Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.課程介紹Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.四、教學(xué)方法：理論教學(xué)；案例分析；討論；教學(xué)體驗(yàn)五、成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定：平時(shí)30分〔作業(yè)20分，出勤10分〕；卷面成績(jī)70分。曠課一次扣除5分，未上課時(shí)間超過(guò)22學(xué)時(shí)者，需重修。六、教學(xué)內(nèi)容：概念、過(guò)程、方法三大局部Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.學(xué)科研究現(xiàn)狀Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.〔二〕本書(shū)綜合性觀點(diǎn)政府依據(jù)特定時(shí)期的目標(biāo)，通過(guò)對(duì)社會(huì)中各種利益進(jìn)行選擇與整合，在追求有效增進(jìn)與公平分配社會(huì)利益的過(guò)程中所制定的行為準(zhǔn)那么。集中一點(diǎn)，就是要就解決利益的增進(jìn)與分配問(wèn)題，是社會(huì)利益的集中表達(dá)。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.②利益綜合〔整合〕:美國(guó)著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家羅爾斯認(rèn)為:社會(huì)是為獲取共同利益組成的協(xié)同事業(yè)體。各社會(huì)成員具有互相一致的利害關(guān)系。政府在向社會(huì)各成員分配利益時(shí)，除了考慮到社會(huì)的整體利益與政府的自身利益外，還要充分想到社會(huì)各成員之間的利益相關(guān)性?！仨毦C合平衡各種利益關(guān)系。利益綜合建立在利益選擇的根底上。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.釋義Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.此外，還有象征功能Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.雅言、官話、國(guó)語(yǔ)一般以首都所在地的方言為準(zhǔn)以北方話為根底方言，以北京語(yǔ)音為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音的普通話。〞為簡(jiǎn)便起見(jiàn)，這種民族共同語(yǔ)也可以就叫普通話。〞Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.說(shuō)明Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.本章案例〔P33〕1、我國(guó)該不該開(kāi)展花炮業(yè)？怎樣開(kāi)展？2、萬(wàn)載縣政府在花炮制造的決策問(wèn)題上存在哪些問(wèn)題？3、該案例在利益分配問(wèn)題上存在那些問(wèn)題和矛盾？4、今后應(yīng)怎樣進(jìn)一步解決這一問(wèn)題？Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.政治技巧分析技術(shù)高度低度高度企業(yè)型技術(shù)型低度政客型虛偽型Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.一、官方?jīng)Q策者Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.在我國(guó)，三大權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)不是并列關(guān)系，而是隸屬關(guān)系。立法機(jī)關(guān)作為最高權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)，產(chǎn)生并授權(quán)行政機(jī)關(guān)和司法機(jī)關(guān)。行政機(jī)關(guān)是國(guó)家權(quán)力的實(shí)際執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)，是公共事物的直接決策者和執(zhí)行者。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.二、非官方參與者〔一〕利益集團(tuán)〔壓力集團(tuán)〕具有相同利益并向社會(huì)和政府提出訴求，以爭(zhēng)取團(tuán)體及其成員的利益的各種社會(huì)組織?！踩辙r(nóng)協(xié)聯(lián)盟NOKYO〕1、根本特征〔1〕有共同的利益主張；主要有兩類(lèi)利益：經(jīng)濟(jì)利益；公共利益Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.經(jīng)濟(jì)性利益團(tuán)體：關(guān)心的乃是成員的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，這類(lèi)的團(tuán)體皆為功能性的組合。他們成立的目的是旨在團(tuán)結(jié)該階級(jí)或組織的力量來(lái)保障自身利益，并且為該階級(jí)或組織提供討論和交流的平臺(tái)。其中最主要的類(lèi)型，是商人、勞工、農(nóng)民組成的各種團(tuán)體，諸如商會(huì)或工會(huì)，其次是各種專(zhuān)業(yè)人員所組成的團(tuán)體，如醫(yī)療學(xué)會(huì)、教育人士協(xié)會(huì)等。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.公共性利益團(tuán)體：主要是爭(zhēng)取其成員非經(jīng)濟(jì)性的共同理想，他們成立的目的主要是爭(zhēng)取公共利益或透過(guò)成立利益團(tuán)體來(lái)向群眾推廣其理想。英國(guó)學(xué)者稱(chēng)這類(lèi)團(tuán)體為促創(chuàng)團(tuán)體，以別于一般的經(jīng)濟(jì)性利益團(tuán)體。環(huán)保組織、爭(zhēng)取婦女權(quán)益及主張保障弱勢(shì)社群的組織均屬于公共利益團(tuán)體。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.問(wèn)：NGO是否利益集團(tuán)？不完全等同。不是經(jīng)濟(jì)體，尤其不靠經(jīng)濟(jì)利益驅(qū)動(dòng)。她的原動(dòng)力是志愿精神。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.我國(guó)的利益集團(tuán)1、在方案經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，由于缺乏一個(gè)外在于國(guó)家權(quán)威的自治的社會(huì)領(lǐng)域生存開(kāi)展的資源空間，使利益集團(tuán)失去了產(chǎn)生和存在的條件。社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，形成了利益多元化的格局，利益集團(tuán)開(kāi)始形成并進(jìn)入成長(zhǎng)的軌道。商會(huì)、協(xié)會(huì)2、我國(guó)的利益集團(tuán)不同于西方國(guó)家的利益集團(tuán)。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.

2、影響利益團(tuán)體影響力的因素：

Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、利益集團(tuán)的功能Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.4、利益集團(tuán)左右政府決策的方法1、參與國(guó)家選舉，例如角逐立法機(jī)關(guān)的議席2、以說(shuō)理方式游說(shuō)政府或立法機(jī)關(guān)3、爭(zhēng)取社會(huì)支持，如以游行、請(qǐng)?jiān)富虬l(fā)起簽名運(yùn)動(dòng)等形式來(lái)引起公眾注意及向政府施壓。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.5、院外集團(tuán)〔第三院〕西方國(guó)家中為了某種特定利益而組成的企圖影響議會(huì)立法和政府決策的組織。其活動(dòng)常在議會(huì)的走廊(lobby)或接待處進(jìn)行，故有院外活動(dòng)集團(tuán)、羅比分子或走廊議員之稱(chēng)。因在很大程度上可左右議會(huì)立法過(guò)程和結(jié)果，故又被稱(chēng)為議會(huì)兩院之外的第三院。游說(shuō)集團(tuán)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.1888年出版的?美國(guó)政治學(xué)辭典?一書(shū)，對(duì)“游說(shuō)者〞作的定義是：一群以腐化方式影響立法者，并以此為業(yè)的人。他們雖然常以金錢(qián)為手段，但假設(shè)有其它方式可達(dá)目的，也毫不猶豫采納。因此，有不少女性經(jīng)常介入此業(yè)。由于他們?cè)诹⒎ㄟ^(guò)程上的影響力，游說(shuō)集團(tuán)也因此常被戲稱(chēng)為“第三院〞。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在華盛頓的專(zhuān)業(yè)游說(shuō)公司有3700多家，說(shuō)客有8200人，加上沒(méi)有登記的游說(shuō)者總數(shù)在4－5萬(wàn)人之間，是一股強(qiáng)大的政治勢(shì)力。

Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.2、類(lèi)型Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、功能Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.一、社會(huì)問(wèn)題Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.〔4〕類(lèi)型：鄧恩分為結(jié)構(gòu)良好、結(jié)構(gòu)適中和結(jié)構(gòu)不良問(wèn)題?！矎臎Q策者數(shù)量、備選方案有限還是無(wú)限、效用是否一致、結(jié)果是否確定、概率是否可計(jì)算考慮〕我國(guó)學(xué)者一般按社會(huì)領(lǐng)域來(lái)劃分：政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)問(wèn)題等。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.三者之間關(guān)系Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.二、目標(biāo)群體Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、社會(huì)文化環(huán)境Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.〔2〕對(duì)上述問(wèn)題的覺(jué)察與認(rèn)同；〔3〕價(jià)值利益與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的沖突。不同行為主體從自身利益出發(fā)，依據(jù)一定的價(jià)值觀念與行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，說(shuō)明自己的態(tài)度，從而造成了彼此間的沖突。如房屋拆遷問(wèn)題。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.1、通過(guò)問(wèn)題感知掌握問(wèn)題情境Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、以問(wèn)題界定發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)質(zhì)問(wèn)題判斷問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì)3、以問(wèn)題陳述建立正式問(wèn)題Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.舉例：社會(huì)貧富差距過(guò)大問(wèn)題情境：數(shù)據(jù)，相關(guān)者元問(wèn)題：主體、客體、環(huán)境，原因?qū)嵸|(zhì)：分配問(wèn)題正式：陳述也可以表達(dá)為：認(rèn)定問(wèn)題，說(shuō)明偏差，明確原因，問(wèn)題表述Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.分析判斷與問(wèn)題本身的實(shí)際偏差。來(lái)源9個(gè)大多屬于主觀原因，也有體制和環(huán)境的原因。分析：住房?jī)r(jià)格為什么控制不下來(lái)？偏差。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.確定問(wèn)題的代表性、緊迫性；充分交流協(xié)商；選擇恰當(dāng)方式；發(fā)揮團(tuán)體作用政府解決的是公共問(wèn)題而不是私人問(wèn)題。舉例：南京的砍樹(shù)與保樹(shù)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.2、正式議程

〔政府議程〕Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.參照查爾斯.瓊斯的觀點(diǎn)，根據(jù)社會(huì)力量和政府參與的程度不同，將途徑劃分為四類(lèi)：1、社會(huì)中局部團(tuán)體或者個(gè)體主動(dòng)，政府只是有限介入。為什么政府只是有限介入？〔1〕根本不知道。拖欠農(nóng)民工工資〔2〕沒(méi)有權(quán)力處理。有限政府360與騰訊〔3〕無(wú)能力。社會(huì)保障〔4〕時(shí)機(jī)不成熟Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.2、政府主動(dòng)介入和發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，社會(huì)有限介入全局性問(wèn)題。環(huán)境、拆遷、人口、克隆人3、都主動(dòng)。公共設(shè)施建設(shè)4、都不主動(dòng)現(xiàn)實(shí)中不多見(jiàn)。均為意識(shí)到影響的嚴(yán)重性。應(yīng)試教育，轉(zhuǎn)基因問(wèn)題Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.不同情況下，影響因素是不同的1、公民個(gè)人的作用利用非正式關(guān)系〔超出法定組織制度和工作程序的人際關(guān)系〕，造勢(shì)，形成群眾運(yùn)動(dòng)。2、利益集團(tuán)〔游說(shuō)、宣傳、助選、抗議〕3、政治領(lǐng)袖政治使命感。影響公眾。影響政府Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.4、政府體制政府產(chǎn)生的方式及內(nèi)部組織形式。選舉制世襲制，任命制5、群眾傳媒關(guān)注社會(huì)民生、理性分析，重塑社會(huì)公共問(wèn)題。官方媒體、非官方媒體6、專(zhuān)家學(xué)者7、問(wèn)題自身Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.第一節(jié)公共決策體制

制度是指建立在一定社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力開(kāi)展水平根底上，反映該社會(huì)的價(jià)值判斷和價(jià)值取向，由行為主體〔國(guó)家或國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān))所建立的調(diào)整交往活動(dòng)主體之間以及社會(huì)關(guān)系的具有正式形式和強(qiáng)制性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。體制是制度形之于外的具體表現(xiàn)和實(shí)施形式，表現(xiàn)為一定的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。公共決策體制：決策權(quán)力與責(zé)任在決策主體之間進(jìn)行分配所形成的權(quán)力配置格局和責(zé)任分擔(dān)模式，是多元決策主體在決策過(guò)程中的分工合作與活動(dòng)程序。即公共決策的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，程序。與政治體制有著密切聯(lián)系，甚至是同一內(nèi)容。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.行政首長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)制遵循的是決策權(quán)力歸一的原那么，各級(jí)行政機(jī)關(guān)的最高行政首長(zhǎng)擁有最高決策權(quán)，并對(duì)決策獨(dú)立承擔(dān)責(zé)任。不同于首長(zhǎng)制。首長(zhǎng)制又稱(chēng)一長(zhǎng)制或獨(dú)任制，其特點(diǎn)是最高決策權(quán)歸某個(gè)人獨(dú)掌。行政首長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)制屬于首長(zhǎng)制的一種特殊形式?？偨y(tǒng)制也屬于首長(zhǎng)制的一種形式。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.2、咨詢子系統(tǒng)由多學(xué)科專(zhuān)家學(xué)者組成的專(zhuān)門(mén)從事廣泛開(kāi)發(fā)智力，協(xié)助中樞系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行科學(xué)決策的輔助性系統(tǒng)。思想庫(kù)、智囊團(tuán)必須處理好謀與斷的關(guān)系。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、信息子系統(tǒng)由掌握信息的專(zhuān)門(mén)人才所組成，專(zhuān)門(mén)從事信息搜集、整理、貯存和傳遞等活動(dòng)，為公共決策提供信息資料的機(jī)構(gòu)。信息社會(huì)的特征。信息的重要性。信息聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)制我國(guó)決策領(lǐng)域的信息狀況，應(yīng)急辦。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.4、監(jiān)控子系統(tǒng)對(duì)決策者的決策行為、決策內(nèi)容和決策程序進(jìn)行監(jiān)控的子系統(tǒng)。立法機(jī)關(guān)，司法機(jī)關(guān)，利益集團(tuán)都充當(dāng)監(jiān)控者，發(fā)揮監(jiān)控職能。確保合法性、Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.5、執(zhí)行子系統(tǒng)使方案轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)，使目標(biāo)得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)。下一章詳解。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.二、公共決策的擇案規(guī)那么Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.根本特征〔1〕一票否決〔2〕決策結(jié)果應(yīng)照顧到每一個(gè)決策者的利益偏好與要求，是最正確方案?！?〕決策者既考慮到自身的利益，也考慮到其他決策者的利益。不能期望不支付任何本錢(qián)而獲得利益。〔4〕隨著組織規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大決策成員數(shù)目的增加，使形成決策結(jié)果的困難程度成倍增加。現(xiàn)實(shí)中較少使用。使用條件：〔1〕成員較少〔2〕成員代表性及影響力很大〔3〕事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.2、多數(shù)裁定原那么Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.絕對(duì)多數(shù)規(guī)那么的特點(diǎn)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.1、卡普蘭從利益分配角度提出七項(xiàng)原那么。2、史塔林從規(guī)劃應(yīng)具有的特征方面提出六項(xiàng)原那么Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、朱志宏注重政治因素的影響〔1〕開(kāi)放性。了解民意〔2〕前瞻性。超越問(wèn)題現(xiàn)狀，把握未來(lái)〔3〕策略性。要保證成功，并為之努力〔4〕權(quán)變性。動(dòng)態(tài)性，隨著環(huán)境的變化而調(diào)整。應(yīng)有調(diào)整的余地。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.二、系統(tǒng)模型Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.三、互適模型〔互動(dòng)模型〕Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.1、準(zhǔn)備階段Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.〔2〕組織準(zhǔn)備Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.三是制定科學(xué)合理的管理制度。討論：應(yīng)制定哪些制度鼓勵(lì)制度：競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)責(zé)任追究制度〔首長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)制、目標(biāo)責(zé)任制、崗位責(zé)任制〕廉政建設(shè)責(zé)任制Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.〔2〕全面推廣注意自上而下與自下而上相結(jié)合；局部試點(diǎn)與整體推進(jìn)相結(jié)合;把握重點(diǎn)與解決難點(diǎn)相結(jié)合。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.〔3〕指揮協(xié)調(diào)〔同時(shí)性〕Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、總結(jié)階段Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.再?zèng)Q策的主要依據(jù)：環(huán)境的變化；認(rèn)識(shí)的深化；偏差的產(chǎn)生；負(fù)作用的出現(xiàn)。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.忠實(shí)原那么；民主原那么；法治原那么；創(chuàng)新原那么；效益原那么。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.案例二：“中華路〞建設(shè)風(fēng)波7月，某縣正按城建總體規(guī)劃，建設(shè)“中華路〞。該道路的施工建設(shè)得到了沿途機(jī)關(guān)、工廠、商店、居民的大力支持，一度進(jìn)展順利。然而，施工到技工學(xué)校時(shí)，工程受阻。技工學(xué)校隸屬于地區(qū)行署某局。學(xué)校院墻位于中華路的中心線，按施工要求必須拆移該院墻，但技校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不同意。于是，縣城建部門(mén)屢次登門(mén)請(qǐng)求該校將院墻后移，并愿對(duì)后移院墻的重建給予資助。然而，技校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)城建部門(mén)的請(qǐng)求根本不予理睬。城建部門(mén)迫于無(wú)奈；只得先禮后兵，于一天下午強(qiáng)行推倒院墻。技校發(fā)怒了，百余名學(xué)生排成人墻，或坐或立，阻止施工。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.案例分析Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有多種觀點(diǎn)，主要是涉及面廣。鄧恩：效益、效率、充足性、公平性、回應(yīng)性和適宜性〔教材p208〕Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.綜合：八個(gè)方面投入工作量；績(jī)效效率；充分性公平性；適當(dāng)性執(zhí)行力；社會(huì)開(kāi)展總指標(biāo)〔對(duì)社會(huì)開(kāi)展的影響進(jìn)行量的分析〕Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.正式評(píng)價(jià)1、評(píng)價(jià)準(zhǔn)備：明確對(duì)象、目的、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、手段2、評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)施：搜集、分析、結(jié)論3、評(píng)價(jià)總結(jié)：完成報(bào)告，總結(jié)評(píng)價(jià)工作Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、有無(wú)比照分析Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.4、“控制對(duì)象-實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象〞比照分析Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.2、形式〔1〕廢止。農(nóng)業(yè)稅〔2〕替代。收容制度〔3〕合并。大學(xué)生收費(fèi)就是由公費(fèi)自費(fèi)合并而成Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.5、高昂的本錢(qián)沉淀本錢(qián)〔已經(jīng)投入無(wú)法挽回〕；終止的實(shí)施需付出的本錢(qián)：出路的安排，與利益相關(guān)者的矛盾Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.評(píng)估案例1、婦女回家2、乞討3、方案生育4、養(yǎng)犬〔限——管〕Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.第一節(jié)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)方法論與模型方法一、科學(xué)方法的三個(gè)層次哲學(xué)方法一般方法具體方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.社會(huì)科學(xué)研究方法與自然科學(xué)研究方法

Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.博弈論模型公共選擇模型精英模型團(tuán)體模型漸進(jìn)模型理性模型過(guò)程模型制度模型8種重要模型Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.定性分析與定量分析的比較定性分析與定量分析的比較.docEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.2、根據(jù)認(rèn)識(shí)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同問(wèn)題界定方法目標(biāo)確立方法方案搜尋方法結(jié)果預(yù)測(cè)方法方案比較方法效果評(píng)估方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.3、其他方法圖解方法信息方法歷史分析〔結(jié)構(gòu)、局勢(shì)、事件〕個(gè)案分析方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.1、多樣化趨向早期單一的行為主義方法論——多層次多視角、多手段2、價(jià)值、倫理分析日益突出3、非科學(xué)趨向自組織理論的產(chǎn)生和運(yùn)用使牛頓機(jī)械決定論、邏輯實(shí)證主義邊緣化，開(kāi)始關(guān)注不確定性、超理性。Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2004-2021AsposePtyLtd.Evalua