高級(jí)中學(xué)名校試題PAGEPAGE1吉林省東北三省教育教學(xué)聯(lián)合體2024-2025學(xué)年高三下學(xué)期3月聯(lián)合模擬預(yù)測(cè)英語試題一、聽力(略)二、閱讀理解(2.5分，50分)AFranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialgroup’shistoryandenvironment.Typically,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,whilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.Oursocialinstincts(本能)includetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshapeourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregenerally,socialinstinctsmotivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportantforself-care.Ourbrainsusethesystemtoacquirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgatheringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssavetime,energyandsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.Welearntotellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandparentevenwhenitisinconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgetalong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Henceself-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsself-control,justasitboostsproblem-solvingskillsinthesocialaswellasthephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyunobviousways.1.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheformingoftheInuit’smoralcode?A.Livingconditionswerethedrive. B.Unwrittenruleswerethetarget.C.Socialtraditionwasthebasis. D.Honestywasthekey.2.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Inconveniencesarethecauseoftellinglies. B.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control. D.Writtenlawshavegreatinfluenceonvirtues.3.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.Virtues:BridgesAcrossCultures B.TheValuesofSelf-disciplineC.Brains:WallsAgainstChaos D.TheRootsofMorality【答案】1.C2.B3.D【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機(jī)制中?！?題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.(在這里，規(guī)范是不成文的，很少明確表達(dá)，但被很好地理解和銘記。不贊成不誠(chéng)實(shí)和暴力行為；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、婚姻以及與其他群體的互動(dòng)都受到傳統(tǒng)的松散控制。沖突往往通過音樂斗爭(zhēng)來解決。因?yàn)閼嵟臓?zhēng)論會(huì)導(dǎo)致混亂，所以強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。在無情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因紐特人對(duì)待道德的務(wù)實(shí)態(tài)度很有道理)”可知，因紐特人的生活中，規(guī)范是不成文的，因紐特人的道德準(zhǔn)則是以社會(huì)傳統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.(這些普遍規(guī)范遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它們植根于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們學(xué)習(xí)和解決問題的共同機(jī)制)”可知，普遍的道德規(guī)范植根于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們學(xué)習(xí)和解決問題的共同機(jī)制，即人類的基本需求導(dǎo)致普遍的道德規(guī)范形成。故選B項(xiàng)。【3題詳析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“FranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.(弗朗茲·博厄斯對(duì)19世紀(jì)因紐特人生活的描述說明了早期人類可能的道德準(zhǔn)則)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文圍繞人類道德規(guī)范的起源進(jìn)行討論，主要介紹了早期人類道德準(zhǔn)則的形成過程及其如何根植于人類基本需求及共同的社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)和問題解決機(jī)制中，所以“道德的起源”適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。BWhenIwasachildIwasoftentoldwhatnottoeat.“Youdon’twanttogetfat”wasonconstantrepeatthroughoutmychildhood.Itreallymessedupmyrelationshipwithfood—somethingthattookmeyearstoovercome.Becauseofthis,I’mcarefulnottoconnectwhatmykidsweighwiththeirworthaspeople.Iencouragemydaughtertomakehealthysnackchoicesandoftendissuade(勸阻)herfromaseconddessert.ButonedaywhenIheardhersaying“IthinkI’mtoofat,”myheartsank.Itmademewonderifgivingheradviceonsnackswashavinganunintentionallynegativeimpact.AccordingtoCharlotteMarkey,aprofessorofpsychology,foodisoneoftheraresubjectswhere,asparents,sayinglessismore.“Therearesomanythingsinparentingthataregoodtotalkthrough,butI’mnotconvincedthatfoodisoneofthem,”shesays.“Itjustcreatessomeworriesandinsecuritiesinkidsthataren’tnecessarilyhealthy.”Instead,sherecommendsapplyingawell-knownconceptamongnutritionexpertscalledthe“DivisionofResponsibility,”whereparentsprovideavarietyofmostlyhealthyfoodstotheirkidsatfixedtimes,andthekidsthemselvesdecidewhatandhowmuchtheywanttoconsume—evenifthatmeansoccasionallyeatingmorecookiesthancarrots.Allowingkidstoeatwhattheywantalsoexposesthemtothenaturalconsequencesoftheirdecisions.“Whenyourchildsays,‘Mystomachhurts,’youcansay,‘Wellyouhadalotofsugaryfoodsandyoumightfeelbetterifyoumadesomeotherchoices,’”saysMarkey.“Letthemfeelliketheyhavesomecontroloverit.”I’vebeentryingoutthesestrategiesandI’vefoundthatwhenI’mlessrestrictive,theydomakebetterdecisions.“Feedingisalonggame,”saysMarkey.“Thefoodyouhaveavailablemakesahugedifference.Eveniftheydon’teatit,they’reseeingit.Andthenallofasuddenitclicks.”4.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheauthorfromthefirstparagraph?A.Sheisupsetbyherkids’weight. B.Sheiscriticalofthewayshewasfed.C.Sheisinterestedinmakingfood. D.Sheisparticularaboutwhatsheeats.5.WhichofthefollowingwouldMarkeydisapproveof?A.Allowingkidstoeatcookiesoccasionally. B.Offeringvariousfoodstokidsatfixedtimes.C.Explainingtokidstherisksoftakingsnacks. D.Talkingwithkidsaboutschoolatmealtimes.6.Whatshouldkidsdoaccordingtothe“DivisionofResponsibility”?A.Makedietdecisionsontheirown. B.Sharetheirfoodwithotherkids.C.Eatupwhatisprovidedforthem. D.Helptheirparentsdothedishes.7.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthestrategiesshehasbeenfollowing?A.Costly. B.Complex.C.Workable. D.Contradictory.【答案】4.B5.C6.A7.C【語篇解讀】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者自己因童年時(shí)被灌輸飲食觀念而影響了與食物的關(guān)系，心理學(xué)家建議家長(zhǎng)在飲食上少干預(yù)，作者嘗試策略后發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子能做更好的飲食決策?！?題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“WhenIwasachildIwasoftentoldwhatnottoeat.‘Youdon’twanttogetfat’wasonconstantrepeatthroughoutmychildhood.Itreallymessedupmyrelationshipwithfood—somethingthattookmeyearstoovercome.(當(dāng)我還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，我經(jīng)常被告知什么不能吃?！澳悴幌胱兣帧边@句話在我整個(gè)童年時(shí)期不斷重復(fù)。這真的搞砸了我與食物的關(guān)系——這是我花了多年時(shí)間才克服的問題)”可知，作者童年時(shí)被灌輸?shù)娘嬍秤^念對(duì)其產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響，由此可推斷出，作者對(duì)自己童年時(shí)被喂養(yǎng)的方式持批判態(tài)度。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“AccordingtoCharlotteMarkey,aprofessorofpsychology,foodisoneoftheraresubjectswhere,asparents,sayinglessismore.‘Therearesomanythingsinparentingthataregoodtotalkthrough,butI’mnotconvincedthatfoodisoneofthem,’shesays.‘Itjustcreatessomeworriesandinsecuritiesinkidsthataren’tnecessarilyhealthy.’(根據(jù)心理學(xué)教授夏洛特·馬基的說法，食物是為數(shù)不多的家長(zhǎng)說得少反而更好的話題之一?！霸谟齼悍矫?，有很多事情值得深入討論，但我不認(rèn)為食物是其中之一，”她說。“這只會(huì)給孩子們帶來一些不必要的擔(dān)憂和不安全感，這并不健康?！?”可知，馬基不贊成家長(zhǎng)和孩子過多談?wù)撌澄锵嚓P(guān)的話題，而向孩子解釋吃零食的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)屬于談?wù)撌澄锏脑掝}，所以馬基不會(huì)贊成。故選C項(xiàng)。【6題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Instead,sherecommendsapplyingawellknownconceptamongnutritionexpertscalledthe‘DivisionofResponsibility,’whereparentsprovideavarietyofmostlyhealthyfoodstotheirkidsatfixedtimes,andthekidsthemselvesdecidewhatandhowmuchtheywanttoconsume—evenifthatmeansoccasionallyeatingmorecookiesthancarrots.(相反，她建議應(yīng)用營(yíng)養(yǎng)專家中一個(gè)著名的概念，即‘責(zé)任劃分’，在這個(gè)概念中，家長(zhǎng)在固定的時(shí)間為孩子提供各種主要是健康的食物，而孩子自己決定想吃什么和吃多少——即使這意味著偶爾吃的餅干比胡蘿卜多)”可知，根據(jù)“責(zé)任劃分”，孩子應(yīng)該自己做飲食決策。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“I’vebeentryingoutthesestrategiesandI’vefoundthatwhenI’mlessrestrictive,theydomakebetterdecisions.(我一直在嘗試這些策略，我發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)我不那么嚴(yán)格限制時(shí)，他們確實(shí)會(huì)做出更好的決策)”可知，孩子們確實(shí)會(huì)做出更好的決策，所以作者會(huì)認(rèn)為自己所遵循的策略是可行的。故選C項(xiàng)。CAnoveldesignapproachtogardeninghasbeengaininginpopularityworldwide.Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning.Eschewingfertilizers(化肥)andpowertools,it’sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.TheconceptwasbornwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarIIinareproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.Plannerscreatedplantingmixesthatcouldbeusedmodularly(模塊化).Inamatrixgarden,plantswithsimilarculturalneedsaregroupedsothattheywillgrowtogetheraboveandbelowground,formingacooperativeecosystemthatconserveswateranddiscouragesweeds.DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolf’sgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstotheplantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfour-seasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.Beautifulyear-round,theyinviteyoutoenjoythesmallestdetail,fromthesoundofgrassesinthegentlewindtothesculptureofodd-lookingseedheads.Ittakesalotofthoughttolookthisnatural.Whilematrixgardensappearwild,theyarecarefullyplanned,withculturalneedsthefirstconsideration.Ledbytheconceptof“rightplant,rightplace,”theymatchplantsthatenjoythesamesoil,sunandweatherconditions,andarrangethemaccordingtotheirpatternsofgrowth.Thebenefitsaresubstantialforbothgardenerandplanet.Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,thegarden’secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemostgardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.Comparedtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.8.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Eschewing”inthefirstparagraphmean?A.Runningoutof. B.Keepingawayfrom.C.Puttingupwith. D.Takingadvantageof.9.Whywastheideaofmatrixplantingintroduced?A.Tocontrolweedsinlargegardens. B.Tobringinforeignspeciesofplants.C.Toconservesoilandwaterresources. D.Todeveloplow-maintenanceparkland.10.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesPietOudolf’sgardens?A.Traditional. B.Odd-looking.C.Tasteful. D.Well-protected.11.Whichofthefollowingcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ThefutureofgardeningisWILD. B.NaturetreatsalllivesasEQUALS.C.MatrixgardensneedmoreCARE. D.OldgardenplotsworkWONDERS.【答案】8.B9.D10.C11.A【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一種新型園藝設(shè)計(jì)方法——矩陣種植?！?題詳析】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文“Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning.(這種被稱為矩陣種植的方法旨在讓大自然在花園中承擔(dān)更多繁重的工作，甚至承擔(dān)一些設(shè)計(jì)工作)”可知，矩陣種植是讓大自然自身承接更多的工作；結(jié)合常識(shí)和劃線詞所在句“Eschewingfertilizers(化肥)andpowertools,it’sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.(Eschewing化肥和電動(dòng)工具，它基于一個(gè)極其簡(jiǎn)單的原則：更像大自然那樣進(jìn)行園藝種植)”中“togardenmorelikenaturedoes”可推知，要像大自然那樣進(jìn)行園藝種植，讓大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和電動(dòng)工具。所以劃線詞“Eschewing”的意思是“避開、遠(yuǎn)離”，與“Keepingawayfrom.”同義。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“TheconceptwasbornwhenGermancityplannerssoughttoplantlargeareasofparklandafterWorldWarIIinareproduciblewaythatwouldneedminimalmaintenance.(這個(gè)概念誕生于二戰(zhàn)后，當(dāng)時(shí)德國(guó)城市規(guī)劃者試圖以一種可復(fù)制且需要最少維護(hù)的方式種植大片公園綠地)”可知，引入矩陣種植的想法是為了開發(fā)低維護(hù)成本的公園綠地。故選D項(xiàng)。【10題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“DutchplantsmananddesignerPietOudolf’sgardenspopularizedthisstyle,addingartisticflavorstotheplantingmixeswhileplayingwithcolorandform,includingfourseasoninterestandservingtheneedsofwildlife.(荷蘭植物學(xué)家兼設(shè)計(jì)師PietOudolf的花園推廣了這種風(fēng)格，在種植組合中增添了藝術(shù)氣息，同時(shí)玩轉(zhuǎn)色彩和形態(tài)，四季都有看點(diǎn)，還滿足了野生動(dòng)物的需求)”可知，PietOudolf的花園有藝術(shù)氣息，很有品味。故選C項(xiàng)?！?1題詳析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，根據(jù)第一段中“Referredtoasmatrixplanting,thisapproachaimsfornaturetodoalotmoreoftheheavyliftinginthegarden,andevensomeofthedesigning.Eschewingfertilizers(化肥)andpowertools,it’sbasedonanelegantlysimpleprinciple:togardenmorelikenaturedoes.(這種被稱為矩陣種植的方法旨在讓大自然在花園中承擔(dān)更多繁重的工作，甚至承擔(dān)一些設(shè)計(jì)工作。它避開化肥和電動(dòng)工具，基于一個(gè)極其簡(jiǎn)單的原則：更像大自然那樣進(jìn)行園藝種植)”和最后一段中“Withhumaninputsdramaticallyreduced,thegarden’secologycandevelopwell.Establishedmatrixgardensshouldnotneedthelifesupportwegivemostgardens:fertilizer,dividing,regularwatering.Comparedtotraditionalgardenplots,theyincreasecarbonabsorption,reducestormwaterrunoffandboosthabitatandbiodiversitysignificantly.(隨著人類投入的大幅減少，花園的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以良好發(fā)展。成熟的矩陣花園不需要我們給予大多數(shù)花園的維持手段：化肥、分株、定期澆水。與傳統(tǒng)花園地塊相比，它們?cè)黾恿颂嘉?，減少了雨水徑流，并顯著改善了棲息地和生物多樣性)”可知，文章主要介紹了矩陣種植這種新型園藝設(shè)計(jì)方法，它讓花園更接近自然、野生的狀態(tài)，未來園藝可能會(huì)朝著這種更自然、野生的方向發(fā)展。故A項(xiàng)“ThefutureofgardeningisWILD(園藝的未來是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，適合做文章標(biāo)題。故選A項(xiàng)。DAsnewtechnologiestakeonincreasinglyhumanlikequalities,there’sbeenapushtomakethemgenderless.“Peoplearestereotyping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways,”saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.YetasMartinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneofthefundamentalwayspeopleformconnectionswithobjects,particularlythosedesignedwithhumancharacteristics.Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantandaself-drivingcarknownas“Miuu.”Itwasfoundthatgenderincreasedusers’feelingsofattachmenttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurchasingthem.Forexample,participantssaidtheywouldbelesslikelytobuyagenderlessvoiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemalevoices.Whilegenderingaproductmaybegoodmarketing,itmayalsostrengthenoutdatedorharmfulideasaboutpowerandidentity.Thestereotypescommonlyassociatedwithmen,suchascompetitivenessanddominance,aremorevaluedthanthoseassociatedwithwomen.Thesequalities,inturn,aremappedontoproductsthathavebeenassignedagender.Martin’sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobject’snamewasmeanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit—theywouldassumeMiuuwasa“he”or“she.”Martinseesasilverlining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism(擬人化)“providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes.”Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadershiplikerunningcompanies,itreducesnegativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeonstereotype-inconsistentroles—amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelpsdocalculations,forinstance.12.Whatisthepurposeofmakingnewtechnologiesgenderless?A.Toreducestereotypes. B.Tomeetpublicdemand.C.Tocutproductioncosts. D.Toencouragecompetition.13.Whatweretheparticipantsprobablyaskedtodointhestudy?A.Designaproduct. B.Respondtoasurvey.C.Workasassistants. D.Takealanguagetest.14.Whyisitdifficulttocreategenderlessobjects?A.Theycannotbemass-produced. B.Namingthemisachallengingtask.C.Peopleassumetheyareunreliable. D.Genderisrootedinpeople’smind.15.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Thequalityofgenderlessproducts. B.Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.C.Themeaningofanthropomorphism. D.Thestereotypesofmenandwomen.【答案】12.A13.B14.D15.B【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。文章講述了新技術(shù)呈現(xiàn)人類特質(zhì)時(shí)人們?cè)噲D使其去性別化，但性別是人們與物體建立聯(lián)系的基本方式，且創(chuàng)造無性別物體很難，擬人化或能改變刻板印象。【12題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“‘Peoplearestereotyping(形成刻板印象)theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways,’saysAshleyMartin,aStanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikeasimplewaytofixthis.(斯坦福大學(xué)組織行為學(xué)副教授阿什利·馬丁說：“人們以非常傳統(tǒng)的方式對(duì)有性別的物品形成刻板印象?！蓖耆コ锲返男詣e似乎是解決這個(gè)問題的簡(jiǎn)單方法)”可知，人們對(duì)有性別的物品存在刻板印象，讓新技術(shù)無性別化的目的是減少這種刻板印象。故選A項(xiàng)?！?3題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Inherstudy,Martinaskedparticipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofadigitalvoiceassistantandaselfdrivingcarknownas‘Miuu.’(在她的研究中，馬丁讓參與者對(duì)數(shù)字語音助手和名為‘Miuu’的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的男性、女性和無性別版本的喜愛程度進(jìn)行評(píng)分)”可知，參與者被要求對(duì)不同版本的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，這類似于對(duì)調(diào)查做出回應(yīng)。故選B項(xiàng)?！?4題詳析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Martin’sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobject’snamewasmeanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit—theywouldassumeMiuuwasa‘he’or‘she.’(馬丁的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，創(chuàng)造無性別對(duì)象很困難。例如，如果一個(gè)物品的名字聽起來是無性別化的，比如Miuu，參與者仍然會(huì)給它賦予一個(gè)性別——他們會(huì)認(rèn)為Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因?yàn)樾詣e觀念根深蒂固在人們的腦海中，所以即使物品本身試圖設(shè)計(jì)成無性別，人們還是會(huì)賦予其性別，這導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)造無性別對(duì)象很困難。故選D項(xiàng)。【15題詳析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Martinseesasilverlining,however:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism(擬人化)‘providesanopportunitytochangestereotypes.’(然而，馬丁看到了一線希望：她認(rèn)為擬人化‘提供了改變刻板印象的機(jī)會(huì)’)”以及后文所舉的例子可知，最后一段主要講了賦予產(chǎn)品性別有積極的一面，即可以通過擬人化改變刻板印象。故選B項(xiàng)。EIfyouwanttodevelopmaximumcredibility(可信性),isitbettertobeahedgehog(刺猬)orafox?AccordingtoIsaiahBerlin,thehedgehogknowsonethingverywell,andthefoxknowsalotofthings.Isthereaclearadvantageofonestyleovertheother?Hedgehogthinkerstendtoansweryes.___16___Andtheyareusuallyverycredibleindoingso.AccordingtoJimHart,the“hedgehogconcept”isoneofthefactorsthatleadcompaniestogreatness.Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.Theyfigureoutwhattheyaregoodat.___17___Thehedgehogconceptmakesperfectsenseforcompanies.___18___PhilipTatehasstudiedthetrackrecordsofthosefolksontheSundaytalkshowswhomakepredictionsaboutwhatwillhappen.Hehasfoundthathedgehogsarenotonlywrongmoreoftenthanfoxes,butthattheyarelesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrongwheneventsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.Theadvantagethatfoxeshaveisthattheyaremorelikelytoseekoutnewinformationfromabroaderrangeofsources,andarecomfortablewithuncertaintyandnewinformation.___19___Theytrytoincludeitintheirviewpointratherthantoexcludeitfromtheirthinking.Theyalsohaveaclearerestimationofwhattheyknowanddon’tknow.So,whichisbetter?Thequestioncanbeansweredinafoxyhedgehogstyle.___20___Thechoicebetweenbeingahedgehogorafoxisafalsetrade-off.Themosteffectivewaytogothroughlifeistotrytobethatraremixtureknownasfoxyhedgehog.A.Inotherwords,thereareclearadvantagesforeach.B.Theyaremorelikelytorememberpeople’smistakes.C.Hence,theyhavetheadvantageofclarityandconfidence.D.Buttherecanbeadownsidetoconcentrationononebigthing.E.However,hedgehogsremainopentoothers’reactionsandinputs.F.Whensomethingiscontradictorytotheirview,theydon’ttreatitasexceptional.G.Theycomedownsquarelyononesideortheotherandfullysupporttheirposition.【答案】16.G17.C18.D19.F20.A【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了擁有“刺猬”型思維方式和“狐貍”型思維方式的兩類人對(duì)于個(gè)人和企業(yè)建立信譽(yù)度的優(yōu)劣勢(shì)?！?6題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Hedgehogthinkerstendtoansweryes.(擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人傾向于給出肯定的答案)”可知，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人傾向于給出肯定的答案，G項(xiàng)中They指代上文中的Hedgehog，G項(xiàng)“他們明確地站在一邊或另一邊，并全力支持自己的立場(chǎng)”說明擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人往往有明確的立場(chǎng)，承接上文，符合語境。故選G?！?7題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.Theyfigureoutwhattheyaregoodat.(他們專注于一件事并把它做得很好。他們知道自己擅長(zhǎng)什么)”可知，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人具備優(yōu)點(diǎn)，他們可以專注于一件事并知道自己擅長(zhǎng)什么。C項(xiàng)“因此，他們的優(yōu)勢(shì)是（頭腦）清楚和自信”進(jìn)一步說明擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，承接上文，符合語境。故選C?！?8題詳析】根據(jù)下文“Hehasfoundthathedgehogsarenotonlywrongmoreoftenthanfoxes,butthattheyarelesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrongwheneventsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.(他發(fā)現(xiàn)，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人不僅比擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人更容易出錯(cuò)，而且當(dāng)事情與他們的預(yù)測(cè)不相符時(shí)他們不太可能意識(shí)到，也不太可能承認(rèn)自己錯(cuò)了)”可知，此處介紹擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人的缺點(diǎn)。D項(xiàng)“但是，把注意力集中在一件大事上可能會(huì)有不利的一面”引出下文，介紹擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人具備缺點(diǎn)，符合語境。故選D?！?9題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Theadvantagethatfoxeshaveisthattheyaremorelikelytoseekoutnewinformationfromabroaderrangeofsources,andarecomfortablewithuncertaintyandnewinformation.(“狐貍”型思維方式的人的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于，他們更有可能從更廣泛的來源中尋找新信息，并且對(duì)不確定性和新信息感到舒適)”和下文“Theytrytoincludeitintheirviewpointratherthantoexcludeitfromtheirthinking.(他們?cè)噲D將其納入自己的觀點(diǎn)，而不是將其排除在自己的思維之外)”可知，此處介紹擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人處理事情的方式。F項(xiàng)“當(dāng)某件事與他們的觀點(diǎn)相矛盾時(shí)，他們不會(huì)把它當(dāng)作例外”承上啟下，符合語境。故選F?！?0題詳析】根據(jù)上文“Thequestioncanbeansweredinafoxyhedgehogstyle.(這個(gè)問題可以用“像狐貍的刺猬”風(fēng)格來回答)”和下文“Thechoicebetweenbeingahedgehogorafoxisafalsetrade-off.(成為擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人還是擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人的選擇是一種錯(cuò)誤的權(quán)衡)”可知，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人和擁有“狐貍”型思維方式的人各有優(yōu)勢(shì)。A項(xiàng)“換句話說，兩者都有其明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)”承上啟下，符合語境。故選A。三、完形填空(1分，15分)Ihadstruggledwithmathsincefourthgrade,butworkedveryhardto___21___thesmartstudentsaroundme.Ineleventhgrade,muchtomyclassmates___22___,IsignedupforprecalculusBC,thehardestmathclass.ThatwaswhenImetMr.DenaandtoldhimIhad___23___inmath,yetIwouldtrymyhardest.HewasconvincedIcouldsucceed___24___thedoubtsfrommyclassmates.Mr.Denakeptanunforgettable___25___bySirIsaacNewtononhischalkboard:“IfIhavebeenabletoseefurther,itisonlybecauseIstandontheshouldersofgiants.”Hereflectedonthatthroughouttheyearandwas___26___toteachusmorethanmath.Mr.Denaoccasionallygavepartnertests,believingthatwecouldsolvehardproblemstogether.Hedrewnamesoutofahatto___27___partners.Studentswere___28___outloudthattheywouldn'tbepairedwithme.Asthe“l(fā)ucky”namewas___29___,theclassburstintolaughter.Mypartnerjokedaboutbeing____30____withme.However,weworkedwelltogetherandsurprisedeveryonewithour____31____onthistest.IlearnedsomuchfrommyclassmatesandIrealizedthiswasreally____32____wehadpartnertests.ThefinalexamwasMr.Dena'sfinal____33____tous,butIfailedit.ItoldhimIdidn'tunderstandhowIcoulddoso____34____onatestwhenIhadstudiedsohard.Heexplainedit'snotaboutthegrades;it'sabouttrueunderstanding.Ifstudyingdidn't____35____onatest,itwouldsomeday.Iknewthenthat____36____passingorfailingtests,studyingwasabouthardworkandeffort.AndI____37____myselfharderthanIeverhad.TobechallengedinmathreallychangedthewayI____38____otherchallengesinlife.Iwasn'tgoingtoletagradestopmefromlearningsomeofthebestlessonsofmylife.Mr.DenaisoneofthegiantsthatNewton____39____.Hehashelpedmeseenotonlymore____40____ideasthanIthoughtpossible,butwhoIcanbe.21.A.keepupwith B.giveinto C.stayawayfrom D.watchoutfor22.A.sorrow B.delight C.surprise D.relief23.A.talent B.methods C.innovation D.weaknesses24.A.inspiteof B.incaseof C.inviewof D.inconsequenceof25.A.diary B.quote C.essay D.letter26.A.embarrassed B.determined C.astonished D.puzzled27.A.assign B.honor C.persuade D.monitor28.A.reading B.singing C.praying D.applauding29.A.registered B.changed C.abandoned D.picked30.A.concerned B.stuck C.impressed D.content31.A.negotiation B.mistake C.performance D.standard32.A.when B.why C.where D.how33.A.decision B.challenge C.instruction D.victory34.A.accurately B.carefully C.effortlessly D.poorly35.A.giveout B.breakdown C.turnup D.payoff36.A.beyond B.within C.upon D.across37.A.praised B.defended C.pushed D.criticized38.A.viewed B.created C.ignored D.presented39.A.admires B.establishes C.measures D.describes40.A.social B.mathematical C.psychological D.moral【答案】21.A22.C23.D24.A25.B26.B27.A28.C29.D30.B31.C32.B33.B34.D35.D36.A37.C38.A39.D40.B【語篇解讀】本文為一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者從四年級(jí)開始學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)就很吃力，同學(xué)們都不愿意和作者進(jìn)行小組活動(dòng)，但作者卻很努力，微積分課程的老師Mr.Dena讓作者理解到了學(xué)習(xí)不是關(guān)乎于考試，而是努力和付出，付出終會(huì)有回報(bào)的?！?1題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：從四年級(jí)開始，我的數(shù)學(xué)就很困難，但是我努力趕上我周圍那些最聰明的學(xué)生。A.keepupwith趕上；B.giveinto向……屈服；C.stayawayfrom遠(yuǎn)離；D.watchoutfor注意，留意。根據(jù)空前的“butworkedveryhardto”轉(zhuǎn)折but可知，盡管我的數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)起來很費(fèi)力，但我還是盡力追上、趕上周圍的同學(xué)，故選A?！?2題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：令我的同學(xué)驚訝的是，我報(bào)名了微積分BC這一課程，最難的數(shù)學(xué)課。A.sorrow傷心；B.delight高興；C.surprise驚訝；D.relief輕松。根據(jù)前文“Ihadstruggledwithmathsincefourthgrade”可知，我本身學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)就有一定的困難，但我卻報(bào)名了最難的數(shù)學(xué)課，這讓我的同學(xué)很驚訝，故選C?！?3題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這就是當(dāng)我遇到Mr.Dena的時(shí)候，我告訴他，我在數(shù)學(xué)上有一定的弱點(diǎn)，但我會(huì)盡最大的努力。A.talent天賦；B.methods方法；C.innovation創(chuàng)新；D.weaknesses弱點(diǎn)，劣勢(shì)。根據(jù)前文“Ihadstruggledwithmathsincefourthgrade”可知，我本身學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)就有一定的困難，因此我告訴Mr.Dena，我學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)有一定的劣勢(shì)，故選D?！?4題詳析】考查短語詞義辨析。句意：他讓我相信，即使同學(xué)懷疑我，但我還是能成功。A.inspiteof盡管；B.incaseof以防……；C.inviewof鑒于；D.inconsequenceof因?yàn)?，由于……的結(jié)果。根據(jù)空后“thedoubtsfrommyclassmates.”可知，即使我學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)有困難，即使同學(xué)對(duì)我有懷疑，但他讓我相信，我還是能成功，故選A?！?5題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：Mr.Dena在黑板上留下了SirIsaacNewton的一句難忘的話：“如果我能看得更遠(yuǎn)，那是因?yàn)槲艺驹诰奕思绨蛏??！盇.diary日記；B.quote引文，引語；C.essay論文；D.letter信。根據(jù)后文“SirIsaacNewtononhischalkboard:“IfIhavebeenabletoseefurther,itisonlybecauseIstandontheshouldersofgiants.””可知，后文提到Mr.Dena引用了的SirIsaacNewton一句話，寫在黑板上，故選B?！?6題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他一整年都在思考這一點(diǎn)，并決定要教我們除了數(shù)學(xué)以外更多的東西。A.embarrassed尷尬的；B.determined有決心的；C.astonished驚訝的；D.puzzled困惑的。根據(jù)空前“Hereflectedonthatthroughouttheyear”可知，他全年都在思考“如果我能看得更遠(yuǎn)，那只是因?yàn)槲艺驹诰奕思绨蛏稀边@一點(diǎn)，因此下定決心要教我們除了數(shù)學(xué)以外更多的東西，故選B?！?7題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：他從帽子里抽出名字來分配搭檔。A.assign分配；B.honor尊敬；C.persuade說服；D.monitor監(jiān)視。根據(jù)前文“Mr.Denaoccasionallygavepartnertests”可知，他會(huì)給我們進(jìn)行小組測(cè)試，因此從帽子里抽出名字來分配搭檔，故選A?！?8題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：同學(xué)都大聲祈禱不要跟我分在一組。A.reading閱讀；B.singing唱歌；C.praying祈禱；D.applauding鼓掌。根據(jù)前文“Ihadstruggledwithmathsincefourthgrade”可知，我學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)有一定的困難，因此在分組的時(shí)候，同學(xué)都大聲祈禱不要跟我分在一組，故選C?！?9題詳析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：當(dāng)“幸運(yùn)的”名字被挑選出來時(shí)，同學(xué)們都大笑起來。A.registered注冊(cè)；B.changed改變；C.abandoned拋棄；D.picked挑選。根據(jù)前文“Hedrewnamesoutofahat”可知，Mr.Dena從帽子里抽出名字來分配搭檔，因此當(dāng)“幸運(yùn)兒”的名字被選出來的時(shí)候，故選D?！?0題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我的搭檔開玩笑說被我纏住了。A.concerned關(guān)心的；B.stuck被困的，被纏住的；C.impressed印象深刻的；D.content滿意的。根據(jù)前文“Studentswere_____outloudthattheywouldn'tbepairedwithme.”可知，同學(xué)們都不想和我一組，因此我的搭檔開玩笑說被我纏住了，我會(huì)拖累他，故選B?！?1題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，我們合作得很好，并用我們?cè)谶@次考試的成績(jī)震驚了每個(gè)人。A.negotiation談判；B.mistake錯(cuò)誤；C.performance表現(xiàn)，成績(jī)；D.standard標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)