2025年上海市徐匯區(qū)二模英語試卷（考試時間105分鐘滿分115分）I.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Horsesaresmarterthanthey’regivencreditforHorsesarecapableofstrategicthinkingandplanningahead,

anewstudyhasfound.ResearchersatNottinghamTrentUniversitymadeagameforhorses___1___theyhadtotouchapieceofcardwiththeirnosestogetatreat.Theymadeitprogressivelyharder,anddiscoveredthatthehorsesallchangedtheirstrategiesinthemostdifficultstage___2___(ensure)theywouldcontinuegettingtreats.Thestudy___3___(involve)20horses,whowereinitiallyrewardedwithatreatfortouchingapieceofcardwiththeirnoses.Inthesecondstage,a“stoplight”wasintroduced,andtherulewaschangedsothattherewardwasonlygiven___4___theytouchedthecardwhenthelightwasoff.Thisdidnotalterthebehaviourofthehorses,asthey___5___(observe)touchingthecardregardlessofthestatusofthelight.Inthefinalstage,researchersintroduceda“punishment”element

ofa10secondtimeout___6___playingorreceivinganyrewardsfortouchingthecardwhilethestoplightwason.Atthispoint,allthehorsessuddenlybegantoplaythegamecorrectly,onlytouchingthecardwhenitwouldleadtoatreat.Instantly___7___(switch)strategiesinthiswayindicatesthehorsesunderstoodtheruleofthestoplighttheentiretime,buthadnoreasontofollowtherulewhentherewasnoconsequenceforgettingitwrong.Thisshowedtheanimalshavetheabilitytothinkandplanahead—somethingpreviously___8___(consider)tobebeyondtheircapacity.“It’sfascinatingbecausetheyhaveaveryunderdevelopedprefrontalcortex(前額葉皮質(zhì)),whichis___9___wetypicallycreditwithproducingthattypeofthinkinginhumans.Thismeanstheymustbeusinganotherareaofthebraintoachieveasimilarresult,”saidDrCarrieIjichi,aseniorresearcheratNTU.“Thisteachesusthatwe_____10_____notmakeassumptionsaboutanimalintelligencebasedonwhethertheyare'built'justlikeus,”shesaid.【答案】1.where2.toensure3.involved4.if5.wereobserved6.from7.switching8.considered9.what10.should##must##can【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。短文主要介紹了諾丁漢特倫特大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究，研究人員通過設(shè)計(jì)一個讓馬用鼻子觸碰卡片獲取獎勵的游戲，逐步增加難度并設(shè)置不同規(guī)則，發(fā)現(xiàn)馬能夠根據(jù)規(guī)則變化改變策略，證明馬具有戰(zhàn)略思考和提前規(guī)劃的能力，同時也表明不能僅依據(jù)動物與人類生理構(gòu)造的相似性來評判其智力?！?題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：諾丁漢特倫特大學(xué)的研究人員為馬設(shè)計(jì)了一個游戲，在這個游戲中它們必須用鼻子觸碰一張卡片才能得到食物獎勵?！癮gameforhorses”是先行詞，設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞。從句“theyhadtotouchapieceofcardwiththeirnosestogetatreat”結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺少表示地點(diǎn)的狀語，即“在這個游戲里”，where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，符合語境。故填where?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：他們讓游戲變得越來越難，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)馬在最困難的階段都改變了它們的策略，以確保它們能繼續(xù)得到食物獎勵。動詞不定式短語作目的狀語，說明馬改變策略的目的是為了繼續(xù)獲得獎勵。故填toensure?！?題詳解】考查動詞時態(tài)。句意：這項(xiàng)研究涉及了20匹馬，它們最初因用鼻子觸碰一張卡片而得到食物獎勵。文章整體描述的是過去進(jìn)行的研究情況，句子主語是“Thestudy”，“involve”是謂語動詞，用一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作，所以用“involved”。故填involved?！?題詳解】考查連詞。句意：在第二階段，引入了一個“交通信號燈”，并且規(guī)則改變了，所以只有當(dāng)信號燈熄滅時，它們觸碰卡片才會得到獎勵?！皌herewardwasonlygiven”和“theytouchedthecardwhenthelightwasoff”之間存在條件關(guān)系，“if”引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“如果，假如”，表示只有在“信號燈熄滅且馬觸碰卡片”這個條件下，才會得到獎勵。故填if?！?題詳解】考查動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：這并沒有改變馬的行為，因?yàn)橛^察到它們不管信號燈的狀態(tài)如何都會去觸碰卡片?！癮s”引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，從句主語“they”（指代馬）和謂語動詞“observe”之間是被動關(guān)系，即“馬被觀察到”，且句子描述的是過去的情況，所以用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)“wereobserved”。故填wereobserved?！?題詳解】考查介詞。句意：在最后階段，研究人員引入了一個“懲罰”元素，即當(dāng)交通信號燈亮著時，馬在玩或因觸碰卡片獲得獎勵時會有10秒鐘的暫停時間。表示“由于”用介詞from，timeoutfrom“由于……而暫停”為固定搭配。故填from?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：以這種方式立即改變策略表明馬一直都理解交通信號燈的規(guī)則，但是當(dāng)犯錯沒有后果時，它們沒有理由去遵守規(guī)則。本句缺少主語，動名詞switching作主語，動名詞短語作主語表示一種行為或動作。故填switching?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：這表明這些動物有思考和提前規(guī)劃的能力——這是以前被認(rèn)為超出它們能力范圍的事情?！皊omething”和“consider”之間是被動關(guān)系，即“某事被認(rèn)為”，所以用過去分詞“considered”作定語。故填considered。【9題詳解】考查表語從句。句意：諾丁漢特倫特大學(xué)的資深研究員凱莉?伊吉奇博士說：“這很有趣，因?yàn)樗鼈兊那邦~葉皮質(zhì)非常不發(fā)達(dá)，而我們通常認(rèn)為產(chǎn)生人類那種思維方式的正是前額葉皮質(zhì)?！薄癷s”后面是表語從句，從句中“credit...with...”缺少賓語，“what”在表語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，指代“產(chǎn)生人類那種思維方式的東西”，所以用“what”引導(dǎo)表語從句。故填what?！?0題詳解】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：她說：“這告訴我們，我們不應(yīng)該/一定不能/不能僅僅根據(jù)動物是否和我們‘構(gòu)造’相似就對它們的智力做出假設(shè)?！备鶕?jù)語境，這里表達(dá)的是一種建議或告誡的語氣，“shouldnot”表示“不應(yīng)該”，“mustnot”表示“一定不能”，“cannot”表示“不能”，這三個情態(tài)動詞的否定形式都能表達(dá)出“不可以僅憑動物與人類構(gòu)造相似與否就評判其智力”的意思，符合句子邏輯。故填should/must/can。SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.pilotedB.preciselyC.barriersD.faultE.misjudgeF.lifethreateningG.transitionH.prioritiesI.temptedJ.posedK.undeniablyYourrobotdriverisonitswayDrivinghasmanydownsides:There’spollution,traffic,findingaplacetopark.Butworstofallarethecrashes.In2023,anestimated40,990peoplewerekilledincarcrashesintheUnitedStates.Reducingtrafficcrashesshouldbeamongthenation’shighest____11____.Behindeachoneliemanyhumanerrors.Peoplegetbehindthewheelwhentheyaredrunkorsleepy,andtheytextortalkontheirphonesinsteadofpayingattentiontotheroad.Ortheysimply____12____roadconditions.Enormousworkhasgoneintoreducingthesehumanerrors.ButdatafromWaymoAlphabet’sselfdrivingcarunit,suggeststhatabetterstrategymightbetotakethedriveroutofthepictureandletvehiclesbe____13____bymachinesthatwillnevergetdistractedordrunk,orbe____14____tobreaktrafficlawsbecausethey’rerunninglate.Waymorobotaxishavelogged33millionmilesandthepany’sfiguresshowthatWaymorobotaxivehiclesdeliver____15____bettersafetyperformance.paredwithcarsdrivenbyhumans,Waymovehicleshavebeeninvolvedin62percentfewerpolicereportedcrashesand78percentfewercrashesthatresultedininjury.TimothyB.Lee,authoroftheUnderstandingAInewsletter,pointedoutthecrashes“weremostlylowspeedcollisions(碰撞)”that____16____noserioussafetyrisk.“Alargemajorityappearedtobethe____17____oftheotherdriver,”Leesaid.It’stooearlytoknowhowmuchselfdrivingcarscouldreduce____18____crashes.Butit’sreasonabletohopethatWaymowillprovesaferthanhumandrivers.Governmentsatalllevelsshouldberushingtoknockdownregulatory____19____thatstandinthewayoffasteradoptionofdriverlesscarswhilealsoensuringthatthepaniesmeetthehigheststandardsforsafetyandaccountability.InearlyJanuary,theAutonomousVehicleIndustryAssociationreleasedaproposedpolicyframeworkthataimstospeedthe_____20_____.Theassociationalsocallsforanationalsafetydatabasetoprovideabetterviewofcrashincidentsinvolvingselfdrivingcars.【答案】11.H12.E13.A14.I15.K16.J17.D18.F19.C20.G【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是新聞報道。主要圍繞自動駕駛汽車的發(fā)展、優(yōu)勢以及其對減少交通事故的潛在影響進(jìn)行了闡述?！?1題詳解】考查名詞。句意：減少交通事故應(yīng)該是國家的首要任務(wù)之一?？涨笆切稳菰~，所以空處應(yīng)填名詞作表語，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是priority意為“重點(diǎn)”符合語境，根據(jù)among可知，用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故選H項(xiàng)?！?2題詳解】考查動詞。句意：或者他們只是誤判了路況。本句缺少謂語動詞，所以空處應(yīng)填動詞，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是misjudge意為“誤判”符合語境，描述客觀狀態(tài)，用一般現(xiàn)在時。故選E項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】考查動詞。句意：但Alphabet旗下自動駕駛汽車部門Waymo的數(shù)據(jù)表明，更好的策略可能是將駕駛員排除在外，讓機(jī)器駕駛車輛，這些機(jī)器永遠(yuǎn)不會分心或醉酒，也不會因?yàn)檫t到而違反交通法規(guī)。根據(jù)句意，此處應(yīng)是pilot意為“駕駛”符合語境，根據(jù)空后的by可知，需用被動語態(tài)，空前已有be動詞，所以空處應(yīng)填過去分詞形式。故選A項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】考查動詞。句意：但Alphabet旗下自動駕駛汽車部門Waymo數(shù)據(jù)表明，更好的策略可能是將駕駛員排除在外，讓機(jī)器駕駛車輛，這些機(jī)器永遠(yuǎn)不會分心或醉酒，也不會因?yàn)檫t到而違反交通法規(guī)。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是tempt意為“引誘”符合語境，和主語vehicles之間是被動關(guān)系，用被動語態(tài)，空前已有be動詞，所以空處應(yīng)填過去分詞形式。故選I項(xiàng)。【15題詳解】考查副詞。句意：Waymo無人駕駛出租車已經(jīng)行駛了3300萬英里，該公司的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，Waymo無人駕駛出租車的安全性能無可否認(rèn)更好?？仗幮揎椏蘸蟮男稳菰~，所以用副詞修飾，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是undeniably意為“不可否認(rèn)地”符合語境。故選K項(xiàng)?！?6題詳解】考查動詞。句意：《理解人工智能》通訊的作者TimothyB.Lee指出，這些碰撞“大多是低速碰撞”，不會構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重的安全風(fēng)險。本句是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，從句缺少謂語，所以空處應(yīng)填動詞，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是pose意為“造成(威脅、問題等)”符合語境，根據(jù)were可知，用一般過去時。故選J項(xiàng)。【17題詳解】考查名詞。句意：“大部分事故似乎是另一位司機(jī)的過錯，”Lee說?？涨笆嵌ü谠~，所以空處應(yīng)填名詞作表語，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是fault意為“過錯”符合語境。故選D項(xiàng)?！?8題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：現(xiàn)在就知道自動駕駛汽車能在多大程度上減少危及生命的車禍還為時過早?？蘸笫敲~，所以空處應(yīng)填形容詞作定語，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是lifethreatening意為“威脅著生命的”符合語境。故選F項(xiàng)。【19題詳解】考查名詞。句意：各級政府應(yīng)盡快消除阻礙無人駕駛汽車更快普及的監(jiān)管障礙，同時確保這些公司在安全和問責(zé)方面達(dá)到最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?？涨笆切稳菰~，所以空處應(yīng)填名詞作賓語，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是barrier意為“障礙”符合語境，為可數(shù)名詞，此處應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故選C項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】考查名詞。句意：今年1月初，自動駕駛汽車行業(yè)協(xié)會（AutonomousVehicleIndustryAssociation）發(fā)布了一份旨在加速過渡的擬議政策框架?？涨笆嵌ü谠~，所以空處應(yīng)填名詞作賓語，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)是transition意為“過渡”符合語境。故選G項(xiàng)。II.ReadingprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Arenoisecancellingheadphonesdamagingourhearingskills?Noisecancellingheadphoneshavebeeapopularchoiceformany,offeringawaytoblockoutbackgroundnoiseandlettingusenjoymusicatlowervolumes.___21___,someexpertsareworriedthatusingtheseheadphonestoomuchmightmakeitharderforourbrainstoprocesssoundsproperly.ReneeAlmeida,anaudiologist(聽力學(xué)家),hasnoticedasmallincreaseinadultsingtoherclinicwith___22___issues.Theymightfailto___23___whereasoundisingfrom,orstruggletofollowaconversationonthetrain,inabaroratarestaurant.Thecondition,knownasauditoryprocessingdisorder(APD),isoftendiagnosedinchildren,sotheriseinadultswithsimilarissuesstruckAlmeidaas___24___.Almeidasuspectsthatthewidespreaduseofnoisecancellingheadphonescouldbea___25___.Sheexplainsthatourbrainsareusedtodealingwiththousandsofdifferentsoundsatthesametimeanddecidingwhichonesareworthpayingattentionto.___26___,whenadogbarksoutside,thebrainquicklyidentifiesthesoundanddismissesitasunimportant.However,noisecancellingheadphones___27___thebraintoasinglesourceofsound,suchasmusicorapodcast,potentiallyweakeningitsabilitytoprocess____28____sounds.Almeidaalsonotesthattheoveruseofnoisecancellingheadphonescouldharmthedevelopmentalprocessbywhichchildrenlearnto___29___sounds.Foradults,itcouldmaketheirbrainslazy,justasmuscles___30___withoutexercise.Inbothcases,peoplecouldstruggletodistinguishspeechfrombackgroundnoise.Despitethese___31___,thereiscurrentlynoscientificevidenceprovingthatnoisecancellingheadphonescauseAPD.Noristheresufficientdatashowingariseinthecondition.ButAlmeidabelievesthequestiondeservesattention.Prof.DaniTomlinfromtheUniversityofMelbourne___32___thatpeoplewhousenoisecancellingheadphonesforlongperiodsmayfindlisteningharderwhentheytakethemoff.Butshesays“the___33___shouldnotbeoverlooked”,forhelpingindividualstolistentomusicandmoviesonplanesandtrains.“Insteadofsuggesting___34___noisecancellingheadphones,weneedmoreprehensiveresearchstudies,”sheadds.Fornow,Almeidaremends___35___likeboneconductionheadphones.Shealsoencouragespeopletoactivelyengageinlisteningexercisestomaintaintheirauditoryprocessingskills.21.A.Instead B.Moreover C.Otherwise D.However22.A.learning B.socializing C.hearing D.reading23.A.indicate B.locate C.recall D.sustain24.A.mon B.raw C.odd D.predictable25.A.primarystage B.contributingfactor C.directconsequence D.temporarysolution26.A.Forexample B.Inconclusion C.Asaresult D.Onthecontrary27.A.expand B.reserve C.limit D.detect28.A.multiple B.external C.unfamiliar D.inviting29.A.clearaway B.attendto C.tuneout D.traceback30.A.strengthen B.tighten C.weaken D.stimulate31.A.concerns B.efforts C.threats D.trends32.A.protests B.suspects C.acknowledges D.opposes33.A.risks B.benefits C.requests D.costs34.A.monitoring B.tolerating C.purchasing D.abandoning35.A.alternatives B.restrictions C.opponents D.perspectives【答案】21.D22.C23.B24.C25.B26.A27.C28.A29.B30.C31.A32.C33.B34.D35.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要探討了降噪耳機(jī)對聽力技能可能產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響，指出雖然目前沒有科學(xué)證據(jù)證明降噪耳機(jī)會導(dǎo)致聽覺處理障礙，但專家們對此表示關(guān)注，并建議進(jìn)行更多研究?！?1題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，一些專家擔(dān)心，過度使用這些耳機(jī)可能會使我們的大腦更難正確處理聲音。A.Instead反而；B.Moreover此外；C.Otherwise否則；D.However然而。根據(jù)前文“Noisecancellingheadphoneshavebeeapopularchoiceformany,offeringawaytoblockoutbackgroundnoiseandlettingusenjoymusicatlowervolumes.”和后文“someexpertsareworriedthatusingtheseheadphonestoomuchmightmakeitharderforourbrainstoprocesssoundsproperly.”可知，前后文之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此用however。故選D?！?2題詳解】考查動名詞詞義辨析。句意：聽力學(xué)家ReneeAlmeida注意到，到她的診所就診的成年人中，聽力問題有所增加。A.learning學(xué)習(xí)；B.socializing社交；C.hearing聽力；D.reading閱讀。根據(jù)后文“Theymightfailto__3___whereasoundisingfrom,orstruggletofollowaconversationonthetrain,inabaroratarestaurant.”以及前文“ReneeAlmeida,anaudiologist”可知，來她診所的應(yīng)該是有聽力問題的人。故選C?！?3題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他們可能無法確定聲音的來源，或者在火車上、酒吧或餐廳里難以跟上對話。A.indicate表明；B.locate確定……的位置；C.recall回憶；D.sustain維持。根據(jù)后文“whereasoundisingfrom”可知，此處指確定聲音來源。故選B?！?4題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：這種被稱為聽覺處理障礙的狀況通常在兒童中被診斷出來，因此成年人中出現(xiàn)類似癥狀的情況增加讓Almeida感到奇怪。A.mon常見的；B.raw生的；C.odd奇怪的；D.predictable可預(yù)測的。根據(jù)前文“Thecondition,knownasauditoryprocessingdisorder(APD),isoftendiagnosedinchildren”可知，這種狀況通常在兒童中被診斷出來，因此成年人中出現(xiàn)類似癥狀的情況增加讓Almeida感到奇怪。故選C?！?5題詳解】考查名詞短語辨析。句意：Almeida懷疑，降噪耳機(jī)的廣泛使用可能是一個促成因素。A.primarystage初級階段；B.contributingfactor促成因素；C.directconsequence直接后果；D.temporarysolution臨時解決方案。根據(jù)前文“Theriseinadultswithsimilarissues”可知，此處指Almeida懷疑，降噪耳機(jī)的廣泛使用可能是一個促成因素。故選B?！?6題詳解】考查介詞短語辨析。句意：例如，當(dāng)一只狗在外面叫時，大腦會迅速識別出這個聲音，并認(rèn)為它不重要而忽略它。A.Forexample例如；B.Inconclusion總之；C.Asaresult結(jié)果；D.Onthecontrary相反。根據(jù)后文“whenadogbarksoutside,thebrainquicklyidentifiesthesoundanddismissesitasunimportant.”可知，此處是在舉例說明。故選A?！?7題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，降噪耳機(jī)將大腦限制在單一的聲音來源上，如音樂或播客，這可能會削弱其處理多種聲音的能力。A.expand擴(kuò)大；B.reserve保留；C.limit限制；D.detect檢測。根據(jù)后文“thebraintoasinglesourceofsound,suchasmusicorapodcast”可知，降噪耳機(jī)將大腦限制在單一的聲音來源上。故選C?！?8題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，降噪耳機(jī)將大腦限制在單一的聲音來源上，如音樂或播客，這可能會削弱其處理多種聲音的能力。A.multiple多種的；B.external外部的；C.unfamiliar不熟悉的；D.inviting誘人的。根據(jù)前文“asinglesourceofsound”可知，此處指可能會削弱其處理多種聲音的能力。故選A?！?9題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：Almeida還指出，過度使用降噪耳機(jī)可能會損害兒童學(xué)習(xí)處理聲音的發(fā)育過程。A.clearaway清除；B.attendto處理；C.tuneout調(diào)低；D.traceback追溯。根據(jù)后文“sounds”可知，此處指處理聲音。故選B?！?0題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：對于成年人來說，這可能會讓大腦變得懶惰，就像肌肉不鍛煉就會變?nèi)跻粯?。A.strengthen加強(qiáng)；B.tighten收緊；C.weaken變?nèi)?；D.stimulate刺激。根據(jù)前文“maketheirbrainslazy”可知，此處指肌肉不鍛煉就會變?nèi)?。故選C?！?1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：盡管存在這些擔(dān)憂，但目前還沒有科學(xué)證據(jù)證明降噪耳機(jī)會導(dǎo)致聽覺處理障礙。A.concerns擔(dān)憂；B.efforts努力；C.threats威脅；D.trends趨勢。根據(jù)前文“someexpertsareworriedthatusingtheseheadphonestoomuchmightmakeitharderforourbrainstoprocesssoundsproperly.”可知，此處指盡管存在這些擔(dān)憂。故選A?！?2題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：墨爾本大學(xué)的DaniTomlin教授承認(rèn)，長時間使用降噪耳機(jī)的人可能會在摘下耳機(jī)后發(fā)現(xiàn)聽力變得更困難。A.protests抗議；B.suspects懷疑；C.acknowledges承認(rèn)；D.opposes反對。根據(jù)后文“peoplewhousenoisecancellingheadphonesforlongperiodsmayfindlisteningharderwhentheytakethemoff.”可知，這是DaniTomlin教授承認(rèn)的內(nèi)容。故選C。【33題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：但她表示，“不應(yīng)忽視其益處”，因?yàn)樗兄趥€人在飛機(jī)和火車上聽音樂和電影。A.risks風(fēng)險；B.benefits益處；C.requests請求；D.costs成本。根據(jù)后文“forhelpingindividualstolistentomusicandmoviesonplanesandtrains.”可知，此處指不應(yīng)忽視其益處。故選B?！?4題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：“我們不應(yīng)該建議放棄降噪耳機(jī)，而是需要進(jìn)行更全面的研究”，她補(bǔ)充道。A.monitoring監(jiān)控；B.tolerating容忍；C.purchasing購買；D.abandoning放棄。根據(jù)后文“weneedmoreprehensiveresearchstudies”可知，此處指我們不應(yīng)該建議放棄降噪耳機(jī)。故選D?！?5題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：目前，Almeida推薦使用骨傳導(dǎo)耳機(jī)等替代品。A.alternatives替代品；B.restrictions限制；C.opponents對手；D.perspectives視角。根據(jù)后文“l(fā)ikeboneconductionheadphones”可知，此處指骨傳導(dǎo)耳機(jī)等替代品。故選A。SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Geology,thestudyofthestructureandformationoftheEarth,isthebabyofalltheothersciences.Untilparativelyrecently,scholarspaidlittleattentiontorocksandrockformations.Indeed,thewordgeologyonlyappearedintheEnglishlanguagein1735andtookanotherseventyorsoyearstoentergeneralusage.GeologymadeitsfirstappearanceintheEncyclopaediaBritannica(大英百科全書)inthe1810edition.Despitethisinclusion,thescienceofgeologyremainedlargelyignoreduntilmuchlaterinthecentury.NowadaysthemysteryoftheEarthanditsformationfascinatesgeologistsacrosstheworld.However,fewpeopleknowthatthewholemoderndisciplineofgeologyandthewaywelookatourworldowesitsinspirationtoasinglemanwithanextraordinarypassionforlandscapeandrocks.ThatmanwasWilliamSmith,whowasbornin1769inthesmallvillageofChurchillinthesouthofEngland.FromanearlyageWilliamshowedastronginterestintheworldabouthimandaskedquestionsaboutthelandscapethatnoonecouldproperlyanswer.AsayoungboyWilliampickedupstrangelookingstonesthatlayinthefieldsaroundhishomeandfeltthatsomeofthemostmonpatternsinthesestoneslookedlikeanimalsfoundlivinginthesea.Heaskedthemenofknowledgeandscienceinthedistricthowthesestonescametofindthemselveshere.Noone,itseemed,hadanswerstohisquestionsoreventhoughtitremotelyinterestingtoaskthequestionsinthefirstplace.AchancemeetingwithamancalledEdwardWebbledtoWilliambeingofferedapositiontoworkdownthemines.Hecametorealisethatdifferenttypesofrocklayatdifferentlevelsashewentdeeperunderground.ThisledWilliamtosuggestthatolderrockslaydeeperthannewerrocks.Armedwithhisnewfoundinsightintothebirthofrocks,WilliamwalkedthelengthandbreadthofGreatBritainwiththeintentionofsurveyingandcategorisingallthewonderfullydifferenttypesofrocksthathefound.IttookWilliammanyyearsoffrustrationandhardshiptodrawahugemapofGreatBritainbyhand.Themap,ondisplaytodayatBurlingtonHouseinLondon,usesbeautifulcolourstoshoweverylayerofrockbelowinthemostprecisedetail.Uniqueinitstime,William’smapgavebirthtoeverygeologicalsurveythatwetakeforgrantedintheworldtoday.36.Whendidtheword“geology”starttobemonlyusedintheEnglishlanguage?A.In1735. B.In1810. C.Around1805. D.Around1895.37.WhatcanbelearnedaboutthelocalscholarsinWilliam’sdistrict?A.Theywereveryknowledgeableaboutthelandscape.B.TheyencouragedWilliamtoexplorehiscuriosity.C.TheywereastonishedbyWilliam’sfindings.D.Theylackedbothknowledgeandinterestinrocks.38.WhatsignificantdiscoverydidWilliamSmithmakewhileworkinginthemines?A.Rockswereofthesametypeunderground.B.Undergroundrockswereindistinctlayers.C.Newerrockslaydeeperthanolderones.D.Theageofrockshadnorelationtotheirdepth.39.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.TodescribethelifeandworkofWilliamSmithandhisimpactonmoderngeology.B.Toexplainthehistoryoftheword“geology”anditsdevelopmentinmodernworld.C.Todiscusstheimportanceofgeologicalsurveysinunderstandingthelandweliveon.D.TohighlightthechallengesfacedbyearlygeologistsinmappingtheEarth’srocks.【答案】36.C37.D38.B39.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程以及威廉?史密斯對現(xiàn)代地質(zhì)學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)，包括他從小對巖石的興趣、在礦井中的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及繪制地圖等經(jīng)歷?！?6題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Indeed,thewordgeologyonlyappearedintheEnglishlanguagein1735andtookanotherseventyorsoyearstoentergeneralusage.(“地質(zhì)學(xué)”這個詞在1735年出現(xiàn)在英語中，又過了大約70年才被普遍使用。)”可知，1735年加上70年左右，大約是1805年，“地質(zhì)學(xué)”一詞開始在英語中普遍使用。故選C?！?7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Heaskedthemenofknowledgeandscienceinthedistricthowthesestonescametofindthemselveshere.Noone,itseemed,hadanswerstohisquestionsoreventhoughtitremotelyinterestingtoaskthequestionsinthefirstplace.(他問當(dāng)?shù)赜兄R和懂科學(xué)的人這些石頭是怎么到這里來的。似乎沒有人能回答他的問題，甚至一開始就沒有人覺得這些問題有絲毫有趣之處。)”可知，當(dāng)?shù)氐膶W(xué)者既缺乏關(guān)于巖石的知識，也對巖石不感興趣。故選D?！?8題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Hecametorealisethatdifferenttypesofrocklayatdifferentlevelsashewentdeeperunderground.(當(dāng)他深入地下時，他意識到不同類型的巖石處于不同的層次。)”可知，威廉?史密斯在礦井工作時發(fā)現(xiàn)地下巖石是分層的。故選B。【39題詳解】推理判斷題。文章開篇介紹了地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展歷史，引出威廉?史密斯，接著講述了他從小對石頭的興趣，在礦井工作時的發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及他繪制英國地圖的過程和艱辛，最后提到他的地圖對現(xiàn)代地質(zhì)學(xué)的影響。所以文章的目的是描述威廉?史密斯的生活、工作以及他對現(xiàn)代地質(zhì)學(xué)的影響。故選A。(B)SamSchwartzbetterknownasGridlockSam,unsuccessfullytriedtointroducecongestion(擁堵)pricingtoNewYorkinthe1970s,whenhewasacitytrafficengineer.Some50yearslater,onJanuary5ththisyear,thecityfinallycollectedthecharge—thefirstofitskindinAmerica.Thescheme(方案)ismodelledpartlyonthatofLondon,wheresince2003adailycharge(currently￡15,or$19)hasreducedthenumberofcars,improvedairqualityandfundedtransitupgrades.NewYork’sversioncosts$9formostdrivers(withdifferentratesforlorriesandlowineNewYorkers).ThezoneincludesManhattan’scentralbusinessdistrict,southof61stStreet,andmostoftheroads,tunnelsandbridgesthatconnectsurroundingareas.TheMetropolitanTransportationAuthority,whichoverseesthecity’stransportsystemandsomesuburbanlines,hopesthattheschemewillreducetrafficintheseareasby1020%(trafficincentralLondonfellby18%inthefirstyear).MoneyfromthecongestionchargeisearmarkedformuchneededimprovementstoNewYork’sageingsubwayandotherpublictransportsystems.Willitwork?JoshuaandBenjaminMoshes,studentsatNortheasternUniversityandBrownUniversityrespectively,aremonitoringhowtraveltimesintoManhattanhavechangedsincethechargecameintoeffect.TheircongestiontrackercollectstrafficdatafromGoogleMapsevery15minutesacross19routesintoManhattan.ItistoosoontosaywhateffectthepricingwillhaveonNewYork’sroads,butthreechartsbelowoffersomecluesfromthefirst24hours.Earlyresultsareencouraging.Thetrackershowsthatthetimetodrivethe1.6miles(2.6km)throughtheHollandTunnelwascutbyhalfduringrushhour:fromanaverageof23minutesonmostMondaymornings,tojust12onJanuary6th.ThetimespentcrossingtheEastRiverthroughtheQueensboroBridgewasalsocutbyhalf.DriversfromBrooklynstillfacedheavytrafficontheBrooklynBridge,however,andtraveltimeswithinthecongestionzonewerereducedoverallbyjust1%.Snowfallandotherunrelatedfactorsmayhaveplayedarole.Itwilltakemonthstofullyassesstheimpactofthecharge.40.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutSamSchwartziscorrect?A.HemanagedtointroducecongestionpricinginNewYorkinthe1970s.B.Hehasbeenworkingonthecongestionpricingschemeforabout50years.C.Heproposedtheconceptofcongestionpricingasacitytrafficengineer.D.HiscongestionpricingschemewaseventuallyadoptedbyLondon.41.Accordingtothepassage,themainpurposeofNewYork’scongestionpricingisto_________.A.provideanadditionalsourceofineforcitizensinNewYorkB.easetrafficwhileraisingmoneytoimprovepublictransportationC.increasethefinancialineoftheNewYorkCitygovernmentD.encouragethelocalresidentstousetheirprivatecarsmoreoften42.Whichofthefollowingisafactmentionedinthepassagetosupporttheclaimthat“earlyresultsareencouraging”?A.TraveltimesonthethreeroutesintoManhattanhavesignificantlydecreased.B.TrafficcongestionontheBrooklynBridgehassignificantlyimproved.C.DrivingtimethroughtheHollandTunnelhasbeenreducedbyabout50%.D.Overalltraveltimeswithinthecongestionzonehavedecreasedby1%.【答案】40.C41.B42.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是新聞報道。報道了紐約市實(shí)施擁堵收費(fèi)方案。40題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“SamSchwartz,betterknownasGridlockSam,unsuccessfullytriedtointroducecongestion(擁堵)pricingtoNewYorkinthe1970s,whenhewasacitytrafficengineer.(上世紀(jì)70年代，SamSchwartz——更廣為人知的名字是“堵車山姆”——曾試圖在紐約引入擁堵收費(fèi)，但沒有成功，當(dāng)時他還是一名城市交通工程師)”可知，SamSchwartz作為城市交通工程師，他提出了擁堵收費(fèi)的概念。故選C項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“TheMetropolitanTransportationAuthority,whichoverseesthecity’stransportsystemandsomesuburbanlines,hopesthattheschemewillreducetrafficintheseareasby1020%(trafficincentralLondonfellby18%inthefirstyear).MoneyfromthecongestionchargeisearmarkedformuchneededimprovementstoNewYork’sageingsubwayandotherpublictransportsystems.(負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管紐約市交通系統(tǒng)以及一些郊區(qū)線路的大都會運(yùn)輸署希望，這一方案能夠使這些地區(qū)的交通擁堵狀況減少10%至20%（倫敦市中心的交通流量在第一年就下降了18%）。征收擁堵費(fèi)所得的資金將專門用于對紐約老化的地鐵系統(tǒng)以及其他公共交通系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行迫切需要的改進(jìn))”可推知，紐約實(shí)施擁堵收費(fèi)的主要目的是緩解交通擁堵，同時為改善公共交通籌集資金。故選B項(xiàng)。【42題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Earlyresultsareencouraging.Thetrackershowsthatthetimetodrivethe1.6miles(2.6km)throughtheHollandTunnelwascutbyhalfduringrushhour:fromanaverageof23minutesonmostMondaymornings,tojust12onJanuary6th.(初步結(jié)果令人鼓舞。跟蹤顯示，在高峰時段，通過荷蘭隧道1.6英里（2.6公里）的時間縮短了一半：從大多數(shù)周一早上的平均23分鐘，減少到1月6日的12分鐘)”可知，通過荷蘭隧道的駕駛時間減少了約50%，支持“早期結(jié)果令人鼓舞”這一說法的事實(shí)。故選C項(xiàng)。(C)Theconvenienceofmodernlife

isnothingshortof

astonishing.AsIwritethis,myphoneiswirelesslysendingsomeofthegreatesthitsfromthe1700stomy

portablespeaker.Icouldusethatsamedeviceto,withinmoments,getacartopickmeup,or

havefooddeliveredtomyhouse.Thefactthat,asaculture,weseekoutandcelebratesuch

shortcuts

isunderstandable.Theymakeiteasiertohavefun,andsaveustimeandenergy.Thatsaid,mostpeopleareableto

sense

thatconveniencehasadarkerside.Beforewegetintothat,itisimportanttounderstandwhyconvenienceisso

seductive

inthefirstplace.Weoften

resistdoingthethingsweneedtodo

inordertomakeprogress.

Behindeverywellintentionedplanliesthishorriblesenseofinertia(惰性).Whyisthisresistance—andourcorrespondingappetiteforease—suchanessentialpartofourmakeup?Here,insightsfromevolutionarypsychology(particularlytheideaof“evolutionarymismatch”)canhelp.Evolutionarymismatchisthe

idea

thatweevolvedforahuntergathererlifestyle,andthatwhileourcircumstanceshavechanged

pletely,ourbrainsandbodieshaven’t.Resistancewas

anecessarycounterbalanceto

theburstsofintenseactivitythatcharacterizedthelivesofhuntergatherers:searchingforfoodindrivingrain,orrunningtoescapeadangerousanimal.It’sthereasonwestillask:“DoIreallyhavetobedoingthis?Shouldn’tIsavemyenergy?”Thepeople

whochosetoremainsheltered

duringsnowstorms,when

theprospectof

obtainingfoodwaslow,weremorelikelytoliveand

passontheirgenestothenextgeneration.Andsincethoseguysareourancestors,we’ve

inherited(繼承)thattendency.Sincethattime,ofcourse,innovationhas

changedthingsgreatly.We’ve

benttechnologyandourenvironmentsatleastpartlyto

serveournaturalinstincttoconserveenergy.Thequestionis:whatdowestandtoloseby

followingourtendencytoprioritisefortandconvenience?Continuallychoosingtheconvenientpath

lessensyourabilityto

dealwithunavoidabledifficulties.And,fromanevolutionaryperspective,somemeasureofdisfortis

justascrucialtooursurvivalas

restandrelaxation.Ourancestorsdidn’tsurvivepurelybybeinglazy,butthroughabinationof

playingitsafe

andtakingnecessaryrisks:fore