資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)系列講座海岸帶資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)問(wèn)題與海岸管理資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)問(wèn)題?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)?資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)?非資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)?自然資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)海洋資源?海岸帶資源系統(tǒng)海岸帶資源系統(tǒng)循環(huán)資源再生資源耗竭性資源土地資源灘涂資源旅游資源潮汐能資源森林資源海藻資源魚類資源油氣資源礦產(chǎn)資源近海陸地潮間帶近岸水域海岸帶空間系統(tǒng)海洋資源海岸地區(qū)使用其它地區(qū)使用海濱土地資源海洋旅游資源海洋生物資源海洋能源海底礦產(chǎn)資源海洋空間資源海洋循環(huán)資源海濱可再生資源海洋可耗竭資源資源的特點(diǎn)可變性復(fù)雜性不可確定性矛盾性多用途性海洋資源問(wèn)題?不均衡性多用途性復(fù)雜性海洋產(chǎn)業(yè)?相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)間的關(guān)系協(xié)同的（synergistic）旅游業(yè)和賓館業(yè)、港口和臨海工業(yè)互補(bǔ)的（complementary）養(yǎng)殖業(yè)和海產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)、捕撈和造船競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的（Competitive）捕撈和養(yǎng)殖對(duì)抗的（Antagonistic）港口和旅游、房地產(chǎn)和生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)Problems市場(chǎng)失敗（海南三亞蝦池案例）政策失敗信息失敗Whatisexternality?PositiveexternalityNegativeexternalitySpatialTemporalHowexternalitiesandvaluationaffectdecisionmaking

(anexamplefromamangroveforest)LocationofgoodsandservicesOn-siteOff-siteMarketedUsuallyincludedinaneconomicanalysis(e.g.,poles,charcoal,woodchips,mangrovecrabs)Maybeincluded(e.g.,fishorshellfishcaughtinadjacentwaters)Non-marketedSeldomincluded(e.g.,medicinalusesofmangrove,domesticfuelwood,foodintimesoffamine,nurseryareaforjuvenilefish,feedinggroundforestuarinefishandshrimp,viewingandstudyingwildlife)Usuallyignored(e.g.,nutrientflowstoestuaries,buffertostormdamage)ValuationofgoodsandservicesCasestudy:ChangeinProduction-PALAWANBacuitBaySouthChinaSeaPALAWANEINidoManlagriverCoralreefLoggingconcessionDrainagebasinDivingresort5kmNProblems市場(chǎng)失敗政策失敗信息失敗Who?ManagementsectorsCommunitiesPrivatesectorsScientistsTrainers海岸部分產(chǎn)業(yè)、活動(dòng)與管理部門

沿岸陸地近岸水域農(nóng)、漁業(yè)沿岸農(nóng)用地，沿岸養(yǎng)殖業(yè)

近岸養(yǎng)殖、捕撈業(yè)海洋部門海域相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)和問(wèn)題環(huán)保部門陸域污染，保護(hù)區(qū)海域污染，保護(hù)區(qū)船監(jiān)船舶管理船舶管理工業(yè)部門臨海工業(yè)

旅游部門海濱旅游海濱旅游、游輪林業(yè)部門防護(hù)林，保護(hù)區(qū)

交通部門港口航道水利部門工、農(nóng)業(yè)用水、生活用水，水利工程

能源部門沿岸輸電，沿岸風(fēng)能開(kāi)發(fā)海洋能利用礦業(yè)部門沿岸礦業(yè)海底礦產(chǎn)執(zhí)法部門沿岸執(zhí)法海上執(zhí)法城建生活污水處理污水入海防疫部門地下水的使用

社區(qū)對(duì)一些傳統(tǒng)的行業(yè)和行為的管理

Where?向海

向陸平均低潮線或平均高潮線距潮基線一定距離以行政區(qū)劃為界以海洋國(guó)土為界（通常距海岸基線3和12海哩）大陸架邊緣專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)（EEZ）距潮基線一定距離（如距低潮線200米）哥斯達(dá)黎加（MLT）斯里蘭卡巴西以色列加里福尼亞（從1972到1976）西班牙大堡礁海洋公園斯里蘭卡荷蘭瑞士?jī)?nèi)陸地方政府的行政區(qū)劃西澳大利亞（MHT）

華盛頓（計(jì)劃中）

對(duì)海洋有負(fù)影響可能的內(nèi)陸邊界

美國(guó)海岸一體化管理行動(dòng)加里福尼亞（從1976年起）

對(duì)海洋有氣候影響的內(nèi)陸邊界

UNCLOS規(guī)定的各海域范圍200NauticalMilesExclusiveEconomicZone12A12BMainlandA:TerritorialSeaB:ContiguousZoneHighSeaContinentalShelfDeepSeaContinentalSlopeContinentalRiseWhen?Pro-actionInter-actionRe-actionHow?Globallevel——UNCLOSRegionallevel——AgreementNationallevel——NationalLaw,AgendaLocallevel——Regulations,InstitutionalapproachesCommunitylevel——ConventionIndividuallevel——TrainingandEducation信息流資金流資金研究確定問(wèn)題分析設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃設(shè)置操作、保持執(zhí)行監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)估運(yùn)作設(shè)計(jì)一體化管理框架預(yù)警系統(tǒng)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)ICMSystem資源管理計(jì)劃行動(dòng)計(jì)劃和內(nèi)容需求經(jīng)濟(jì)行為產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)資源利用資金排污和居群變化矛盾激勵(lì)與機(jī)構(gòu)自然系統(tǒng)過(guò)程物理度量影響反饋政策節(jié)點(diǎn)分析海岸資源人力資源社會(huì)資源旅游業(yè)加工銷售消費(fèi)域外市場(chǎng)增加生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)初級(jí)生產(chǎn)減少經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)面源污染點(diǎn)源污染固廢生活污染海岸生態(tài)、環(huán)境退化增加健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)A1A2A4A3B1B2B3B4B’2B’3B’2B’3B’1監(jiān)測(cè)B’4交易成本問(wèn)：海里魚少了，是誰(shuí)的責(zé)任？科思定理均衡過(guò)程圖PDBP1A1科思定理均衡過(guò)程圖PDBP1A1A2P2D+交易成本結(jié)論：交易成本的存在，使得不同的產(chǎn)權(quán)配置會(huì)帶來(lái)不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)效率；污染者付費(fèi)有利于降低交易成本，有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)資源的合理配置。PPP原則交易成本概念誤導(dǎo)戰(zhàn)略問(wèn)：海里魚少了，工廠應(yīng)賠多少？Casestudy1:ChangeinProduction-PALAWANPalawan–Anapplicationofthechangeinproductionapproachwithunidirectionalexternalities3maingroups:LoggersTraditionalfishermenResortoperators/scubadiversCasestudy1:ChangeinProduction-PALAWANBacuitBaySouthChinaSeaPALAWANEINidoManlagriverCoralreefLoggingconcessionDrainagebasinDivingresort5kmNCasestudy1:ChangeinProduction-PALAWANforestTotalerosionamountCasestudy1:ChangeinProduction-PALAWANTheeconomicanalysis:GenerationofGrossRevenuesLoggingFisheriesTourismassumptionsrevenueinformationeasiertoobtainthancostdata(secondbestsolution)EvenimperfectinformationcanpromptbetterdisclosureandincreasedprovisionofdataCasestudy1:ChangeinProduction-PALAWANCasestudy1:ChangeinProduction-PALAWANCrossrevenuesover10years(millions$)Option1Option2GrossrevenueNologgingContinuedloggingOption1-2TourismFisheriesLogging47.428.108.212.812.939.215.3-12.975.533.941.6Presentvalueat10%D.R.NologgingContinuedloggingOption1-2TourismFisheriesLogging25.517.206.39.19.819.28.1-9.842.725.217.5Casestudy2:HedonicValuationHedonicvaluationapproaches:UseinformationonobservedbehaviortoestimateWTP(willingnesstopay)foranenvironmentalamenity(aneconomic‘good’)ordisamenity(aneconomic‘bad’)RequiresinformationontransactionsanddifferencesinenvironmentalqualityOftenappliedtohousing,hotelroomsorotherlocationaldecisions(e.g.wagesanda‘sunshinetax’)Casestudy2:HedonicValuation–TwoExamplesFlatsandhotelroompricinginresorts(e.g.onthebeachinHainan)Pricevarieswithfloor(higherfloorsaremoreexpensive)PricevarieswithviewOceanview‘gardenview’…usuallytheparkinglot,maybethemountains!Pricevarywithseason:Highseason/LowseasonOr,asinCostaRica,highseasonandthe‘green’season’(e.g.rain)Casestudy2:HedonicValuation–TwoExamplesProcingoffacultyflatsatauni9versityinChina6storeybuilding,nolift,oneflatperfloor,roofleaks.Whatisthemonthlyrentalperflat?Ifgroundfloorrentsfor100permonth,whatarethemonthlyrentsforthefollowingfloors?Floor2________Floor3________Floor4________Floor5________Floor6(top)_______所謂資源，特別是自然資源，是指在一定時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的條件能夠產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值，以提高人類當(dāng)前和未來(lái)福利的自然環(huán)境因素和條件。UNEP自然資源是自然界中可被利用來(lái)為人類提供福利的自然物質(zhì)和能量的總稱。

《自然資源學(xué)導(dǎo)論》三層含義存在于自然界資源的價(jià)值特征資源的物質(zhì)性海岸資源的類型生物資源土地資源礦產(chǎn)資源能源空間資源化學(xué)資源水資源其它資源的分類可耗竭資源可回收的可耗竭資源不可回收的可耗竭資源可再生資源可再生商品性資源可再生公共物品資源恒生資源資源的特點(diǎn)可變性復(fù)雜性不可確定性矛盾性多用途性資源的可變性過(guò)度開(kāi)采、使用人口的增長(zhǎng)不公平地資源支配權(quán)MaineconomicactivitiesalongtheJiangsucoastalzoneAgriculture(includingfishery)IndustryPortdevelopmentTourismTotalnitrogenTotalPhosphateCODdischargesfromthethreecitiesSurfacewaterquality(LianyungangCity)連云港市地表水和近海水域污染生產(chǎn)損失（1996－2000）15.913.82.2LossesofthewaterpollutionCost/benefitanalysis–environmentalprotectionsector連云港環(huán)保投入和環(huán)境污染損失占GDP的比重（1996-2000）16.4%8.8%10.6%0.93%1.93%PressuresoncoastalwaterqualitiesHumanactivities’impactsoncoastalwaterqualityLandbasedpollutionwaterbasedpollutionIndirectlydischargenoneFromdrainpipeFisherypondDirectlydischargeHa.Pollution/ha.Humanactivities’impactsoncoastalwaterqualityLandbasedpollutionwaterbasedpollutionDirectlydischargeIndirectlydischargeFromdrainpipeFisherypondPressuresoncoastalwaterqualitiesIndustrialdischargeagricultureSewage#offactoriesAveragepollution/factoryHumanactivities’impactsoncoastalwaterqualityLandbasedpollutionwaterbasedpollutionDirectlydischargeIndirectlydischargePressuresoncoastalwaterqualitiesCultivatedareaPollution/ha.Chemicaluse/ha.TheEfficiencyofchemicalfertilizerAquaculturepollutionHumanactivities’impactsoncoastalwaterqualityLandbasedpollutionwaterbasedpollutionDirectlydischargeIndirectlydischargePressuresoncoastalwaterqualitiesIndustrialdischargeagricultureSewageSewage/personPopulationNatureofthewasteHumanactivities’impactsoncoastalwaterqualityLandbasedpollutionwaterbasedpollutionDirectlydischargeIndirectlydischargePressuresoncoastalwaterqualitiesIndustrialdischargeagricultureSewageCity生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量（萬(wàn)噸）日人均產(chǎn)生量（公斤/人?天）生活垃圾處理量（萬(wàn)噸）無(wú)害化處理率（%）連云港19.520.1219.52100鹽城18.740.0718.74100南通26.290.0920.9979.84合計(jì)64.550.0959.2589.9#ofvesselsPollution/vesselWastedischargeWastedischarge/person#ofpeopleonboardVesselpollutionCargoHumanactivities’impactsoncoastalwaterqualityLandbasedpollutionwaterbasedpollutionDirectlydischargeIndirectlydischargePressuresoncoastalwaterqualitiesLoadingefficiencyNatureHumanactivities’impactsoncoastalwaterqualityLandbasedpollutionwaterbasedpollutionDirectlydischargeIndirectlydischargePressuresoncoastalwaterqualities#ofvesselsPollution/vesselVesselpollutionWastedischargeCargoEngineFuelqualityPaintHumanactivities’impactsoncoastalwaterqualityLandbasedpollutionwaterbasedpollutionDirectlydischargeIndirectlydischargePressuresoncoastalwaterqualitiesPollution/vesselVesselpollutionWastedischargeCargo#ofvesselsMainstressesexistAgriculturepollutionLivestock,chemicalfertilizerResidentialsewagedischargeWastewatertreatmentfacilitiesMarineaquacultureFlowingpollutionsources(vessels)StructureofindustrydevelopmentMainChallengesRationalePolicyGuidelinesActionplan海域污染控制層次污染源控制策略工業(yè)污染源控制城市生活污水控制陸地非點(diǎn)源控制污水資源化利用海上流動(dòng)污染源控制重大涉海污染事故控制養(yǎng)殖排污控制綠色消費(fèi)生態(tài)恢復(fù)策略環(huán)境管理策略AvailablepoliciesandapproachesFundamentalchanges:GoalchangesStructurechanges:RestructuredifferentdevelopmentsectorsBehaviorchanges:demonstration&educationDirectlymanaging工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，數(shù)量限制，周圍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，禁止/庇護(hù)Incentiveapproaches排污收費(fèi)，消耗收費(fèi)，產(chǎn)品收費(fèi)，押金退款，許可權(quán)交易，信息系統(tǒng)Otherapproaches保證款，嚴(yán)格責(zé)任，指派/強(qiáng)制權(quán)利，公約NaturalR.HumanR.SocialR.TourismIndustrySellingconsumptionOff-sitemarketIncreasingeco-riskPrimaryP.ReducingeconomicopportunitiesNon-pointPointSolidW.Non-pointDegradationofcoastalsystemIncreasinghealth-riskA1A2A4A3B1B2B3B4B’2B’3B’2B’3B’1monitoringB’4政策節(jié)點(diǎn)分析海岸資源人力資源社會(huì)資源旅游業(yè)加工銷售消費(fèi)域外市場(chǎng)增加生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)初級(jí)生產(chǎn)減少經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)面源污染點(diǎn)源污染固廢生活污染海岸生態(tài)、環(huán)境退化增加健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)A1A2A4A3B1B2B3B4B’2B’3B’2B’3B’1監(jiān)測(cè)B’4各節(jié)點(diǎn)的特點(diǎn)排放點(diǎn)：A1：初級(jí)生產(chǎn)者產(chǎn)生的排放（例如營(yíng)養(yǎng)徑流）A2：加工者/制造者產(chǎn)生的排放（例如廢物）A3：運(yùn)輸、銷售過(guò)程中、售后所產(chǎn)生的排放（例如商品包裝物）A4：消費(fèi)者產(chǎn)生的排放（例如家庭廢物，包裝）交換點(diǎn)：B1：輸入市場(chǎng)（例如餌料、化肥）B2：初級(jí)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)（例如水產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)）B3：銷售批發(fā)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)（例如深加工產(chǎn)品）B4：餐飲等各節(jié)點(diǎn)上的政策選擇在A類節(jié)點(diǎn)：特點(diǎn)：資源的浪費(fèi)，廢棄物排放問(wèn)題政策：排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，收費(fèi)，廢棄物回收B類節(jié)點(diǎn)：特點(diǎn)：商品的交換政策：市場(chǎng)規(guī)則，產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，產(chǎn)品準(zhǔn)入，數(shù)量限制等。政策選擇決定因子政策目標(biāo)、手段養(yǎng)殖面積總量控制監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)綠色商標(biāo)養(yǎng)殖單位面積污染建立養(yǎng)殖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)立排放