YipSang,aChinese-CanadianTheBritishandChinesesignedtheTreatyofNankingin1842,eachprovidingtheirrespectivesubjectswiththerighttobenefitfromfullsecurityandprotectionfortheirpersonsandpropertywithineachother’sboundaries.EventhoughChinadidnoopenlyallowemigration(移居),in1860alawwaspassedwhichstatedthatChineseseekingtoworkintheBritishColoniesorotherplaceswereatlibertytodoso.TheyhadonlytoshipthemselvesandtheirfamiliesonboardanyBritishvesselatanyoftheopenportsinChina.In1868,anothertreaty,thisonewiththeUnitedStates,gavetheChinesetherighttochangetheirhomeandloyaltyfromonecountrytoanotherforthepurposesofcuriosity,oftrade,oraspermanentresidents,therebyopeningthegatesforemigrationfromChina.ThegoldboominBritishColumbiainthe1850’swasthebeginningofChineseimmigrationfromtheU.S.intoCanada.ManyoftheseearlyimmigrantsfromFujianandGuangdongprovincestoSanFrancisco.WhentheyheardofthegolddiscoveriesinBritishColumbia,manycrossedtheborderintoCanadabymovingoverlandthroughOregonorarrivingbyseainVictoria.Whenthegolddepositsweredepleted(用盡,枯竭),theseearlysettlerstayed,movingintooccupationslikegardening,farming,domesticservice,roadconstruction,andrailwaybuilding.By1871,thesewereapproximately3,000Chineseinhabitantsintheprovince,only53ofwhombeingwomen.SinceChineseworkerswereknowtobeconscientiousandreliable,severalcompaniesactivelyrecruitedthem.Asaresult,itwasestimatedthat10,000workersarrivedbetween1882and1884.InanefforttorestricttheentryofChineseimmigrants,anactwaspassedintheCanadianParliamentconfiningtheproportiontoonepersonforevery50tonsofvesseltonnage(船舶的噸數(shù)).Aheadtaxwasalsoimposed.RecordsofthosewhopaidtheheadtaxarestillavailableforviewingintheNationalArchivesofCanada.AnarticleintheIllustratedLondonNewsinJanuary1875gavesomeinsightintotheemigrationprocessoftheChinesebyconveyingtheideasofchangestheymightundergo.Theauthorthoughtthemodifications(修改,改造)wouldbeslightandprincipallyexternal.Hebelievedthat,inanattempttoblendin,theChinesewouldadoptAmericanlanguage,culture,anddress.However,becausetheChinesebroughtwiththemastrongsenseoftheirownidentity,itwasn’tnecessaryforthemtocultivateaNorthAmericanwayoflife,nordidtheyfeelanobligationtoabandontheirtraditions.Muchofthearticlewouldbeconsideredinsultingbytoday’sstandards.IntheUnitedStates,thereweretwoopposingpointsofview.Ononesideofthecoin,theChinesewereseenasaninexpensivemeansofprovidingthemanuallabornecessarytodeveloptheassetsofthecountry,mostofteninhazardousoccupations.Ontheotherside,therewerethosewhobrandedthemasthe“curse”ofthenation.SomeAmericansapplaudedtheChinesebutotherscondemnedthemasevil.Someweredisturbedbywhatmighthappenifalltheimmigrantsdecidedtostay.Theirdistresswasunfoundedhowever,asmostChinesehadnointentionofstaying.TheirgreatestwishwastoaccumulateasmuchmoneyaspossibleandreturntoChina.Guilds(行會,協(xié)會)weresetuptoprovidelodgingandemploymentfortheemigrants,forafeeofcourse.Thefeeensuredthattheworkerwouldbepaidadecentwageandthathisemployerwouldnotdeceivehim.Theaccumulatedfeesamountedtoalargesum,allowingtheGuildstohelpthosewhowereilloroutofwork.Theynotonlysawthattheworkerreceivedwhateverwasduetohim,theyalsomadehimpayallhisdebts.Theworkerwasn’tallowedtoreturntohisowncountrywithoutacertificatefromhisagentstatingheownednothing.ManyChinesewereabletosaveaportionoftheirearningstotakewiththemtotheirfamilybackhome.Often,afterworkersreturnedtoChina,theywouldrevisitNorthAmericatoaccumulatemoremoney.BeforebeingallowedtoboardashipinChina,however,theyhadtoprovethattheyweregoingtotheirownfreewillandwereundernolaborcontract.Beforetheshipssetsail.Theauthoritieswouldvisittoguaranteethatallonboardhadtheirticketstampedandwerenotleavingthecountryagainsttheirwill.YipSang,borninCanton(廣州舊稱)in1845,leftChinaattheageofnineteentoseekhisfortuneinAmerica.AfterarrivinginSanFranciscoin1864,heearnedalivingbyworkingfirstasadish-washer,thenasacook,andfinallyasacigarroller.Fromtheoutset,heperceivedthatifhewaspatientandcouldrepresentthebestofhisrace,hismeritswouldberecognized.PossiblytheattractionofhighwagesrumoredtobeofferedbyCanadianrailroadcompaniesrousedYipSantoleaveSanFrancisco.HearrivedinVancouverin1881andworkedonthewesternportionoftheCanadianpacificRailroadfrom1882until1884,firstasabook-keeper,thenasatime-keeper,andfinallyasapaymaster(出納員),beforebeingpromotedtoChinesesuperintendent(主管)forthesupplycompany.ThepromotionmadehimresponsibleforhiringoncontractandtransportingthousandsofmenfromChinatoworkontherailwaylineinBritishColumbia.Hesupervised(監(jiān)督,管理)somesixtoseventhousandChineseworkersduringthepeakoftheconstruction.In1885,hereturnedtoChinausingthemoneyhehadsavedfromhisCPRjob.Heremainedtherefrom1885until1888,whiletherehemarriedfourdifferentwives,aregularoccurrenceatthetimeforwealthyyoungmen.Heandhisfirstwife,LeeShe,hadasonandadaughter.LeeShebecamegravely(嚴重的)illaftertheirmarriageandurgedYipSangtotakeanotherwife,onewhocouldbeabletotakegoodcareoftheirchildren.WongShe,YipSang’ssecondwife,wasveryyoungwith“sensitive”eyes,butdidnotmeetwiththeapprovalofLeeShee.Sheinsistedheshouldmarrythirdtime,andthistimechoosesomeonemoresuitabletocareforthechildren.DongShe,wifenumberthree,wasmorematureandhadthecapacitytosupervisethehouseholdandthechildren.DongSheeconvincedYipSangtotakeafourthwife,ChinShe,whoseprimaryrolewastobeDongShe’scompanion.Withhisfourwives,YipSanghad23children,oneofwhombecamethefirstChineseCanadiandoctortoberecognizedinCanada.In1888,YipSangreturnedtoCanadawiththreewives——LeeShediedbeforetheyleft.OnhisreturntoCanadaheundertookanewenterprise.Hebecameamerchant,openinganimport-exportbusinessintheheartofVancouver'sChinatown.WingSangCompanyspecializedingoodsimportedfromChina.ThecompanyprovidedChineseCanadianswithmerchandise(商品)notreadilyavailableinVancouverandexportedCanadianfoodstuffs(食品)toChina.Hisformulaofpouringasmuchmoneyashecouldaffordintobuildingandexpansioncouldn’thelpbutsucceed.In1889,YipSangboughtlandonPenderStreetinChinatownandbeganconstructionofacomplex,whichstillstandstoday.Initially(最初)beingatwo-storybuildingwithagroundfloorstorefrontandasecondfloorresidence,itwasprobablythefirstinChinatowntobebuiltofdurablebrick.Customersofthestorewalkedonwoodenplatformscoveringtheunpaveddirtstreetstoavoidtrackingthedustandmudintothebuilding.Withthetoneofsuccess,YipSangaddedtohisbuilding.In1901,hewidenedthestreettoaccommodatethreemoreshops,eachwithasecondstoryabove.Healsoaddedathirdfloortotheoriginalbuildinginthesameyear.In1912,tohousebothhisgrowingfamilyandhisbusiness,hebuiltanewsix-storybrickbuildingbehindtheoldoneandconnectedtoitbyanarrowcorridoratgroundlevel,andbyanenclosedstairwayextensiononthethirdfloorthatstretchedabovethealleybetweenthetwobuildings.Mostofthenewbuildingwasusedtowarehousegoodsfortheimport/exportbusiness.YipSang’sinvolvement(卷入)withshippingcompaniesandhisownbusinessdemonstratedhisunderstandingofthefreightindustryandhisabilitytoworkfluentlyinbothChineseandEnglishlanguages.In1889,theCPRrehiredYipSangtoactastheirChinesePassengerAgentfortheirCanadianSteamshipLine,apositionhehelduntilhisdeathin1927attheageof82.Thedemandforsaltedherring(鯡魚)inchina,inconjunctionwithhugecatchesbeingbroughtinbythefishingfleet,spurredYipSangtobuildafishpackingplantinNanaimo.ThesuccessofthisplantledtotheopeningofasecondplantonVancouverIslandsoonafterward.BothplantswerestaffedbylargenumbersofChineseworkersandhelpedestablishsizeable(相當大的)ChinesecommunityinNanaimo’sdowntowncore.ConsistentwithYipSang’sdevotiontogrowthandimprovement,hepromotedandfostered(支持)education.NotonlydidhefoundtheOkKuoNightSchool,healsoservedasitsprincipalforovertenyears.Hischildrenwenttopublicschool,buttheyalsoreceivedschoolingathomefromtutorshiredfromHongKongtoteachthemChinese.YipSangtookgreatpleasureinquizzinghisoffspring(子女,后代)abouttheirlessons.Hisphilosophywasthatbymoderatingthechildren’sCanadianeducationwithfundamentalChinese,theequationwouldresultinwell-rounded,responsiblecitizens.AsakeenadvocateofeducationinCanada,YipSangalsosponsorededucationabroadinChina.Theling-nanUniversityandToi-shanMiddleSchoolinhishometownofCantonwereestablishedwithhishelp.Throughouthislife,hemaintainedanactiveroleinVancouver’sChinatown.Hewasoneofelevenmen,hiscontemporaries,whofoundedtheChineseBenevolent(慈善的)Association,onecomponentofwhichlookedaftertheill,elderlyordestitute(貧困的)Chineseintheabsenceoftheirfamilies.Whenhediedattheageof82,YipSangwasnotonlyoneofthewealthiestmerchantsinVancouver;hewasalsoconsideredapillarofthecommunity.YipSang’sdescendants(后裔,后代)continuetohonorhisvaluesandremainactiveintheVancouverCommunity.加籍華人阿壽1842年，中英兩國簽訂《南京條約》，雙方為各自的國民提供在彼此的疆域內(nèi)享有人員和財產(chǎn)受到完全保護的權(quán)利。盡管中國沒有公開允許移民出境，但1860年通過的一條法律規(guī)定尋求在英國殖民地或其他地方工作的華人有這種移民自由。他們及其家人只要登上在中國任一個開放港口里的任一艘英國船只即可。1868年，另一個條約——一個與美國簽訂的條約——給予那些觀光、貿(mào)易或永久定居為目的的華人將家庭及對國家的效忠從一個國家轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個國家的權(quán)利。從而打開了從中國移民出境的大門。1850年不列顛哥倫比亞的淘金熱開始了華人從美國移民到加拿大的歷程。在這些早期移民中間，很多人是從福建省、廣東省乘船到達舊金山的。當聽說在不列顛哥倫比亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦，很多人從陸路穿越俄勒岡州，過邊境進入加拿大，或者乘船到達維多利亞港。當金礦被淘盡的時候，這些早期的定居者留了下來，轉(zhuǎn)而從事園藝、農(nóng)業(yè)、家政服務(wù)、道路和鐵路建設(shè)等行業(yè)。到1871年，這個省大約有3,000名華裔居民，其中只有53名婦女。因為華人勞工以勤勞守信聞名，多家公司爭相雇傭他們。結(jié)果，在1882年至1884年期間，估計來了10,000名工人。為了有效地限制華人入境，加拿大國會通過了一項法令，限制每50噸排水噸位只能運載1人，還征收人頭稅。那些交了人頭稅的人，其檔案至今還可以在加拿大國家檔案館查閱到。1875年元月刊登在《倫敦新聞畫報》上的一篇文章，通過揭示華人一些觀念的改變，對移民過程做了某些深層的透視。其作者認為，他們的變化是很小的，而且基本上都是外在的。他相信在努力融入當?shù)厣鐣倪^程中，華人接受了美洲的語言、文化和服飾。然而，因為華人總是帶有一種對他們自己身份的強烈認同感，要他們養(yǎng)成北美的生活方式是沒有必要的，他們也認為沒有義務(wù)放棄自己的傳統(tǒng)。以今天的標準來看，這篇文章的大部分內(nèi)容可以被認為是帶有侮辱性的。在美國，存在兩種對立的觀點。一方面，華人被看成廉價的勞動力，為這個國家的財富積累提供了必要的人力資源，大多數(shù)通常從事危險的職業(yè)。另一方面，又有人污蔑他們是這個國家的“禍根”。有些美國人贊揚中國人，另一些人則指責他們是惡棍。還有些人憂心忡忡于如果所有移民都決定留下來可能會發(fā)生的問題。然而，他們的擔心毫無道理，因為大多數(shù)華人并沒打算留下來。他們最大的愿望就是盡可能地攢錢，然后回到中國。為移民提供食宿和就業(yè)的行會建立了起來。當然，這是要付錢的。所付費用可以保證工人得到合理的工資，不受雇主欺騙。會費累積到很大一筆的時候，行會就能夠幫助生病或失業(yè)的人。他們不僅要注意工人是否得到應(yīng)得的收入，還要使他還清所有的債務(wù)。沒有其代理人出具的無欠債的證明，工人是不允許回到自己國家的。很多華人能夠存下一部分收入，回家時帶回他們的祖國。工人們回到中國后，常常會再次到北美掙更多的錢。然而，在中國，被允許上船之前，他們必須證明自己是自愿走的，并不是受勞動合同的約束。在開船之前，當局會上來檢查，保證船上所有的人都檢過票，并且不是違反他們的意愿離開這個國家的。阿壽，1845年出生于廣東，19歲時離開中國到美國謀生。1864年到達舊金山后，靠打工過活，先是當洗碗工，然后是廚師，最后是雪茄卷煙工。從一開始，他就認識到，只要他有耐心，能夠表現(xiàn)出最佳的能力，就會實現(xiàn)他的價值。也許是受傳聞中加拿大鐵路公司所給的高工資的吸引，阿壽離開了舊金山。1881年他到溫哥華。1882年至1884年，他在加拿大太平洋鐵路的西段工作。先是做簿記員，然后是記工員，出納員，最后被提拔為供應(yīng)公司的華人主管。這次晉升使他負責雇傭合同的事務(wù)，他把幾千人從中國運送到不列顛哥倫比亞的鐵路線上工作。在建設(shè)高峰期間，他管理的華工達六、七千人。1885年，他用在加拿大太平洋鐵路公司掙的錢回到中國，并從