Unit4ScientistswhochangedtheworldReading(Ⅱ)吳曉焱江蘇省通州高級中學(xué)中學(xué)二級教師揚(yáng)州市區(qū)“高中英語閱讀教學(xué)優(yōu)質(zhì)課大賽”一等獎吳曉焱HowtoexplaintermsusingappositivesExamplesfromthenewsreportTuYouyouhasbecomethefirstfemalescientistofthePeople’sRepublicofChinatoreceiveaNobelPrize,awardedforhercontributiontothefightagainstmalaria,oneofthedeadliestdiseasesinhumanhistory.InNovember1972,throughtrialanderror,theysuccessfullydiscoveredqinghaosu—themosteffectivepartoftheqinghaoextract.DefinitionofappositivesAnappositiveisa

nounornounphrasethatrenames,furtheridentifiesorexplainsanothernoun.Itallowswritersandspeakerstomovefromthegeneraltothespecificorviceversa.ThepositionofappositivesThemarvelofthemachineage,theelectroniccomputerhasbeeninuseonlysince1946.電子計(jì)算機(jī)這一機(jī)器時代的奇跡只是從1946年才開始投入使用的。Thesimplestatom,

thehydrogenatom,containsoneprotonandoneelectron.最簡單的原子，即氫原子，含有一個質(zhì)子和電子。Anappositivecanappeareitherbeforeorafterthenounitdefines.1.Anappositivecanbeintroducedbysome

specificwordsorpunctuationmarks.viz.andthatisnamelyforexampleinotherwordsorrather…acommaadash acolon…Howtorecognizeappositives

Ourbodiesaremadeupoffiveparts,namely,thehead,neck,trunk,armsandlegs.人體由五部分組成，即頭、頸、軀干、上肢和下肢。Man’sfirstrealinvention,and

oneofthemostimportantinventionsinhistory,wasthewheel.Thedistanceequalstwokilometres—1.243

miles.這個距離等于兩公里，即1.243英里。Differentkindsofwaveshaveeachthesamethreecharacteristics:

amplitude,frequencyandlength.不同的波各自都有三個相同的特性：振幅、頻率和波長。車輪是人類第一個真正的發(fā)明，同時也是人類歷史上最重要的發(fā)明之一。2.Anappositivecanbesimplyanounoracombinationofnouns.Water,acompound,canbedecomposedintothegaseouselementshydrogenandoxygen.Colourtelevisionbreaksdownthepicturesintothreecolours—red,greenandblue.水是一種化合物，它能分解為氣體元素氫和氧。彩色電視把圖像分解為三種顏色——紅、綠、藍(lán)。3.Acomplexappositiveis

oftenfollowedbyanattributiveoranattributiveclause.ThebabyeelsarecarriedbytheGulfStreamtoEurope,ajourneywhichtakestwoandahalfyears.幼鰻被墨西哥灣水流帶往歐洲，這一游程需要?dú)v時兩年半。Acomputerworkoutlong,complicatedanddifficultproblems—problemsotherwiseimpossibletosolve.計(jì)算機(jī)能夠解決冗長而復(fù)雜的難題，而這些難題用其他辦法則無法解決。TorepeattheinitialnounTousepronouns(one,ones,that,those,something…)TouseasuperordinateorageneralwordDifferentformsofappositives+modifierTowritea

complex

appositiveWitheitherprocess,energyisreleased—energy

inveryverybigamounts.這是一種計(jì)算上的錯誤，這種錯誤肯定是非常少見的。It’sanaccountingerror—__________

that’scertainlyveryuncommon.anerror石油（未精煉過的原油）是一種十分重要的原料。Crudeoil,_____thathasnotyetbeenrefined,isanextremelyimportantrawmaterial.oil1.TorepeattheinitialnounRecentresearchshowsthatevenmoderatetemperaturesourcescanoperateturbinesusingasubstanceotherthanwater—one

withalowerboilingpoint.許多醫(yī)師正在對慢性病進(jìn)行研究，所謂慢性病是指病程長或不能治愈的疾病。Manydoctorsareworkingonchronicdiseases,______thatlastalongtimeorcannotbecured.those2.TousepronounsSomestudiesindicatethatbeta-carotene,asubstancethebodyconvertstovitaminA,maybethechiefprotectivesubstance.到了20世紀(jì)70年代末期，神經(jīng)學(xué)家們轉(zhuǎn)而認(rèn)為夢僅僅是人們頭腦中的噪音——是在睡眠中進(jìn)行的神經(jīng)修復(fù)過程中隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)品。1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofdreamsasjust“mentalnoise”—________________________oftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.therandomby-products3.TouseasuperordinateorageneralwordTuYouyouhasbeenawardedforhercontributiontothefightagainstmalaria,oneofthedeadliestdiseasesinhumanhistory.…malaria,one

ofthedeadliestdiseasesthatcausesfeverandshiveringcausedbythebiteofsometypesofmosquito.Theysuccessfullydiscoveredqinghaosu—themosteffectivepartoftheqinghaoextract.…qinghaosu—themosteffectivepartoftheqinghaoextractwhichhelpscuremalaria.Rewritetheexplanationofthemedicaltermsinthenewsreport.Exercise1

Explaintermsusingcomplexappositives.Thedoctoraskedmetohaveagoodrestandtakesomeaspirin,_____________________.…aspirin,

adrugusedtoreducepain,feverandinflammation.Aftersurgery,themanwassenttoICU,__________________.…ICU,thepartofahospitalwhichprovidesintensivecare.Exercise2

OneofthemostfamousChinesemedicaltreatmentsisChineseacupuncture,______________________.…acup