1996年全國(guó)攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題

PartⅠClozeTest

Directions：

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked［A］,［B］,［C］and[D].Choose

thebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.

(10points)

Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenance

oflifeofanimals,includingman.

Theydonotprovideenergy,1dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor2

foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif3ismissingadeficiency

diseasebecomes4.

Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and5

nitrogen.Theyaredifferent6theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin7oneormore

specificfunctionsinthebody.

8enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor9vitamins.Many

people,10,believeinbeingonthe“safeside”andthustake

willusuallymeetallthebody’svitaminneeds.

1.［A］either［B］so［C］nor［D］never

2.［A］shifting［B］transferring［C］altering［D］transforming

3.［A］any［B］some［C］anything［D］something

4.［A］serious［B］apparent［C］severe［D］fatal

5.［A］mostly［B］partially［C］sometimes［D］rarely

6.［A］inthat［B］sothat［C］suchthat［D］exceptthat

7.［A］undertakes［B］holds［C］plays［D］performs

8.［A］Supplying［B］Getting［C］Providing［D］Furnishing

9.［A］exceptional［B］exceeding［C］excess［D］external

10.［A］nevertheless［B］therefore［C］moreover［D］meanwhile

PartⅡReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionstherearefouranswersmarked［A］,

［B］,［C］and［D］.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Thenmark

youransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)

Passage1

dersusedtosay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”

Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.

Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusis

continuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,

weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforany

typeofmealtobeserved.

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Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakinga

blueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplan

wheretosellyourservices.

Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceand

references.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandis

extremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcouldbeemployerisdecidingwhetheryour

education,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour“wares”andabilitiesmust

bedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.

Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcouldbejob.Makeinquiriesasto

thedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertain

amountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.

11.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”?

［A］You’llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.

［B］It’snousedreaming.

［C］Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.

［D］It’sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.

12.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas.

［A］anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob

［B］anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob

［C］aguidelineforjobdescription

［D］aprincipleforjobevaluation

13.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause.

［A］thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer

［B］thatistherequirementoftheemployer

［C］itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices

［D］itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself

14.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething.

［A］definitetooffer［B］imaginarytoprovide

［C］practicaltosupply［D］desirabletopresent

Passage2

WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchthe

Corporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.

AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnational

radioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrent

affairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannuallicencefeeof

￡83perhousehold.

Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years—yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.The

s

ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC—including

ordinarylistenersandviewers—tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythought

itwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecide

whethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.

DefendersoftheCorporation—ofwhomtherearemany—arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’t

broke,don’tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke”,theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword

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‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?

YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTV

channels——ITVandChannel4——wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’sBroadcastingActtobecome

morecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnew

satellitechannels—fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’subscriptions—whichwillbringaboutthe

biggestchangesinthelongterm.

15.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces.

［A］theproblemofnewscoverage［B］anuncertainprospect

［C］inquiriesbythegeneralpublic［D］shrinkageofaudience

16.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisnotmentionedasthekeyissue?

［A］ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.

［B］Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.

［C］Potentialsforfurtherinternationalco-operations.

［D］Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.

17.TheBBC’s“royalcharter”(Line4,Paragraph4)standsfor.

［A］thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamily.

［B］theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen.

［C］acontractwiththeQueen.

［D］auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily.

18.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan.

［A］theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels.

［B］theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment.

［C］theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs.

［D］thechallengeofnewsatellitechannels.

Passage3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“l(fā)abour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrival

organizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyof

salariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessional

elementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecond

andthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towards

collectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanaged

forthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswent

intobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,

impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasa

class,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthe

landowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenth

century,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritish

shareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthand

Eastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelation

totherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingto

dictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasused

bymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.

The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythe

companyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.Thepaid

manageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldom

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thatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchal

systemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmen

involvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationof

thetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthe

companieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteach

other’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.

19.It’strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat.

［A］theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations

［B］theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

［C］theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies

［D］theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

20.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin.

［A］theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement

［B］theownershipofcapitalbymanagers

［C］theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

［D］theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

21.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat.

［A］theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

［B］theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

［C］thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

［D］thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

22.Theauthorismostcriticalof.

［A］familyfirmowners［B］landowners

［C］managers［D］shareholders

Passage4

WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica—breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,

thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforce

thatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangenius

fornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological.

Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyinthe

NewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsof

geometryandtrigonometry.

AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.Asa

memberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,

theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandfor

yearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandother

incentives.

IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrial

fairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthe

beneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecial

kindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologist

thinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbya

visual,nonverbalprocess…Thedesignerandtheinventor…areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirminds

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devicesthatasyetdonotexist.”

Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,“The

mechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,

consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”

Whenalltheseshapingforces—schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking

—interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristicemulation.

Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameand

excellence.

23.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdue

to.

［A］elementaryschools［B］enthusiasticworkers

［C］theattractivepremiumsystem［D］aspecialwayofthinking

24.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics.

［A］benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge.

［B］shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement.

［C］wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining.

［D］owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment.

25.Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause.

［A］theyarebothwinnersofawards.［B］theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking.

［C］theybothabandonverbaldescription［D］theybothusevariousinstruments

26.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.

［A］InventiveMind［B］EffectiveSchooling

［C］WaysofThinking［D］OutpouringofInventions

Passage5

Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’spipelines.Afewhave

alreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythatthere

arenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,and

biologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.“Scientific”

creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsof

evolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalist

religiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.

ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,he

introducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisgloves

andgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwith

thewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheir

basicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.

Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.The

non-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.

Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJay

Gouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoes-andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgein

thecreationism/evolutiondebate.

27.“Creationism”inthepassagerefersto.

［A］evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse

［B］anotionofthecreationofreligion

［C］thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation

［D］thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse

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28.Kitcher’sbookisintendedto.

［A］recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists［B］exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists

［C］cursebitterlyathisopponents［D］launchasurpriseattackoncreationists

29.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat.

［A］reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate

［B］creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning

［C］evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists

［D］creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings

30.Thispassageappearstobeadigestof.

［A］abookreview［B］ascientificpaper

［C］amagazinefeature［D］anewspapereditorial

PartⅢEnglish—ChineseTranslation

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslation

shouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.31）Someofthese

causesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvances

insciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthin

whichpreconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthe