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2013年全國碩士研究生招生考試

英語（二）

（科目代碼：204）

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmove

quicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1,

atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.Indeed,predictionshave

been2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,Business

Weekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon“revolutionize

thevery3ofmoneyitself,”onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthe

movementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incoming?

Althoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapayments

systembasedonpaper,severalfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepaper

system.First,itisvery7tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,and

telecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formof

payment.Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receipts,

somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Third,theuseofpaper

checksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof“float”–ittakesseveraldays11acheck

iscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer’saccount,whichmeansthatthe

writerofthecheckcanearninterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronic

paymentsarcimmediate,theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.

Fourth,electronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.

Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessa

computerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnot

an16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbank

accountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse’saccounts.

The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andanewfieldofcomputerscience

isdevelopingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronic

meansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountof

personaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernment,employers,andmarketersmight

beabletoaccessthesedata,therebyviolatingourprivacy.

.2.

1.[A]Moreover[B]However[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise

2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around

3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role

4.[A]reverse[B]resist[C]resume[D]reward

5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady

6.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on

7.[A]expensive[B]imaginative[C]sensitive[D]productive

8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant

9.[A]collect[B]copy[C]provide[D]print

10.[A]giveup[B]takeover[C]bringback[D]passdown

11.[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when

12.[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]withdrawn[D]released

13.[A]Unless[B]Because[C]Until[D]Though

14.[A]hide[B]express[C]ease[D]raise

15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed

16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]unclear[D]uncommon

17.[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D]return

18.[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification

19.[A]callfor[B]fightagainst[C]adaptto[D]copewith

20.[A]chunk[B]chip[C]trail[D]path

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

.3.

Text1

Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica,”theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesa

jokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeen

automated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.The

manistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthe

machines.”

Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappeared

makingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentand

decliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemand

becauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinboth

globalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythan

everreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.

Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnan

averagelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearn

youwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmore

accesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheap

software,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheir

extra–theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheir

fieldofemployment.

Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Butthere’s

beenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,“Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]

factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70

years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs–about6millionin

total–disappeared.”

Therewillalwaysbechange–newjobs,newproducts,newservices.Buttheone

thingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.

revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationto

makethemselvesaboveaverage.

Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodo

tosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekind

ofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-

highschooleducation.

.4.

21.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate.

[A]theimpactoftechnologicaladvances

[B]thealleviationofjobpressure

[C]theshrinkageoftextilemills

[D]thedeclineofmiddle-classincomes

22.AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto.

[A]workoncheapsoftware

[B]askforamoderatesalary

[C]adoptanaveragelifestyle

[D]contributesomethingunique

23.ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat.

[A]gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerased

[B]jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeed

[C]factoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbefore

[D]newjobsandserviceshavebeenoffered

24.Accordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantis

.

[A]toacceleratetheI.T.revolution

[B]toensuremoreeducationforpeople

[C]toadvanceeconomicglobalization

[D]topassmorebillsinthe21stcentury

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?

[A]NewLawTakesEffect.

[B]TechnologyGoesCheap.

[C]AverageIsOver.

[D]RecessionIsBad.

.5.

Text2

Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersand

sojourners.Alongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeinthe

UnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesome

moneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrived

whileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,

eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,

“uccellidipassaggio,”birdsofpassage.

Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersinto

twocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthe

making,orbrandthemasalienstobekickedout.Thatframeworkhascontributed

mightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhow

tofixit.Wedon’tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethink

aboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.To

start,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegray

areas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.

Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,home

health-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday’sbirdsofpassage.Theyare

energeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyand

ideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanageto

haveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.

Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswith

ease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbe

productiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneed

themtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwo

nationshonorably.

Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudes

onbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofright

orwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanaging

immigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes,includingsome

thatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.

.6.

26.“Birdsofpassage”referstothosewho.

[A]stayinaforeigncountrytemporarily

[B]leavetheirhomecountriesforgood

[C]immigrateacrosstheAtlantic

[D]findpermanentjobsoverseas

27.ItisimpliedinParagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheUS

.

[A]needsnewimmigrantcategories

[B]hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrants

[C]shouldbeadaptedtomeetchallenges

[D]hasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeans

28.Accordingtotheauthor,today’sbirdsofpassagewant.

[A]financialincentives

[B]aglobalrecognition

[C]thefreedomtostayandleave

[D]opportunitiestogetregularjobs

29.Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated.

[A]asfaithfulpartners

[B]withlegaltolerance

[C]witheconomicfavors

[D]asmightyrivals

30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.

[A]ComeandGo:BigMistake

[B]LivingandThriving:GreatRisk

[C]WithorWithout:GreatRisk

[D]LegalorIllegal:BigMistake

.7.

Text3

Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetake

amomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminate

thenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.

Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhether

someoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,

withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytell

whethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.

Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen

-mindedness.

Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren’texclusivetothe

interpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewinga

fast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,even

thoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwith

speedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe’redoing,

Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.

Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumer

productsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsales

representativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamoment

beforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractive

femaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases–orhireoutside

screeners.

JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly“thinslice”

informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin“thicksliced”long-

termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstay

together,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamuchlongerevaluation:twodays,

nottwoseconds.

Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesus

fromanimals:dogscanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.

Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelonger

term.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn’tchangedour

nature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethe

high-speedtrend.

.10.

31.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay.

[A]predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment

[B]provethecomplexityofourbrainreaction

[C]dependontheimportanceoftheassessment

[D]varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituation

32.Ourreactiontoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnapdecisions.

[A]canbeassociative

[B]arenotunconscious

[C]canbedangerous

[D]arenotimpulsive

33.Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshould.

[A]trustourfirstimpression

[B]thinkbeforeweact

[C]doaspeopleusuallydo

[D]askforexpertadvice

34.JohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionsarebasedon.

[A]criticalassessment

[B]“thinsliced”study

[C]adequateinformation

[D]sensibleexplanation

35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis.

[A]tolerant

[B]optimistic

[C]uncertain

[D]Doubtful

.11.

Text4

Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticular,thecorporateworkplace

willneverbecompletelyfamily-friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagement

decisions,andEurope’stopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelmingly

male.Indeed,womenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropeancorporate

boards.

TheEuropeanUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboards

tomaintainacertainproportionofwomen–upto60percent.Thisproposedmandate

wasbornoffrustration.Lastyear,EuropeanCommissionVicePresidentViviane

Redingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupfor

genderbalancegoalsof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwas

consideredafailure:only24companiestookitup.

Doweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporate

ladderfairlyastheybalanceworkandfamily?

“Personally,Idon’tlikequotas,”Redingsaidrecently.“ButIlikewhatthe

quotasdo.”Quotasgetaction:they“openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthrough

theglassceiling,”accordingtoReding,aresultseeninFranceandothercountries

withlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions.

IunderstandReding’sreluctance–andherfrustration.Idon’tlikequotaseither;

theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracy,governancebythecapable.But,when

oneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslookasifa

fairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.

Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeas

wellastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotop

positions–nomatterhowmuch“softpressure”isputuponthem.Whenwomendo

breakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower–as,forexample,SherylSandberg

recentlydidatFacebook–theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausethey

remaintheexceptiontotherule.

Ifappropriatepublicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen–whetherCEOs

ortheirchildren’scaregivers–andallfamilies,Sandbergwouldbenomore

newsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety.

.12.

36.IntheEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally.

[A]womentakethelead

[B]menhavethefinalsay

[C]corporategovernanceisoverwhelmed

[D]seniormanagementisfamily-friendly

37.TheEuropeanUnion’sintendedlegislationis.

[A]areflectionofgenderbalance

[B]aresponsetoReding’scall

[C]areluctantchoice

[D]avoluntaryaction

38.AccordingtoReding,quotasmayhelpwomen.

[A]gettopbusinesspositions

[B]seethroughtheglassceiling

[C]balanceworkandfamily

[D]anticipatelegalresults

39.Theauthor’sattitudetowardReding’sappealisoneof.

[A]skepticism

[B]objectiveness

[C]indifference

[D]approval

40.Womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof.

[A]moresocialjustice

[B]massivemediaattention

[C]suitablepublicpolicies

[D]greater“softpressure”

.13.

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable

subtitlefromthelistA–Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41–45).Therearetwo

extrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

[A]Livelikeapeasant

[B]Balanceyourdiet

[C]Shopkeepersareyourfriends

[D]Remembertotreatyourself

[E]Sticktowhatyouneed

[F]Planningiseverything

[G]Wastenot,wantnot

ThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshislove

ofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas￡60aweektospend,￡40

ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning￡130,000ayearworkingin

corporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon’sbestrestaurantsatleasttwicea

week.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious.

“Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toa

certaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.Itgavemethevalidation

andconfidencethatI’dlost.Butit’sstilladay-by-daything.”Nowhe’slivingina

councilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He’sfeelingpositive,buthe’ll

carryonblogging–notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan–“therearesomany

peopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood”–buteating

wellonabudget.Here’shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.

41.

Impulsivespendingisn’tanoption,soplanyourweek’smenuinadvance,

makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExcel

templateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it’snotjustcost

effectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It’salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadof

.14.

weekly,because,beinghuman,you’llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyou

fancy.

42.

Thisiswheresupermarketsandtheiranonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,

there’snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.

Andifyouplanproperly,you’llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeef

andsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.

43.

Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer–that’snotgood

enough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningahead

shouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou’lldoavegetable

soup,andallfruitsthreateningto“gooff”willbecookedorjuiced.

44.

Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,

delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soon

you’llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey’veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,or

beefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,

they’llletyouhaveforfree.

45.

Youwon’tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonths

treatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant–￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgives

you￡21–morethanenoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.It’s

￡16.95there–or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino’s:IknowwhichI’drather

eat.

.15.

SectionIIITranslation

46.Directions:

TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWER

SHEET.(15points)

Icanpickadatef