最后一段。文中最后一句談到“就能否形成記憶來說，時機(jī)是至關(guān)重要

的”，A項(xiàng)中的memoryformation對應(yīng)該句中的makingmemories,而iscriticalto

“是……的關(guān)鍵”則與文中的oftheessence“非常重要的”相吻合，故A項(xiàng)為正

確答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

Encouragementandpraisecancomeinmanyforms,andsomewaysare

betterforchilddevelopmentthanothers.ResearchersattheUniversityofChicago

andStanfordUniversitywhostudiedmother-childinteractionsoverthecourseof

severalyearsfoundthatthetypeofpraisechildrenreceiveaffectstheirattitudes

towardchallengeslaterinlife.Specifically,praisethatcamewithfeedbackabout

theirbehaviorandthechoicesthattoddlersmadehelpedthemtocopebetterwith

difficultexperiencesfiveyearslater,comparedwithcomplimentsthatfocusedmore

onthechildhimself,like"You'reagoodboy.^^Thestudy,whichappearsinthe

journalChildDevelopment,isthefirstmajorstudyofpraiseandchildhood

developmentdoneoutsideofalabsetting.Inthestudy,researchesfoundthatthe

childrenwhogrewupwithmoreprocesspraise(commentssuchas“Youworked

reallyhard"or"You'redoingagreatjob,"whichemphasizethechild'sactions.)were

moreopentochallenge,andwereabletoidentifymorewaysofovercomingdifficult

problems.Theywerealsomorelikelytosaythattheycouldimprovetheirintelligence

withhardwork.Whilepersonpraise(commentslike"You'resosmart"or"You'reso

good,“whichfbcusonachild'sinherentqualities.)didn'tseemtohaveanynegative

effectonthechildren,thestudysuggeststhatprocesspraiseteacheschildrenthattheir

talentsandabilitiescanbedevelopedandimproved,whilepersonpraisesendsthe

messagethattheirabilitiesarefixedandthereforenoteasilyaltered."Thisstudy

ismonumental,,9saysCarolDweck,aco-authorofthestudyandaprofessorat

StanfordUniversitywhoseearlierresearchlaidthefoundationforunderstandingthe

roleofpraiseinchilddevelopment.Anotherrevelationfromthestudyinvolved

howpraiseaffectsboysandgirlsdifferently.Parentsgaveboysandgirlsthesame

amountofpraise,butoftheencouragementboysreceived,24%wasprocesspraise,

whilegirlsreceivedonly10%ofthistype.Previousresearchsuggestedthispattern,

butGunderson,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyatTempleUniversity,saysshe

wassurprisedbyhowgreatthedifferencewas.Theinequalitycouldhave

consequencesforhowgirlsevaluatetheirabilitiesastheyprogressinschoolandmay

playaroleinaggravatingsomeoftheself-esteemissuesthatbecomemorecommon

amongteensandadolescents.Thefindingssendaclearmessagetoparents."The

biggesttakeawayisthatparentpraisematters,Dwecksays."Theparents,evenwhen

thechildrenareveryyoung,arestartingtoshapethechild\motivation,thechildren's

attitudestowardthemselvesandtheirstancetotheworld.^^Notallpraise,itseems,is

equal.

6.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat.

A.themorepraisechildrenreceive,thebetter

B.praiseofdifferenttypeshasdifferenteffects

C.praiseplaysamajorroleinchildhooddevelopment

D.praisecanhelpchildrendealwithhardshipbetter

正確答案：B

解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第一、第二段。第一段①句開門見山，指出鼓

勵和表揚(yáng)有多種方式，而且對孩子的發(fā)展影響不同。第二段開頭的Specifically

一詞表明第二段是對第一段的具體說明，進(jìn)一步指出具體某種表揚(yáng)方式能讓孩子

日后更好地處理困難情況，故確定B項(xiàng)正確。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

7.WecaninferfromParagraph3that.

A.childrenwithmorepersonpraisedevelopbetterthanotherwise

B.processpraiseistemporarywhilepersonpraiseispermanent

C.personpraiselike“youaresosmart“shouldbecompletelyavoided

D.processpraisehasmorepositiveeffectsonchildrenthanpersonpraise

正確答案：D

解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第三段。該段詳細(xì)講述了研究的結(jié)果，對比了

processpraise"行為表揚(yáng)"及personpraise"個人表揚(yáng)"的影響。該段前兩句提

到，受到行為表揚(yáng)多的孩子，更敢于應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)，應(yīng)對困難的方法也更多，也更有

可能認(rèn)為他們可以通過努力來提升智力，這些是personpraise所沒有的，故D項(xiàng)

的概括正確。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

8.CarolDweck'sattitudetowardthestudyis.

A.skeptical

B.positive

C.cautious

D.objective

正確答案：B

解析：根據(jù)題干中的人名CarolDweck可定位到第四段。本題考查的是Carol

Dweck對前三段提到的研究持什么態(tài)度。從該段中的Thisstudyismonumental“該

研究是意義重大的”可看出CarolDweck對該研究的態(tài)度是積極的，故B項(xiàng)為正

確答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

9.AccordingtoParagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofgirls?

A.Girlsreceivemoreprocesspraisethanboys.

B.Mostparentsareusuallyprejudicedagainstgirls.

C.Girlsreceivelessprocesspraisethanboys.

D.Theself-esteemissueisuncommonamonggirls.

正確答案：C

解析：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第五段。該段①句就提到表揚(yáng)對男孩和女孩的

影響存在差異，②句對比了兩者受到的processpraise數(shù)量上的差異，從兩個百

分比數(shù)字（24%和10%）可以看出，女孩受到的行為表揚(yáng)數(shù)量要低于男孩所受到的

行為表揚(yáng)數(shù)量，故C項(xiàng)為正確答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

10.Bysaying“Notallpraise,itseems,isequal”,theauthorimpliesthat.

A.thereisabetterwaytopraisechildren

B.inequalityisverycommoninoursociety

C.parentsshouldencourageandpraisemore

D.girlsshouldbegivenmoreprocesspraise

正確答案：A

解析：題干中的直接引語為全文的最后一句。統(tǒng)觀全文，可知文章主要講的

是不同的表揚(yáng)類型（本文重點(diǎn)在對比processpraise及personpraise）對孩子會產(chǎn)生

不同的影響，所以作者說“似乎不是所有表揚(yáng)都是平等的"，結(jié)合文章的寫作意

圖，不難看出本文是想表明表揚(yáng)孩子的方式有差異，存在優(yōu)劣，故A項(xiàng)為正確

答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoeSix-Pack,JoethePlumberandJoe

Biden?Oneisvicepresident;theothertwoarenot.Why?Theanswerdependsona

hostofinteractivevariablesthatmustbefactoredintoanyequationofsuccess:genes,

parents,brothersandsisters,peers,teachers,practice,drive,culture,timing,legacy

andluck.Therubforthescientistisdeterminingthepercentageofinfluenceofeach

variableanditsinteractions,whichrequiressophisticatedstatisticalmodels.

Journalists,whoareunrestrictedbyresearchterms,veryquicklyproducelarge

quantitiesofself-helpbooksthatfocusonselectvariablesthatinterestthem.Fewdo

sobetterthanMalcolmGladwell,andinhisbookOutliers:TheStoryofSuccess,the

NewYorkerwriterclaimsthatsuccessfulpeoplearenot“self-made“butinstead“are

invariablythebeneficiariesofhiddenadvantagesandextraordinaryopportunitiesand

culturallegaciesthatallowthemtolearnandworkhardandmakesenseoftheworld

inwaysotherscannot.^^BillGates,forexample,maybesmart,butGladwell

preferstoemphasizethefactthatGates9swealthyparentssenthimtoaprivateschool

thathadacomputerclubwithateletypetime-sharingterminalwithadirectlinktoa

mainframecomputerinSeattle,andin1968thiswasveryunusual.Hisgoodfortune

tobeborninthemid-1950salsomeantthatGatescameofagewhenthecomputer

industrywasreadytohavesomeoneofhisexperiencestartasoftwarecompany.

Similarly,Gladwellsays,Mozart'sfatherwasacomposerwhomentoredtheyoung

Wolfgangintogreatnessfromagesixuntilhisearly20s,whenhiscompositions

changedfrompleasantlymelodiousintomasterful.TheBeatles7luckybreakcamein

Hamburg,Germany,wheretheywereabletologinmorethan1,200live

performancesandtherebymeetthewell-known10,000-hourruleforperfectinga

profession.Asianwonderchildrenaretheproductof“thetraditionofwet-rice

agricultu^e^^thatmustbepracticedyear-roundandthatrequires“thehighestemphasis

oneffortandhardwork,“andthat'swhytheystudyallsummerwhileAmerican

studentsgotothemall.Suchgeniuses,Gladwellsays,“areproductsofhistory

andcommunity,ofopportunityandlegacy.Theirsuccessisnotexceptionalor

mysterious.Itisgroundedinawebofadvantagesandinheritances,somedeserved,

somenot,someearned,somejustplainluckybutallcriticaltomakingthemwhothey

are.”

11.Byaskingtwoquestionsatthebeginningofthetext,theauthorintendsto

A.showdifferentachievementsofdifferentJoes

B?introducethecontributoryfactorsofsuccess

C.introduceastudyondeterminantsofsuccess

D.discussthedifficultyofsuccessfortheordinary

正確答案：B

解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞beginningofthetext定位到第一段。兩個問題即“喬

六包、水管工喬和喬?拜登有什么不同？”和“為什么會有不同？"，這里關(guān)鍵語義

落在后一句“Why?”，探究造成這一情況的原因，以此引出促成成功的各種變量，

B項(xiàng)的contributoryfactors“促成因素”對應(yīng)本段④句的Theanswerdependson…

variablesthatmustbefactoredinto???success,這里的answer即是對why的回答，

故B項(xiàng)為答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

12.AccordingtoParagraph2,Gladwellbelievesthat.

A.journalistsabidebyresearchresultaccurately

B?manyexternalfactorscontributetosuccess

C.journalistsareinterestedinself-helpbooks

D.peoplesucceedthroughtheirownefforts

正確答案：B

解析：根據(jù)題干中的Gladwell可定位到第二段②句。該句首先提到Malcolm

Gladwell,句子后半部分的theNewYorkerwriter是其代名詞，文中的claims對

應(yīng)題目的believes,表示Gladwell相信成功人士并不是“僅靠自身努力而取得成

功的"(self-made),而是隱性優(yōu)勢、非凡機(jī)遇和文化傳承的受益者，B項(xiàng)“許多

外在因素促成成功”與原文的意思相符，故為答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

13.AccordingtoGladwell,whichofthefollowingistrueofGates?

A.Hisgreatsuccessisduetohisowntalent.

B.Hisbirthtimepartlycontributestohissuccess.

C.Hisinterestinsoftwaremadehimsucceed.

D.Heisfortunatetoreceiveunusualeducation.

正確答案：B

解析：根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Gates可定位到第三段。該段以比爾?蓋茨為例

說明第二段的觀點(diǎn)：成功人士是隱形優(yōu)勢、非凡機(jī)遇和文化傳承的受益者。其中

②句中的Hisgoodfortunetobeborninthemid-1950s說明他出生于一個恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r

機(jī)，B項(xiàng)所述與此對應(yīng)。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

14.WemaylearnfromParagraph4that.

A.geniusesworklessharderthantheordinary

B.musicians9successisduetotalentmostly

C.manyfactorshelpgeniusesbecomesuccessful

D.AsiansworklessharderthanAmericans

正確答案：C

解析?：根據(jù)題干可直接定位到第四段。該段依舊是列舉名人事例說明論點(diǎn)：

成功人士不是self-made。其中談到了莫扎特、披頭士和亞洲神童的成功。Gladwell

強(qiáng)調(diào)了莫扎特的作曲家(composer)父親(他一直輔導(dǎo)莫扎特到二十歲)、披頭士的

機(jī)遇(luckybreak)以及亞洲神童的努力和辛勤工作(effortandhardwork),C項(xiàng)“許

多因素促使天才獲得成功”與文意相吻合，故為答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

15.Thewebofadvantagesandinheritancesare.

A.thefoundationofsuccess

B.peculiartogeniuses

C.lessimportanttogeniuses

D.possessedbyeveryone

正確答案：A

解析：根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段。其中該段①句總結(jié)表明，天才是歷史和社

會、機(jī)遇和傳承的產(chǎn)物，③句進(jìn)一步闡述他們的成功建立在一張優(yōu)勢和傳承交織

的網(wǎng)上(groundedinawebofadvantagesandinheritances),所以這個網(wǎng)是成功的基

石(foundation),A項(xiàng)語義與此對應(yīng)，故為正確答案。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

“Ibelieveinequalityforeveryone,exceptreportersandphotographers,

MahatmaGandhioncesaid.Journalist-haterslikehimmightnotcareabouttheagony

ofAmerica'snewsfirms,butmanyAmericansdo.Nearlyathirdofthemsaythey

haveabandonedanewssourcebecausetheythoughtthequalityofitsinformationwas

declining.Accordingto“TheStateoftheNewsMedia2013”,areportbythe

ProjectforExcellenceinJournalismatthePewResearchCentre,thedeteriorating

financialstateofnewsorganizationshashurttheiroutput.Newspaperstaffshave

shrunkbyaround30%sincetheirpeakin1989,andnewspaperscollectivelynow

employfewerthan40,000full-timeprofessionals,thelowestnumbersincethe

mid-1970s.Americanswhothinkmediafirmsareputtingoutfeweroriginal,

thoughtfulstoriesareprobablyright.Weather,trafficandsportnowaccountfor

around40%oflocaltelevisionnewscasts.Theaveragelengthofastorykeepsfalling.

Only20%oflocalTVstoriesexceedaminute,andhalftakelessthan30seconds.

Oncable-newschannels,livereports,whichrequirecameracrewsandjournalists

actuallytoshowupsomewhere,havefallenbyathirdindaytimeprogramsinthepast

fiveyears.Interviewsegments,whicharecheap,haverisen.Americansmayalso

prefertalkingheadsbecausetheyincreasinglyprefertohearopinionratherthanfact.

ThistrendishighlightedbythepopularityofFox,aconservativenewsnetwork,and

ofMSNBC,itsleft-leaningcounterpart.CNN,whichtendstotoethemiddleline,

continuestostrugglewithitsratingsunlessthereisabignewsevent.Whereis

thegoodnews?LastyearlocalTVstations,especiallythoseinswingstateslike

FloridaandOhio,gotawelcomeboostfromthe$3billionspentonTVadvertising

duringtheelection.Andnewspapersarenowstartinginlargenumberstodemand

paymentfortheirdigitalcontent.PewreckonsthataroundathirdofAmerica's1,380

dailieshavestarted(orwillsoonlaunch)paywalls,inspiredbythesuccessoftheNew

YorkTimes,where640,000subscribersgetthedigitaleditionandcirculationnow

accountsforalargerportionofrevenuesthanadvertising.Boostingcirculation

revenuewillhelpstemlossesfromprintadvertising,sinceithasbecomeclearthat

digitaladvertisingwillnotbeenough.Forevery$16lostinprintadvertisinglastyear,

newspapersmadeonlyaround$1fromdigitalads.Thebulkofthe$37.3billionspent

ondigitaladvertisingin2012wenttofivefirms:Google,Yahoo,Facebook,Microsoft

andAOL.NotmuchGandhianequalitythere.

16.Thedeclineofnewspapers9informationqualityismainlycausedby.

A.financialdownturnofnewsgroups

B?ashortageoftalentedstaffs

C.decreaseinnewspaperreaders

D.increasingnumberofjournalist-haters

正確答案：A

解析：題干提及的“報紙信息質(zhì)量下降”首先出現(xiàn)在第一段末句。而第二段

①句末的hurttheiroutput與此對應(yīng)。該句講述造成該現(xiàn)象的原因是the

deterioratingfinancialstateofnewsorganizations”新聞機(jī)構(gòu)不斷惡化的財政狀況”，

A項(xiàng)所述與此對應(yīng)，故為答案。也許有同學(xué)不理解deteriorating“惡化的”一詞，

但根據(jù)全文上下的語境，至少能判斷出這是一個貶義詞，因而可推測原因是由于

報業(yè)集團(tuán)不好的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況造成，也能選出A項(xiàng)。知識模塊：閱讀A節(jié)

17.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofcable-news

channels?

A.Livereports