Unit1CulturalHeritage

DiscoveringUsefulStructures

1Studentscanmastertheusageofattributiveclausesintroducedby"who,whom,whose,which,that"andunderstandtheirfunctionsinsentences.2Studentsareabletocorrectlyapplyattributiveclausesinwritingandoralcommunicationtodescribepeople,things,andtheirrelationships.LearningObjectivesTeachingFocusGraspthebasicstructuresandrulesofattributiveclauseswithrelativepronouns("who,whom,whose,which,that").TeachingChallengesDistinguishthecorrectusageofrelativepronounsindifferentcontexts(e.g.,restrictivevs.non-restrictiveclauses)andavoidcommonerrorsinapplication.TeachingFocusandTeachingChallengesPart1Relativepronouns&relativeadverbsOnehotsummer'sdayaFoxwasstrollingthroughanorchardtillhecametoabunchofGrapesjustripeningonavinewhichhadbeentrainedoveraloftybranch.Trytotranslatethefollowingsentence.一個(gè)炎熱的夏日，一只狐貍在果園里散步，突然他看到高處一根修剪過的葡萄藤上掛著一串剛剛成熟的葡萄。Lead-inLookatthesentencesbelowandunderlinetherelativepronounsandadverbs.Afterlisteningtothescientistswhohadstudiedtheproblem,andcitizenswholivednearthedam,thegovernmentturnedtotheUnitedNationsforhelp.Templesandotherculturalsitesweretakendownpiecebypiece,andthenmovedandputtogetheragaininaplacewheretheyweresafefromthewater.Rewritethesentencesusingrelativeclauses.1.Heshowedmeaphotoinhisroom.ItwasaphotoofafamousculturalrelicinEgypt.→

Thephoto_______________________________________________________________2.TheprojectteamhelpedprotectthenationalparksintheUnitedRepublicofTanzania.Itwasformedbymembersfromfifteencountries.→

Theprojectteam__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.ThistemplewasfirstbuiltduringtheQinDynasty.→

Thetime_________________________________________________________________(which/that)heshowedmeinhisroomwasofafamousculturalrelicinEgypt.

whosememberswerefromfifteencountrieshelpedprotectthenationalparksintheUnitedRepublicofTanzania.whenthistemplewasfirstbuiltwasduringtheQinDynasty.Rewritethesentencesusingrelativeclauses.4.WemetaprofessionalarchaeologistattheentrancetotheGreatPyramid.Heexplainedtoustheprocessofbuildingsuchadifficultstructure.→

Theprofessionalarchaeologist_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.Thedocumentsabouttheculturalrelicsfromoverseasareunderthedesk.Ifoundthemyesterday.→

Theplace_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.Scientistsworkedtogetherdayandnighttorescuethetemplebecausetheywantedtopreserveitforthenextgeneration.→

Thereason______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(who/whom)wemetattheentrancetotheGreatPyramidexplainedtoustheprocessofbuildingsuchadifficultstructure.whereIfoundthedocumentsabouttheculturalrelicsfromoverseasyesterdayisunderthedesk.

whyscientistsworkedtogetherdayandnighttorescuethetempleisthattheywantedtopreserveitforthenextgeneration.定語從句概念：修飾名詞或者代詞的句子先行詞：被修飾所名詞或代詞關(guān)系詞：連接定語從句的詞關(guān)系詞限制性關(guān)系代詞（主語或賓語）人who,whom,that

物whichthat

只用that不用which的情況關(guān)系副詞（狀語）時(shí)間when地點(diǎn)where原因why非限制性一句話as固定搭配which一個(gè)詞關(guān)系代詞（主語或賓語）人who,whom

物which關(guān)系副詞（狀語）時(shí)間when地點(diǎn)where原因forwhichwhose介詞+which/whom主謂一致從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該和先行詞保持一致先行詞為theone+n.s，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)先行詞為thevery/onlyone+n.s，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)數(shù)與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別定語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞都有相應(yīng)的成分強(qiáng)調(diào)句將句子中的itis/was…that同時(shí)省去，句子仍然成立thesamethat(指同一物)/as（不同物）so/suchthat(結(jié)果狀語從句)/as（定語從句）特殊先行詞stagepointcaseoccasiontheway1、先行詞被thevery/theonly/thesame等修飾時(shí)。2、先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。3、先行詞正好是nothing/few/all/none/little/some等詞時(shí)。4、先行詞前面有who，which等疑問代詞時(shí)。5、先行詞既有人，也有物時(shí)。關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別對(duì)比維度關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞核心作用連接主從句并替代先行詞連接主從句，說明從句時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因從句成分作主語、賓語、定語（如who/whom/which/that/whose）作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語（如when/where/why）常見先行詞人或物時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因類名詞判斷關(guān)鍵從句缺主賓定→用關(guān)系代詞（Thebook(which)Iread）從句主謂賓完整→用關(guān)系副詞（ThedaywhenIarrived）用法：關(guān)系代詞除了指代主句中的先行詞外，同時(shí)還在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語等。作賓語時(shí)可以省略;但關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，而且介詞提到它的前面時(shí),關(guān)系代詞不能省略。關(guān)系代詞修飾的先行詞在從句中所作的成分who人主語、賓語whom人賓語whose人或物定語that人或物主語、賓語、表語which物或事主語、賓語、定語、表語as人、物或事主語、賓語、表語關(guān)系代詞的省略1.

作直接賓語時(shí)可以省略：Alanisamanwhoisstrictwithhimselfineverything

(that)

hedoes.

艾倫在做任何事情的時(shí)候都對(duì)自己嚴(yán)格要求。Theman(who/whom)yousawjustnowisthehead

ofourdepartment.

你剛才看到的那個(gè)人是我們部門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。2.作表語的關(guān)系代詞that可以省略：Isabelhaschanged.Sheisnolongerthelittlegirl(that)shewas.伊莎貝爾已經(jīng)變了。她再也不是以前那個(gè)小女孩了。3.在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞在介詞后雖作賓語，卻不能省略：DoyouknowanylibrariesfromwhichIcanborrowthisbook?你知道我能從哪個(gè)圖書館借到這本書嗎？只用that不用which(1)當(dāng)先行詞是all,little,few,much,everything,nothing,none等不定代詞時(shí)。AllthatIneedisonlyyouradvice.Thereisnotmuchthatoughttobedonerightnow.Parentsalwaysdoeverythingthattheycantosupporttheirchildren.ThesemessagesaretheveryonesthatIhavebeenlookingfor.(2)當(dāng)先行詞被all,every,no,little,few,much,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast等修飾時(shí)。只用that不用which(3)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。WhenitcomestoJinan,thefirstthatcomestomindisthespringwater.Thatisthebestfilmthathaseverbeenshownsofarinthecity.(4)當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。Whichisoneofthethingsthatmakepeoplehappy?只用that不用which只用which不用that(1)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。I'mlookingforaboxinwhichIcanputalltheseeggs.(2)在非限制性定語從句中。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.(3)先行詞為that、those時(shí)。What'sthatwhichexcitesyousomuch?只用who不用that先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí)，如one，ones，anyone，everyone，everybody，someone等，或先行詞為those且指人時(shí)：Theperson

whoboughtthehouseormovedistheonewhothrowstheparty.

買了房子或搬家的人是舉辦派對(duì)的人。Thosewhodaretobreakthelawwillbepunished.

那些膽敢違反法律的人將會(huì)受到懲罰。用法：關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語，用于修飾先行詞（通常是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞），且在從句中不充當(dāng)主語或賓語。常見的關(guān)系副詞有when、where、why。關(guān)系副詞先行詞功能相當(dāng)于when表示時(shí)間的名詞，如time、day、occasion等。作時(shí)間狀語where表示具體或抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place、position、situation、point等。作地點(diǎn)狀語why通常為reason(s)。作原因狀語(與關(guān)系代詞的關(guān)系）地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)間狀語原因狀語介詞的選擇1.依據(jù)先行詞與從句中動(dòng)詞的搭配來選擇ThisisthehousewhereIlivedlastyear.=ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedlastyear.2.依據(jù)先行詞與從句中名詞的搭配來選擇Iknowthereasonwhyheleft.=Iknowthereasonforwhichheleft.“l(fā)ive”常與“in”搭配，構(gòu)成“l(fā)ivein”“reason”常與“for”搭配，構(gòu)成“forthereason”介詞的選擇3.依據(jù)先行詞所表達(dá)的含義來選擇ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.=ThisisthecityinwhichIwasborn.4.考慮句子所表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系來選擇Theyearwhenhegraduatedfromcollegewas2010.=Theyearinwhichhegraduatedfromcollegewas2010.“beborn”通常搭配“in”，表示“在某個(gè)城市出生”這里表示“在某一年”，用“in”符合時(shí)間上的邏輯關(guān)系介詞的選擇5.表示“所有”或“整體的一部分”時(shí)通常用both/none/some/most...+介詞“of”+which/whom翻譯成：其中兩個(gè)都，其中沒有，其中一個(gè)，其中大部分等Hehastwosons,_____________graduatedfromPekingUniversity.他有兩個(gè)兒子，他們都畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)。

2)Tomwrotemanychildren’sbooks,half__________wereaboutcampusculture.

湯姆寫了很多兒童書籍，其中一半是關(guān)于校園文化的。bothofwhomofwhich關(guān)系代詞or關(guān)系副詞？Thisisthereason_____________Ididn'tcome.why/forwhich指時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因的先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞。指時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因的先行詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞。Thereason___________shegavewasnottrue.which/that判斷依據(jù)：先行詞在從句中所作成分①?gòu)木淙鄙僦鳌①e、定②從句缺狀語關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞Part2Restrictive&non-restrictiveattributiveclauses限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別緊跟在修飾對(duì)象（即先行詞）之后的定語從句,先行詞和限制性定語從句之間緊密相連，前后相接。先行詞與定語從句沒有緊密相連，而是被逗號(hào)或其它語句部分隔開。限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句01限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行限定，是句子不可或缺的部分，如果省略，句子意思會(huì)不完整或不明確。02非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，是句子的附加信息，如果省略，句子意思仍然完整。限制性與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切，刪除后影響整個(gè)意思的表達(dá)與先行詞關(guān)系不密切，是一種補(bǔ)充說明，刪除后不影響整個(gè)意思的表達(dá)不用逗號(hào)分開一般使用逗號(hào)分開可用關(guān)系代詞that不可用關(guān)系代詞that限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞that，who，which/whom在從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略關(guān)系代詞不可以省略關(guān)系代詞whom作賓語時(shí)可用who或that替代關(guān)系代詞不能替代只可以修飾名詞或代詞，不可以修飾句子既可修飾名詞或代詞，也可以修飾句子，有逗號(hào)分開。Part3Exercise1)Theforeignguests,________werescientists,werewarmlywelcomedattheairport.2)Myfatherboughtmeseveralbooks,noneo