1?AnalysisandInterpretationoftheNews

Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderthefacts,unalloyed,unslanted,objectively

selectedfacts.Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovidemore;itmustsupply

interpretation,themeaningofthefacts.Thisisthemostimportantassignmentconfronting

Americanjournalism—tomakecleartothereadertheproblemsoftheday,tomakeinternational

newsasunderstandableascommunitynews,torecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthing

(withthepossibleexceptionofsuchscribblingassocietyandclubnews)as“l(fā)ocaTnews,because

anyeventintheinternationalareahasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraft,ineconomicstrain,in

terms,indeed,ofourverywayoflife.

Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretation,youare

enteringchoppyanddangerouswaters,theswirlingtidesofopinion.Thisisnonsense.

Theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshallconfinehimselfto

the“facts”.Thisinsistenceraisestwoquestions:Whatarethefacts?And:Arethebarefacts

enough?

Astothefirstquery.Considerhowaso-called“factual“storyconesabout.Thereporter

collects,say,fiftyfacts;outofthesefifty,hisspaceallotmentbeingnecessarilyrestricted,he

selectstheten,whichheconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheorhis

editordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshallconstitutetheleadofthepiece(Thisisimportant

decisionbecausemanyreadersdonotproceedbeyondthefirstparagraph.)ThisisJudgment

NumberTwo.Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageone,

whereithasalargeimpact,oronpagetwenty-fbur,whereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree.

Thus,inthepresentationofaso-called“factual"or“objective“story,atleastthree

judgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretation,

inwhichreporterandeditor,callingupontheirgeneralbackground,andtheir“newsneutralism,v

arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.

Thetwoareasofjudgment,presentationofthenewsanditsinterpretation,arebothobjective

ratherthensubjectiveprocesses—asobjective,thatis,asanyhumanbeingcanbe.(Notein

passing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachieved,neverthelesstheidealmust

alwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.)Ofaneditorisintentonslantingthenews,he

candoitinotherwaysandmoreeffectivelythanbyinterpretation.Hecandoitbytheselectionof

thosefactsthatpropuphisparticularplea.Orhecandoitbythepayhegivesastory—promoting

ittopageoneordemotingittopagethirty.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis

[A].InterpretingtheNews.[B].ChoosingFacts.

[C].SubjectiveversusObjectiveProcesses.|D|.EverythingCounts.

2.Whydoesthewriterofanarticleselecttenoutof50availablefacts?

[A].Spaceislimited.[BJ.Hiseditorisprejudiced.

[C].Thesubjectisnotimportant.[D].Heisenteringchoppyanddangerous.

3.Whatistheleasteffectivewayof“slanting“news/

[A].Interpretation.[B].Hiseditorisprejudiced.

[C].Placement.|D|.Concentration.

4.Whyshouldtheleadsentencepresentthemostimportantfact?

［A］.Itwillinfluencethereadertocontinue.

［B］.Itwillbethebestwaytowrite.

［C］.Somereadersdonotreadbeyondthefirstparagraph.

［DJ.Itwillgratifytheeditor.

［詞匯］

1.unalloyed純粹的，沒有雜物的2.unslanted無偏見的，不歪曲的

3.scribble胡寫，亂寫;粗制濫造的文章4.manpowerdraft人力征用，券集

5.economicstrain經(jīng)濟(jì)緊張,壓力6.embarkon開始,從事

7.choppy波浪滔滔的，變動(dòng)頻繁，紊亂8.query疑問，質(zhì)問

9.comeabout發(fā)生10.allotment分配

11.beacon信標(biāo)，燈塔，烽火12.murky陰暗的，（霧等）濃的

13.propup給...撐腰，支持14.demote使降級(jí)。相應(yīng)詞promote

15.newsneutralism無傾向性新聞，新聞中立主義16.lead（新聞等）導(dǎo)語，提要

［難句］

1.ThisisthemostimportantassignmentconfrontingAmericanjournalism―tomakeclearto

thereadertheproblemsoftheday,tomakeinternationalnewsasunderstandableascommunity

news,torecognizethatthereisnolongeranysuchthing（withthepossibleexceptionofsuch

scribblingassocietyandclubnews）as“l(fā)ocal"news,becauseanyeventintheinternationalarea

hasalocalreactioninmanpowerdraft,ineconomicstrain,interms,indeed,ofourverywayof

life.

［結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析］主從句，句中連用三個(gè)不定式，是實(shí)際的主語，也就是this的內(nèi)容。后跟

賓語或賓語從句。

［參考譯文］美國(guó)報(bào)界面臨最重要的兒女物是向讀者講清今日存在的問題，使國(guó)際新聞

像地區(qū)社區(qū)新聞一樣明白易懂，使他們認(rèn)識(shí)到不再有什么“本地”新聞這類事情（社團(tuán)或俱

樂部粗制濫造的文章可能要除外），因?yàn)閲?guó)際上任何新聞在人力征用，募集，經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)，事

實(shí)上在生活的各方面都會(huì)引起地區(qū)反應(yīng)。

2.Thereisinjournalismawidespreadviewthatwhenyouembarkoninterpretation,youare

enteringchoppyanddangerouswaters,theswirlingtidesofopinion.

［結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析］theswirling…是說明語。

［參考譯文］報(bào)界有一種普遍存在的觀點(diǎn)：當(dāng)你從事解釋新聞的工作（對(duì)新聞進(jìn)行解釋

時(shí)），你就進(jìn)入了波浪滔天，險(xiǎn)情還生的水域，意見漩掀的浪潮。

3.Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlikethoseinvolvedininterpretation,inwhichreporter

andeditor,callingupontheirgeneralbackground,andtheir“newsneutralism,“arriveata

conclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.

［結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析］句中有定語從句inwhich修飾interpretation.定從中callingon分詞短語作

伴隨狀態(tài)，修飾reporterandeditor。

［參考譯文］這些判斷評(píng)價(jià)就像解釋新聞多涉及的判斷一樣。在這里，記者和編輯要?jiǎng)?/p>

用他們的新聞?wù){(diào)查研究資源，他們一般的背景材料以及新聞“中立”態(tài)度來得出有關(guān)新聞意

義的結(jié)論。

4.Thetwoareasofjudgment,presentationofthenewsanditsinterpretation,areboth

objectiveratherthensubjectiveprocesses—asobjective,thatis,asanyhumanbeingcanbe.（Note

inpassing:eventhoughcompleteobjectivitycanneverbeachieved,neverthelesstheidealmust

alwaysbethebeacononthemurkynewschannels.）

［結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析］anoteinpassing義;順便說一句，附帶的談一下。

［參考譯文］這兩個(gè)判斷領(lǐng)域：提供新聞內(nèi)容和解說新聞?lì)I(lǐng)域可不是主觀過程，而是客

觀過程——也就是說，要像任何人能做到的那樣客觀。順便說一句，就算達(dá)不到絕對(duì)的客觀，

那客觀的理想必須始終如一的是迷霧漫漫新航道上的信標(biāo)。

寫作方法與文章大意

文章論及“新聞評(píng)價(jià)”問題。采用?一般到具體手法。文章一開始就提出新聞要客觀，真

實(shí)的事實(shí)，解釋要清楚，使讀者明白今日世界的問題。國(guó)內(nèi)外大事和我們生活休戚相關(guān)。然

后講述選材過程，版面布置。最后談到提供和解說新聞中評(píng)價(jià)要客觀。

【答案】

1.A.解釋新聞。文章雖提及兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域（見難句譯注4）,但重點(diǎn)在解釋（見難句譯注2）。

提供是“解說”的前提，但作為標(biāo)題不合適，因?yàn)樗亲鳛椤敖忉尅钡膶?duì)比而寫的。（見難

句譯注3notatallunlike…及難句譯注4arebothobjectiveratherthan…）

B.選擇事實(shí)。這只是提供新聞中一個(gè)具體步驟。C.主觀對(duì)客觀過程。也是一個(gè)具體

方面（見難句譯注4）。D.一切都要算在內(nèi)。涉及面太廣，文內(nèi)沒提及。

2.A.版面空間有限。第四段三句：“舉例說，記者收集50條新聞事實(shí)。他從50條中選

出10條他認(rèn)為是最重要的新聞，因?yàn)樗陌婷婵臻g分配必定有所限制?！?/p>

B.他的編輯有偏見。不對(duì)。C.他的文章主題不重要。不對(duì)。D,他進(jìn)到了波浪滔天

的危險(xiǎn)水域（見難句譯注2）。這是講新聞解釋。

3.A.解說。最后一段最后三句：“如果編輯想要歪曲新聞，他可以采用其他辦法，遠(yuǎn)比

解說要有效的多。他可以通過選擇支持他的觀點(diǎn)的才，或通過他給每條新聞所定的位置達(dá)到

歪曲的目的——提升到頭版，或者降低到三十版。”這段話說明其它辦法歪曲新聞比解說新

聞來歪曲有效的多。

B.選材。C.定位。D.集中。

4.C.有些讀者不讀一段以下的問心，這是常識(shí)。有的讀者就讀大標(biāo)題。

A.它將影響讀者繼續(xù)讀下去。B.這是最佳的寫作方法。D.這會(huì)使編輯高興。

8?

Foraslongashumanshaveraisedcropsasasourceoffoodandotherproducts,insectshave

damagedthem.Between1870and1880,locustsatemillionsofdollars'worthofcropsinthe

MississippiValley.TodayintheUnitedStatesthecottonbollweevildamagesabout300million

dollars'worthofcropseachyear.Additionalmillionsarelosteachyeartotheappetitesofother

plant-eatinginsects.Someofthesearecomborers,gypsymoths,potatobeetles,andJapanese

beetles.

Inmodemtimes,manypowerfulinsecticides（殺蟲劑）havebeenusedinanattemptto

destroyinsectsthatdamagecropsandtrees.Somekindsofinsecticides,whencarefullyused,have

workedwell.Yetthesameinsecticideshavecausedsomeunexpectedproblems.Inonelargearea,

aninsecticidewasusedagainstJapanesebeetles,whicheatalmostanykindofflowerorleaf.

Shortlyafterward,thenumberofcornborersalmostdoubled.Asintended,theinsecticidehad

killedmanyJapanesebeetles.Butithadkilledmanyoftheinsectenemiesofthecomboreras

well.

Inanothercase,aninsecticidewasusedinLouisianatokillthetroublesomefireant.The

insecticidedidnotkillmanyfireants.Itdidkillseveralsmallanimals.Italsokilledsomeinsect

enemiesofthesugarcaneborer,amuchmoredestructivepestthanthefireants.Asaresult,the

numberofsugarcaneborersincreasedandseverelydamagedthesugarcanecrop.

Tobesurethatoneinsectpestwillnotbetradedforanotherwhenaninsecticideisused,

scientistsmustperfomcarefulexperimentsanddowideresearch.Theexperimentsandresearch

provideknowledgeofthepossiblehazardsaninsecticidemaybringtoplantandanimal

communities.Withoutsuchknowledge,wehavefoundthatnaturesometimesrespondsto

insecticidesinunexpectedways.

1.AninsecticidewasusedinLouisianatokillthetroublesome.

A.comborerB.Japanesebeetle

B.gypsymothD.fireant

2.Whileitisnotdirectlystated,thearticlesuggeststhat.

A.insecticidesarenotdangeroustoanysmallanimals

B.insecticidesdonotalwaysaccomplishtheirpurposes

C.insecticidesarenolongerbeingusedtokillinsects

D.insecticidesdonoharmtopeople

3.Onthewhole,thearticletellsabout.

A.theappetitesofplant-eatinginsectsB.thebestwaytokillbollweevilsC.thedangersin

usinginsecticidesD.thebestwaytogrowcrops

4.Whichstatementdoesthisarticleleadyoutobelieve?

A.Allchangesarepredictable.B.Nothingeverchangesinnature.

C.Natureisnotalwayspredictable.D.Naturealwaysservesmanwell.

5.Scientistsperformcarefulexperimentsanddowideresearchbecause.

A.theymustlearntodestroyalltheinsectsthatweneed

B.theymustbesureoneinsectpestisnottradedfbranother

C.researchkeepsthemfrominventingnewinsecticideforthecrops

D.researchhelpsthemfindawaytokillallinsects

【答案見下頁】

1.D2.B3.C4.C5.B

2?

Accordingtothelatestresearchinthe1UnitedStatesofAmerica,menandwomentalksuch

differentlanguagesthatitislikepeoplefromtwodifferentculturestryingtocommunicate.

ProfessorDeborahTannenofGeorgetownUniversity,hasnoticedthedifferenceinthestyleof

boy'sandgirl'sconversationsfromanearlyage.Shesaysthatlittlegirls*conversationisless

definitethanboys'andexpressesmoredoubts.Littleboysuseconversationtoestablishstatuswith

theirlisteners.

Thesedifferencescontinueintoadultlife,shesays.Inpublicconversations,mentalkmost

andinterruptotherspeakersmore.Inprivateconversations,menandwomenspeakinequal

amounts—althoughtheysaythingsinadifferentstyle.ProfessorTannenbelievesthat,forwoman,

privatetalkingisawaytoestablishandtestintimacy.Formen,privatetalkingisawaytoexplore

thepowerstructureofarelationship.

Teachingisonejobwherethedifferencesbetweenmen'sandwomen'swaysoftalkingshow.

Whenamanteachesawoman,saysProfessorTannen,hewantstoshowthathehasmore

knowledge,andhencemorepowerinconversation.Whenawomanteachesanotherwoman,

however,sheismorelikelytotakeasharingapproachandtoencourageherstudenttojoinin.

ButProfessorTannendoesnotbelievethatwomenarenaturallymorehelpful.Shesays

womenfeeltheyachievepowerbybeingabletohelpothers.Althoughtheresearchsuggestsmen

talkandinterruptpeoplemorethanwomen,ProfessorTannensays,womenactuallyencourage

thistohappenbecausetheybelieveitwillleadtomoreintimacyandhelptoestablisha

relationship.

Somescientistswhoarestudyingspeechthinkthatthebrainispre-programmedforlanguage.

Asweareusuallytaughttospeakbywomen,itseemslikelythatthebrainmusthaveasexual

bias（傾向性）initsprogramming,

otherwisemalespeechpatternswouldnotariseatall.

1.Intheopinionofthewriter,womenencouragementotalkbecause

A.itwillleadtomoreintimacyandhelptoestablisharelationship

B.itwillhelptoestablishstatuswiththeirlisteners

C.itwillhelptoexpressmoreclearly

D.itwillhelptocommunicatebetter

2.Thereareinlittlegirls'conversationthaninboys*.

A.fewerdoubtsB.moredemands

C.moredoubtsD.feweruncertainties

3.Somescientistsbelievethatbrainispre-programmedforlanguage.Theword”pre

programmed"means.

A.programmedalreadyB.programmedbeforeoneisborn

C.programmedearlyD.programmedbywomen

4.Inprivateconversation,womenspeak

A.thesamethingsasmenB.lessthanmen

C.morethanmenD.asmuchasmen

5.Thethemeofthisarticleis.

A.womenarenaturallymorehelpful

B.menandwomentalkdifferentlanguages

C.mentalkmostandinterruptotherspeakersmore

D.littlegirls'conversationislessdefinite

1.A2.C3.B4.D5.B

3?

Inthelasttwohundredyearstherehavebeengreatchangesinthemethodofproductionofgoods.

Thisisnowalsotrueofthebuildingindustry;formechanizationhasbeenintroduced.System

buildingcansavebothtimeandmoney.Theprincipleofsystembuildingisthatthebuildingis

madefromasetofstandardunits.Theseareeithermadeatthebuilding-siteoratafactory.Some

designers,infact,arestandardizingthedimensionsofrooms.Theyaremadeinmultiplesofa

singlefixedlength,usuallytencentimeters.Thisiscalledamodular（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的）system,andit

meansthatmanufacturescanproducestandardizedfittingsatalowercost.Themostimportant

factaboutsystembuildingisitsspeed.Aten-storeyflat,forexample,canbecompletedinfour

months.

Thereareseveralnewmethodsofsystembuilding.Oneisthepanelmethod.Inthiscase,the

constructioncompanysometimeserectsafactoryonthesite.Thewallsandfloorsofthebuilding,

calledpanels,arecastinahorizontalorverticalposition.Conduitsforelectricalwiresandsleeves

forpipesarecastinthepanelswhentheyarebeingmade.Themouldsformakingthesecastings

aresituatedallaroundthebuilding.

Aftertheconcretepanelsarecast,theyareallowedtosetandhardenforaweek.Nextthey

areliftedbyatowercraneontoanysectionofthebuilding.Therethepanelsarecemented

togetherattheirjointsandthefloorcoveringislaid.

Afterthepanelshavebeencementedtogether,thecraneliftsacaseintothearea.Itcontains

allthefittingstobeinstalled,suchaswash-basins,radiatorsandpipes.Finishingtradesmen,such

asplumbers,plasterers,paintersandelectricians,followbehindtocompletethework.

Insomebuildingdevelopments,insomecountries,wholeflatswithinternalfeatureslike

theirbathrooms,bedroomsandconnectingstairs,andweighingasmuchastwentytons,are

carriedtothebuilding-siteready-made.Agiantoverheadcraneisusedtoliftthemintoposition.In

thefuture,thismethodmaybecomemorewidespread.

1.Themaindifferencebetweenpanelmethodandthemethoddiscussedinthelastparagraph

is.

A.thelatterusesready-madeinternalfeatures

B.panelsarecastinalevelposition

C.theformerisusedtobuildwallsandfloorswhilethelattertoconstructbathroomsor

bedrooms

D.theformerismoreexpensivethanthelatter

2.WhichofthesestatementsisTRUEofsystembuilding?

A.Itemploysmoremen.B.Itisdifficultanddangerous.

C.Ilcansavebothtimeandmoney.D.Itmeanslessmechanization.

3.Accordingtothepassage,theprincipleofsystembuildingisthat.

A.constructionmethodsaresafer

B.buildingsaremadefromasetofstandardizedunits

C.similarbuildingscanbeproduced

D.allunitsareproducedonthesite

4.Theusualfixedlengthinthemodularsystemis.

A.twentycentimetersB.tenmillimeters

C.fiftycentimetersD.tencentimeters

5.Whatliftstheconcretepanelsontothebuilding?

A.Cranes.B.Man-power.

C.Pulleys.D.Hydraulicjacks.

1.A2.C3.B4.D5.A

Everyday25millionU.S.childrenrideschoolbuses.Thesafetyrecordforthesebusesismuch

betterthanforpassengercars;butnevertheless,about10childrenarekilledeachyearridingon

largeschoolbuses,andnearlyfourtimesthatnumberarekilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzones.

Byandlarge,however,thenation'sschoolchildrenaretransportedtoandfromschoolsafely.

Eventhoughthenumberofschoolbuscasualties（死亡人數(shù)）isnotlarge,thesafetyof

childrenisalwaysofintensepublicconcern.Whileeveryonewantstoseechildrentransported

safely,peoplearedividedaboutwhatneedstobedone一particularlywhetherseatbeltsshouldbe

mandatory（強(qiáng)制性的）?

Supportersofseatbeltsonschoolbusesarguethatseatbeltsarenecessarynotonlytoreduce

deathandinjury,butalsototeachchildrenlessonsabouttheimportanceofusingthemroutinelyin

anymovingvehicle.Asidebenefit,theypointout,isthatseatbeltshelpkeepchildrenintheir

seats,awayfromthebusdriver.

Opponentsofseatbeltinstallationsuggestthatchildrenarealreadywellprotectedbythe

schoolbusesthatfollowtheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration's（NHTSA）safety

requirementsetin1977.Theyalsobelievethatmanychildrenwon*twearseatbeltsanyway,and

thattheymaydamagethebeltsorusethemasweaponstohurtotherchildren.

AnewResearchCouncilreportonschoolbussafetysuggeststhattherearealternatesafety

devicesandproceduresthatmaybemoreeffectiveandlessexpensive.Forexample,thestudy

committeesuggestedthatraisingseatbacksfourinchesmayhavethesamesafetyeffectivenessas

seatbelts.

ThereportsponsoredbytheDepartmentofTransportationattherequestofCongress,

reviewsseatbeltsextensivelywhiletakingabroaderlookatsafetyinandaroundschoolbuses.

1.Eachyear,childrenkilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzonesareabout.

A.10B.40C.30D.50

2.Whichofthesewordsisnearestinmeaningtothewords"aredivided'123inParagraph

A.disagreeB.separate

C.arrangeD.concern

3.Accordingtothepassage,whohasthegreatestdegreeofcontroloftheschoolbuses'

“safety”？

A.ANewResearchCouncil.

B.TheDepartmentofTransportation.

C.TheMedicalOrganizations.

D.NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.

4.Itmaybeinferredfromthispassagethat.

A.manyoftheopponentsofseatbeltinstallationareparentsandofficialsoftheDepartment

ofTransportation

B.proposalofseatbeltsonschoolbuseswouldbeseriouslyconsidered

C.analternatesafetydevice(raisingseatbacksfourinches)maybetakeninto

consideration

D.TheDepartmentofTransportationmayeithertaketheideaofseatbeltsorothermeasures

whenitreviewsthewholesituation

5.Thebesttitlewhichexpressestheideaofthepassageis.

A.MakingSchoolBusesEvenSaferforChildren

B.SeatBeltsNeededonSchoolBuses

C.AlternateSafetyDevicesandProcedures

D.SafetyinandaroundSchoolBuses

【答案見下頁】

1.B2.A3.D4.D5,A

8.avoiders,deniers9.denialisnotthebestapproach10.signsofillness

Likemostparents,geologistBrainAtwaterworriesabouthisdaughter'ssafety.Butthesedays,

hehasanunusualconcern;Thepublicschoolshe___1___inSeattlehasunreinforcedbrickwalls,

a___2___beingeasytocollapseduringearthquakes.Thesame___3___ofwallscrushedhundreds

ofthousandsofpeopleduringthe1976TangshanquakeinChina.

Adecadeago,Atwaterwouldhavepaidlittlenoticetoschoolroomwalls.Butoverthelast

severalyears,heandotherscientistshavefound4signsthatthePacificNorthwesthas

experiencedgiantquakesinthedistantpastandthattheareamaybeheadedforadestructive

shockinthenearfuture.

AtameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnioninDecember,researchersdiscussed

the___5___uncoveredevidenceofquakepotentialinthePacificNorthwest.Whilesomeremain

unconvincedthathugeearthquakes—withmagnitudesof8orhigher-doindeed___6___this

region,agrowingnumberconsidersuchshocksaseriouspossibility.

What'sworrisome,theysay,isthatnorthwesterncitiessuchasPortland,Seattleand

Vancouverhavenotpreparedforearthquakesofthismagnitude,whichcouldshaketheregion's

___7___centerswithenoughforcetomaketherecentSanFranciscoareadamageseem___8___

incomparison.

“Ithinkit'squitetruetosaythatnothinghasreallybeendesignedwithoneofthese

earthquakesinmind,"saysseismologistPaulSomervilleofWoodward.Atthemeeting,

Somervilleandhiscolleagues___9___estimatesofthedegreeofshaking.PortlandandSeattle

wouldsufferduringsucha___10___earthquake.

A.massiveB.recentlyC.constructionD.displayed

E.relativelyF.attendsGtypeH.strike

I.structureJ.participatesK.excessiveL.mild

M.disturbingN.population0.presented

1.F2.C3.G4.M5.B6.H7.N8.L9.O10.A

SensoryEvaluationofFood

APolishproverbclaimsthatfish,totasteright,shouldthreetimes一inwater,inbutterandin

wine.Theearlyeffortsofthebasicscientistsinthefoodindustryweredirectedatimprovingthe

preparation,preservation,anddistributionofsafeandnutritiousfood.Ourmemoriesofcertain

foodstuffseatenduringtheWorldWarIIsuggestthat,althoughthesemighthavebeensafeand

nutritious,theycertainlydidnottasterightnorweretheyparticularlyappetizinginappearanceor

smell.Thisneglectofthesensoryappealoffoodsishappilybecomingathingofthepast.Bow,in

thebook“PrinciplesofSensoryEvaluationofFood,^^theauthorshopethatitwillbeusefulto

foodtechnologistsinindustryandalsotoothersengagedinresearchintoproblemofsensory

evaluationoffoods.Anattempthasclearlybeenmaketocollecteverypossiblepieceof

information,whichmightbeuseful,morethanonethousandfivehundredreferencesbeingquoted.

Asaresult,thebookseemsatfirstsighttobeanexhaustiveandcriticallyusefulreviewofthe

literature.Thisitcertainlyis,butthisisbynomeansisitsonlyachievement,fortherearemany

suggestionsforfurtherlinesofresearch,andthediscursivepassagesarecrisplyprovocativeof

newideasandnewwaysoflookingatestablishedfindings.

Ofparticularinterestistheweightgiventothepsychologicalaspectsofperception,both

objectivelyandsubjectively.Therelationbetweenstimuliandperceptioniswellcovered,and

includesavaluablediscussionoftheusesanddisadvantagesoftheWeberfractionofdifferences.

Itisinterestingtofindthatinspiteofmanyattemptstoseparateanddefinethemodalitiesoftaste,

nothingbetterhasbeenachievedthanthefamiliarclassificationintosweet,soursaltyandbitter.

Noristhereasyetanyclear-cutevidenceofthephysiologicalnatureofthetastestimulus.With

regardtosmell,systemsofclassificationareoflittlevaluebecauseoftheextraordinarysensitivity

ofthenoseandbecausetheresponsetothestimulusissosubjective.Theauthorssuggestthata

classificationbasedonthesize,shapeandelectronicstatusofthemoleculeinvolvedmeritsfurther

investigation,asdoesthetheoreticalpropositionthatweakphysicalbindingofthestimulant

moleculetohereceptorsiteisanecessarypartofthemechanismofstimulation.

Apartfromtasteandsmell,therearemanyothercomponentsofperceptionofthesensations

fromfoodinthemouth.Thebasicmodalitiesofpain,cold,warmthandtouch,togetherwith

vibrationsense,discriminationandlocalizationmayallplayapart,as,ofcourse,doesauditory

receptionofbone-conductedvibratorystimulifromtheteethwheneatingcrisporcrunchyfoods.

Inthisconnectiontheauthorsrightlypointoutthatthistypeofstimulusrequiresmuchmore

investigation,suggestingthatastartmightbemadebyusingsubjectsafflictedwithvariousforms

ofdeafness.Itiswell-knownthatextraneousnoisemayalterdiscrimination,andtheattentionof

theauthorsisdirectedtotheworkofProf.H.J.Eysenckonthe"stimulushunger5'ofextroverts

andthe"stimulusavoidance“ofintroverts.

1.ThereviewerusesaPolishproverbatthebeginningofthearticleinorderto

[A].introduce,inaninterestingmanner,thediscussionoffood.

|Bj.showtheconnectionbetweenfoodandnationalityoffood.

[C].indicatethattherearevariouswaystopreparefood.

[DJ.impressuponthereaderthefoodvalueoffish.

2.ThereviewersappraisalofuPrinciplesofSensoryEvaluationofFood“isoneof

[A].mixedfeelings.[B].indifference

[C].highpraise.[D].faintpraise.

3.Thewriterofthearticledoesnotexpresstheview,eitherdirectlyorbyimplication,that

[AJ.sharplydefinedclassificationsoftasteareneeded.

[B],moreresearchshouldbedoneregardingthemolecularconstituencyoffood.

[C].foodvaluesareobjectivelydeterminedbyanexpert“smeller”.

[D].temperatureisanimportantfactorinthevalueoffood.

4.Theauthorsofthebooksuggesttheuseofdeafsubjectbecause

[Aj.deafpeoplearegenerallyintroversive.

[BJ.theauditorysenseisanimportantfactorinfoodevaluation.

[C].theyaremorefastidiousintheirchoiceoffoods.

[D].Alltypesofsubjectsshouldbeused.

[詞匯]

1.preservation保鮮，保存2.sensory叩peal感官的魅力

3.beprovocativeof脫穎而出4.exhaustive詳盡的，無遺漏的

5.discursive推論的6.beprovocativeof引起...爭(zhēng)論/興趣等的

7.crisp有力的，有勁的8.perception感覺，知覺，直覺

9.modality方式modalityoftaste（味）感覺到

10.discrimination鑒別力11.localization地區(qū)性，定位

12.merit值得..，有價(jià)值13.crunch