WordandDcitionary10.1DictionaryType

1.LinguisticDictionaryMonolingualdictionaryDictionarywrittenonlyinonelanguage, e.g.EnglishdictionarywritteninEnglishonlyMonolingualandBilingualDictionaries

Bilingual

dictionary

Dictionarywrittenin

twolanguages

Wordsandexpressionsaredefinedinanotherlanguage,e.g.《英漢大詞典》(AEnglish-Chinese Dictionary,1991)

MonolingualandBilingualDictionaries

EnglishdictionarywithChinesetanslation《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

(OxfordAdvancedEnglish-ChineseDictionary,

1997）

《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish—

English-Chinese,2001)

GeneralPurposeDictionariesLinguisticdictionariescompiledforgeneraluse—tolookforspelling,meaning,pronunciation,usage,etc.1) UnabridgedDictionaries（大型詞典 150000words+）GeneralPurposeDictionaries2) DeskDictionaries(50000words+)

《朗文當(dāng)代英語詞典》

LongmanDictionaryofContemporary English,NewEdition，1995

《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

CollinsCOBUILDEnglishDictionary, NewEdition，2000GeneralPurposeDictionaries3) PocketDictionaries(50000words-)

Suchdictionarieshavelittlemorethan

spellinglistsofmostcommonwordswith

scanty,ofteninaccuratedefinitions.2.EncyclopedicDictionariesEncyclopedia

Dictionaryisnotconcernedwithlanguagebutprovidesencyclopedicinformation.Thereadercannotfindpronunciationormeaningsorusagesofwords.EncyclopedicDictionariesTheEncyclopediaBritannica(20volumes)《大英百科全書》（20卷）TheEncyclopediaAmericana

(30volumes)《美國百科全書》（30卷）LinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesEncyclopedicdictionarysuchadictionaryhasthecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticdictionariesandencyclopedia.

Chamber‘sEncyclopedicEnglish Dictionary

1994(200,000words)《錢伯斯百科詞典》Lookatafewentries:LinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesMaoism

nounMaoist

nounMaori

noun(plMaoriorMaoris)MaoriWars*MaoZedongorMaoTzetung*map

nounmaple

noun

3.SpecializedDictionary1) EtymologicalDictionaries

《牛津英語詞源詞典》

OxfordConciseDictionaryofEnglish Etymology,20002) DictionariesofUsages

《現(xiàn)代英語用法詞典》

ADictionaryofCurrentEnglishUsage, 19833.SpecializedDictionaries3) DictionariesofIdioms

《柯林斯COBUILD袖珍英語習(xí)語詞典》 CollinsCOBUILDDictionaryofIdioms, 2000《柯林斯COBUILD英語短語動詞詞典》 CollinsCOBUILDDictionaryofPhrasal Verbs,2000

3.SpecializedDictionaries4) DictionariesofSynonyms《英漢雙解英語同義詞詞典》

AEnglish-ChineseDictionaryof Synonyms,2003

3.SpecializedDictionaries5) OtherSpecializedDictionaries

《英語委婉語詞典》ADictionaryof EnglishEuphemisms,2001《朗文語言教學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)詞典?英漢雙

解》LongmanDictionaryofLanguage TeachingandAppliedLinguistics,200010.2ChoiceofDictionary

1.Monolingualorbilingual

beginnersandelementaryandlower- intermediatelearners:bilingual

postintermediateandadvanced learners:

monolingual1.MonolingualorbilingualReasons:

1.increaseexposureofthelanguage;2.avoidmisunderstandingbytranslation;3.thinkinEnglish;4.enlargevocabulary;5.learntheprecisemeaningsofwordsand usagesthroughdefinitionsandexamples.1.MonolingualorbilingualTheeffectiveuseofamonolingualdictionarywillgivelearnersasenseofsatisfactionandself-sufficiencyandgreaterconfidenceintheirabilitytosolvelanguageproblems.Abilingualdictionaryisessential.2.GeneralorspecializedAgeneraldictionarygivessomeinformationabouteveryaspectoflanguage.Butoneneedstogoaspecializeddictionarytofindmoredetailedinformationaboutoneparticulararea:synonym,usages,figuresofspeech,etc.2.GeneralorspecializedEvenapocketspecializeddictionarymayprovidesmoreinformationontheareaconcernedthananunabridgeddictionary.3.BritishorAmerican

AmericandictionariescontainmoreencyclopedicinformationinthemainbodythantheBritish,e.g.names,placesetc.Britishdictionariesincludemoregrammaticalinformationandusageexamples.3.BritishorAmericanGenerallyspeaking,onemayfindBritishusagesinanAmericandictionary.ButAmericanusagesareoftenexcludedfromageneral

Britishone.UseanAmericandictionarywhenreadingAmericannovelsornewspapersandviceversa.4.EarlyorlateNewdictionarieskeepappearinginordertokeepupwiththetimeandthechangesinlanguage.Chooseadictionarypublishedatadatenearesttothematerialsyouaredealingwith.10.3IntelligentuseoftheDictionary

1. SpellingBritishorAmerican:theatre

AmE

theaterorviceversaIrregularverbs:go,went,gone,going;Irregularadjectives:bad,worse,worst;Compounds:boardwalk;doubleclutch;Syllabication:in.op.er.able2.Pronunciation

BritishstandardorAmericanstandardInternationalPhoneticAlphabet

3.DefinitionOrderofmeanings:(1)frequency(mostfrequentfirst)(2)development(earliestfirst)Mostdictionariesfollowfrequencyprinciple.Webster'sNewWorldDictionary

followsdevelopmentprinciple.3.DefinitionLanguage:phrasesorsentencesMostdictionariesusephrases.3.DefinitionCCELDusesentenceform,e.g.canal:“Acanalisalongnarrowstretchofwaterthathasbeenmadeforboatstotravelalongortobringwatertoaparticulararea.”4.Usage(1)usagelevel:standard,substandard,non- stand-ard,illiterate;(2)style:formal,informal,colloquial,slangy, biblical,poetic;(3)currency:old-fashioned,archaic,obsolete;(4)register:law,chemistry,medicine,BrE,AmE;(5)colouring:appreciative,derogatory, euphemism,humour,pompous...

5.Grammar

Verbs(patterns,colloocations,etc.)

Nouns(singularorpluralforms, collocations,etc.)

Adjectives(irregularforms, collocations,order,etc.)6.Usagenotesandlanguagenotes

Usagenotes:(1)differencesbetweenwordsofsimilar meanings;(2)difficultpointsofgrammarandstyle;(3)importantBritishandAmerican differences;(4)pragmaticuse6.Usagenotesandlanguagenotes

Languagenotes:

Collocations,Articles,Idioms(LDCE);Title,Name,Age,Date(CCELD)7.Etymologicalinformation

cancel

[ME.cancellen<Anglo-Fr.canceler<L.cancellare,tomakeresemblealattice(inLL.,strikeout,cancel)<cancelli,lattice,grating,pl.ofcancellus,dim.ofcancer,crossedthebars,lattice](Webster’sNewWorldDictionary)8.SupplementarymatterAbbreviationsNamesWeightsandMeasuresIrregularverbsWord-buildingelements,etc.

10.4ChineseLearner-FriendlyDictionaries1. 《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》(Oxford AdvancedEnglish-ChineseDictionary, 1997:OALD）2. 《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》 (LongmanDictionaryofContemporary English—English-Chinese,2001:LDCE）3. 《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》(Collins COBUILDEnglishDictionaryNew Edition,2000:CCED)

《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

Fourtheditiontranslatedandpublishedagainin199757100entries81500examples1820illustrations12720idioms

《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

Sixeditiontranslatedandpublishedagainin200480000entries90000examples1700illustrations2500newwordsBothBritishandAmericanspelling,pronunciation,usages《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

Majorcharacteristics(1) Definitionswritteninsinglewordsor phrases;(2) WordsgivenbothBritishand American

spellingformsandpronunciations;(3) Goodgrammarinformation;(4) Styleandusagemarkers;

《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

(5) Elaborateverbpatterns;(6) Derivedwordsarrangedunderthe same

headword;(7) Idiomsandphrasalverbslistedunder thekeywords;(8) Abundantsupplementarymatter

《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

Styleandusagemarkers:fig=figurative derog=derogatoryeuph=euphemism rhet=rhetoricalapprov=approving joc=jocularinfml=informal sl=slang

《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》

Supplementarymatter:IrregularVerbs;Punctuation;NumericalExpressions;WeightsandMeasures;GeographicalNames;CommonForenames;FamilyRelationships;MilitaryRanks;Chemicalelements;SIUnits

牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

Characteristics:widecoverageofnewwordsnewmeaningsandnewusagessimpleandcleardefinitionscontrolled2,000wordsfordefinitionsdetailedandcompletegrammaticalinformation《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

Newedition

(1987,radicalrevision):56,000wordsandphrasesAmericanandBritishEnglishnewwords:space-time,women'slib, generationgap,fax,laserprinter, nuclear-free,ELT,TESOL

83,000meaningsofwordsandphrases75,000examples500newhelpfulillustrations

《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

1. ClearGrammarCodes

Verbpatterns:I=intransitiveT=transitiveL=linkingverbs《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

[+to-v]=verb+infinitive[+v-ing]=verb+v-ing[+obj+to-]=verb+object+infinitive[+obj+t-v]=verb+object+infinitivewithoutto[+obj+v-ing]=verb+object+verbiningform[+obj+that]=verb+object+clausewiththat[+obj+wh-]=verb+object+clausewithwh-[+obj+v-ed]=verb+object+pastparticiple[+obj+adj]=verb+object+abject

《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

2.UsageNotes

discriminationbetweensynonymsdifficultgrammarandstylisticpointsdifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanusages,etc.《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

child…Usagenotes:explainingthedifferencesbetweenchild,baby,infant,toddler,teenager,adolescent,youth

and

kid.《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

3. LanguageNotes(20inall)‘Apologies’,‘Collocations’,‘Idioms’,‘Requests’,‘Criticismandpraise’…‘Addressingpeople’(example)howtoaddresspeopleondifferentoccasionsanddifferenttypesofpeople;《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

howtotalktostrangers,topeopleofvariousprofessions,tofriendsandfamily,etc.Ladiesandgentlemen(aformalopeningofaspeech),YourExcellency(toanambassador),YourHighness(foraprinceorprincess),MR/MadamPresident,PrimeMinister《朗文高級當(dāng)代英語詞典?

英漢雙解》

Otherfeatures:definitionsrevisedandupdatedmuchimprovementreflectedinthearrangementofmeaningsmanymeaningsreorderedfromthelasttothefirstorviceversa《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

CCELDfirstpublishedin1987neweditionin1995inBritainpublishedagaininChinain200075000entries4000ofwhichnewwordsandexpressions100000examples

《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

1. Definition

CCELDaideAnaideisapersonwhoworksasan assistanttosomeonewithanimportant job,especiallyingovernmentorarmed forcesLDCEaideapersonwhohelps,esp.aperson employedtohelpagovernmentminister《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

2. ExtraColumn(grammarinformation)《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

V-RECIP=reciprocalverbReciprocalverbsdescribeprocessesinwhichtwoormorepeople,groups,orthingsinteractmutually:theydothesamethingtoeachother,orparticipatejointlyinthesameactionorevent.RVareusedinthepatternspl-nv:FredandSallymet.《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

Vto/withn:Iwaschattingtohimtheotherday.Heischattingwithhisdad.Vaboutn:Wechattedaboutoldtimes.N-COUNT:IhadachatwithJohn.VPn: He’dspentmostofthatevening chattingup

oneofmyfriends.VnP:Shewaschatting

oneoftheguys

up.《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

ADJ=ungradedadjectiveADJ-COMPAR=comparativeadjective

ADJ-GRADED=gradedadjectiveADJN=usedbeforeanounv-linkADJ=usedafteralinkverb

ADJafterV=usedafteracommonverb

NADJ=usedafteranoundetADJ=usedimmediatelyafteradeterminer likeanarticlebutbeforeanyotheradjectives, forexample,‘a(chǎn)certainlimitedgeographicarea’ andsoon.《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

3. FrequencyMarker

????? =700 ????? =1200 ????? =1500 ????? =3200 ????? =8100chatbelongsto1500words.chateaubelongsto8100words.《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

4. Pragmatics

Peopleuselanguagetoachievedifferentgoals:toinvite,togivecompliments,togivewarnings,toshowemotions,totellliesandtomakecommitments.

intheExtraColumnindicatesthatthewordisnormallyusedtoperformoneofthementionedfunctions.

PRAGMATICS《柯林斯COBUILD英語詞典》

Example:

10.5

E-DictionaryE-Dictionary=electronicdict