Compulsory3Unit2NaturaldisastersⅠ.閱讀理解(2025·山東日照)Whileit'simpossibletopredictjustwherethenextwildfirewillstart,newDepartmentofDefense-sponsoredresearchfromBrighamYoungUniversity'sFireResearchLabisgettingintothemicroscopicdetailsofhowfiresinitiatetoprovidemoreinsightintohowwildfiresburnthroughwildlandfuels.Fortheirexperiments,fireexpertThomasH.Fletcherandco-authorsloadedleavesof14plantspeciesintothecrucible(坩堝)ofathermogravimetricanalyzer(熱重分析儀)andslowlyturnedtheheatupto800degreesCelsius.Astheywatchedtheleavesburn,theycategorizedthespeedatwhichtheplantbrokedownandthechemicalsproducedbytheheat.Theyalsocomparedtheimpactoftwoheatsources:convective(thinkofwind-drivenfires)andradiative(fromburningplantparticlesorflames).Theresearchfoundthatthechemistryofplantsmakesabigdifferenceinhowfasttheybreakdownbeforetheystarttoburn.That'simportanttoknowbecausethetypeofplantsfoundonamountainhillsidemayhelppredicthowafirewillburnandhowquicklyitmightjumptoanotherplantspecies.“Verydetailedmodelsthatalreadyexisttakeuptotwoweekstorunonverybigcomputersandbythattime,thefirehasmovedandit'snotinthesameplaceanymore,”

Fletchersaid.“We'reaimingtowardsgivinganswersonhowafiremightpropagate

inthenext20minutesorhalfhourinsteadofthenexttwoweeks.”Thestudiesareaimedatimprovingpredictivemodelsforbothprescribed(規(guī)定的)burnsandforunplannedwildfires.WithwildfirescostingtheForestServiceandstateagenciesbillionsofdollarstocontrolannually,anyresearchthatcanhelpmakefiremanagementmoreefficientisahighpriority.“Withallwe'vedonetoresearchthem,firesarestilloutofcontrol,”Fletchersaid.“Ourmodelcan'tpreventafire,butitcanhelpwithdecisionsonhowtomanagefiressothatwhenafirestarts,itdoesn'tblowupintoahuge,uncontrollablefire.”1.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?A.Theresearchsubjects. B.Theresearchfindings.C.Theresearchprocedures.D.Theresearchobjectives.2.Whatdoestheresearchfindaboutthechemistryofplants?A.Itaffectsthespeedofafire.B.Itisoneofthecausesofafire.C.Itbreaksdownquicklyinafire.D.Ithelpsplantssurviveinafire.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“propagate”inparagraph4mean?A.Explode. B.Spread.C.Diedown. D.Breakout.4.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthenewmodel?A.Tomakethemostoutofwildfires. B.Tocontrolwildfiresmoreefficiently.C.Topredicttheoutbreakofwildfires. D.Topreventwildfiresfromhappening.答案及解析：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了楊百翰大學(xué)火災(zāi)研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室的一項(xiàng)新研究正在深入研究火災(zāi)如何引發(fā)的微觀細(xì)節(jié)，以提供更多關(guān)于野火如何通過(guò)荒地燃料燃燒的信息。1.C段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Fortheirexperiments,fireexpertThomasH.Fletcherandco-authors…andradiative(fromburningplantparticlesorflames).[在他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，火災(zāi)專(zhuān)家ThomasH.Fletcher和合著者將14種植物的葉子放入熱重分析儀的坩堝中，慢慢地將溫度提高到800攝氏度。當(dāng)他們觀察樹(shù)葉燃燒時(shí)，他們對(duì)植物分解的速度和熱量產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行了分類(lèi)。他們還比較了兩種熱源的影響：對(duì)流熱源(想想風(fēng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)的火災(zāi))和輻射熱源(來(lái)自燃燒的植物顆?；蚧鹧?。]”可知，第二段主要介紹了ThomasH.Fletcher和合著者開(kāi)展研究的具體步驟。故選C。2.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Theresearchfoundthatthechemistryofplants…itmightjumptoanotherplantspecies.(研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，植物的化學(xué)成分對(duì)它們開(kāi)始燃燒前的分解速度有很大的影響。知道這一點(diǎn)很重要，因?yàn)樵谏狡律习l(fā)現(xiàn)的植物類(lèi)型可能有助于預(yù)測(cè)火災(zāi)如何燃燒，以及它可能以多快的速度轉(zhuǎn)移到另一種植物身上。)”可知，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物的化學(xué)成分影響其燃燒前的分解速度，進(jìn)而影響火災(zāi)發(fā)生的速度。故選A。3.B詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞所在句的上文“Verydetailedmodelsthatalreadyexisttakeuptotwoweekstorunonverybigcomputersandbythattime,thefirehasmovedandit'snotinthesameplaceanymore(現(xiàn)有的非常詳細(xì)的模型需要在非常大的計(jì)算機(jī)上運(yùn)行長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩周的時(shí)間，而到那時(shí)，火災(zāi)已經(jīng)蔓延，不在原來(lái)的位置了)”可知，現(xiàn)有的非常詳細(xì)的模型的弊端在于其耗時(shí)過(guò)久，導(dǎo)致無(wú)法對(duì)已經(jīng)蔓延的火災(zāi)進(jìn)行管理，再結(jié)合畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞的上文“We'reaimingtowardsgivinganswers(我們的目標(biāo)是給出答案)”和下文“inthenext20minutesorhalfhourinsteadofthenexttwoweeks(在接下來(lái)的20分鐘或半小時(shí)內(nèi)，而不是在接下來(lái)的兩周內(nèi))”可推知，F(xiàn)letcher的研究目的是在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)給出火災(zāi)如何擴(kuò)散、蔓延的答案，確保模型的時(shí)效性，畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞意思應(yīng)該是“傳播，擴(kuò)散”，與spread意思相近。故選B。4.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ourmodelcan'tpreventafire,butitcanhelpwithdecisionsonhowtomanagefiressothatwhenafirestarts,itdoesn'tblowupintoahuge,uncontrollablefire.(我們的模型不能防止火災(zāi)，但它可以幫助我們決定如何管理火災(zāi)，這樣當(dāng)火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)，它就不會(huì)蔓延成無(wú)法控制的巨大火災(zāi))”可知，研究者開(kāi)發(fā)該新模型是為了更有效地控制野火。故選B。Ⅱ.七選五(2024·河北衡水)Unlikeothernaturaldisasterssuchashurricanes,earthquakesareveryhardtoseecoming,evenforscientists.__1__Thus,specificpracticesforearthquakepreparednessarenecessary.Herearefourstepsyoucantaketoprepareyourselfinadvance.Drop,coverandholdIfyoufeelthegroundstarttoshake,drop,takecoverunderastablepieceoffurniture,andholdon.Youcanhideundersomethinglikeadeskortable,withonearmholdingontoalegofthetableandyourotherarmprotectingyourneckandhead.__2__Inmodernhomes,itisnostrongerthananyotherpartofthehouseandwillnotprotectyoufrominjury.Makeafamilyplan

__3__Createameetingpoint—somewhereeasyforeveryonetoremember,oryoucouldalsomeetathome.Whateverplanyoudecideon,don'trelyonyourphoneasyourmainformofcommunication.Technologyfailsallthetimeindisasters.AmajorearthquakeinCalifornia,forexample,damagedcelltowersandknockedoutcommunicationservicesfordays.SecureyourfurnitureThosehangingshelvesaboveyourbedcouldbeadangerduringanearthquake.Peopleoftengetinjuredfrom“flyingorfallingobjects”likefurnitureorglassduringearthquakes.Soexamineyourhomeandaskyourself,“Whatcouldbeapotentialdangertomysafety?”__4__MakedigitalcopiesofimportantdocumentsImportantdocumentsmaygetdestroyedduringearthquakes.Therefore,scanortakephotosofyourimportantdocuments,suchasyourlicense,financialrecordsandinsurancepolicyinformation.__5__Thisstepcanhelpensureyourdocumentswillbeavailableevenifyourcomputerislostinaquake.A.Thensendthemtoyoure-mail.B.Theseareallimportantpersonaldocuments.C.Makesureyourhouseholdhasaplanofaction.D.Whateveryoudo,donotstandinadoorframe.E.Ifyoufindtheanswer,youneedtorunawayimmediately.F.Nowadaysearlydetectionsystemscanonlygivesecondsofwarningahead.G.Ifpossible,removethoseheavyandbigobjectsaboveyourbedimmediately.答案及解析：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了地震防范的四個(gè)重要的方法。1.F前文“Unlikeothernaturaldisasterssuchashurricanes,earthquakesareveryhardtoseecoming,evenforscientists.(與颶風(fēng)等其他自然災(zāi)害不同，地震很難預(yù)測(cè)，即使對(duì)科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)也是如此。)”提到地震很難預(yù)測(cè)。后文“Thus,specificpracticesforearthquakepreparednessarenecessary.(因此，具體的防震措施是必要的。)”說(shuō)提前做防范措施很有必要。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)“Nowadaysearlydetectionsystemscanonlygivesecondsofwarningahead.(如今，早期探測(cè)系統(tǒng)只能提前幾秒發(fā)出預(yù)警。)”承上啟下，銜接前句，同時(shí)解釋“防范措施有必要”的原因，符合語(yǔ)境。故選F。2.D后文“Inmodernhomes,itisnostrongerthananyotherpartofthehouseandwillnotprotectyoufrominjury.(在現(xiàn)代家庭中，它并不比房子的其他部分更堅(jiān)固，也不能保護(hù)你免受傷害。)”中的“it”可知，空處應(yīng)為“it”的指代對(duì)象。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)“Whateveryoudo,donotstandinadoorframe.(無(wú)論你做什么，都不要站在門(mén)框上。)”中的“doorframe”符合語(yǔ)境。故選D。3.C小標(biāo)題“Makeafamilyplan(制定家庭計(jì)劃)”為中心句。后文“Createameetingpoint—somewhereeasyforeveryonetoremember,oryoucouldalsomeetathome.(創(chuàng)建一個(gè)見(jiàn)面地點(diǎn)——在每個(gè)人都容易記住的地方，或者你們也可以在家里見(jiàn)面。)”可知，本段主要探討應(yīng)該做一個(gè)家庭的計(jì)劃與預(yù)案。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)“Makesureyourhouseholdhasaplanofaction.(確保你的家庭有一個(gè)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。)”照應(yīng)標(biāo)題，符合本段的中心主旨。故選C。4.G結(jié)合小標(biāo)題“Secureyourfurniture(保護(hù)好家具)”以及前文“Peopleoftengetinjuredfrom‘flyingorfallingobjects’

likefurnitureorglassduringearthquakes.(人們經(jīng)常在地震中被家具或玻璃等‘飛行或墜落的物體’傷害。)”可知，本段主要講的是房間中的易掉落物品可能會(huì)在地震中傷到人。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，G項(xiàng)“Ifpossible,removethoseheavyandbigobjectsaboveyourbedimmediately.(如果可能的話(huà)，立即移走床上方那些又重又大的東西。)”符合文意，邏輯一致。故選G。5.A后文“Thisstepcanhelpensureyourdocumentswillbeavailableevenifyourcomputerislostinaquake.(這一步可以幫助確保：即使你的電腦在地震中丟失了，你的文件也可以使用。)”可知，空處應(yīng)該有“Thisstep”的具體所指，故A項(xiàng)“Thensendthemtoyoure-mail.(然后把它們發(fā)到你的郵箱。)”符合語(yǔ)境。故選A。Ⅲ.讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫(xiě)兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。(2024·浙江寧波)AsHurricaneIanboredownonFlorida,manyresidentswhostayedputfoundthemselvesunabletoleaveeveniftheytried.Forhourstheywereforcedtofightheavywindsandattempttoescapefloodinginsidelong-lovedhomesthathadbecomefrightening,deadlytraps.Withindays,around100deathsinthestatewouldbeattributedtothehurricane,manyofwhomwereolderresidentswhodrowned.Whenthewaterslippedinunderthedooroftheirhome,itwasjustaglimmeronthefloor,asignthatitwastimetogo.ItwasWednesday,Sept.28,aroundnoon,andBishopwokeuphertwobrothers,whohadbeenrestingafterlunch.Shepulledthewheelchairuptotheoldest,Russell,67.Herotherbrother,Todd,63,couldmanagewithawalker.Bothmenhadbeenbornwithcerebralpalsy(腦癱),andtheirmentaldevelopmentwaslikethatofayoungchild.About10yearsago,theystartedshowingsignsofParkinson'sdisease.Buttheyfoundjoyintheirsurroundings.Toddlikedcollectingcansatthebeach.Russelllovedridingthebusandgoingtoparks.Bishop,61,wastheirlifeline—theirlittlesisterwhohadlongfeltanobligationtokeepthemsafe.“We'vegottogetgoing!”sheshoutedtothem.Shewenttoopenthefrontdoor.Itwouldnotmove.Theweightofthewaterontheothersidehadmadeitshut.Sherushedtotrythedoortothegarage.It,too,wasstuck.That'swhenthehousebegantoflood.Itwentfromankle-deeptoknee-deepinlessthanfiveminutes.Bishopknewthattherewasnowayout.NowBishopandherbrothersweretrapped.At12:34p.m.,shecalled911butcouldn'tgetthrough.Therewasnooneshecouldgetintouchwith.Totryherfortune,shetextedaneighbor,Walters,whowasalwaystherewhenneighborswereinneed.“Water'scomingin.”Aroundher,shecouldhearthediningroomhutch(餐具柜)tippingandcrashing,thechinabreaking,therefrigeratortopplingover.注意：續(xù)寫(xiě)詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150個(gè)左右。Theonlywaytogowasup,soBishopguidedhertwobrotherstothestairs.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bishopsankintodespair,butshenoticeditseemedwaterstoppedcomingin.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion:Theonlywaytogowasup,soBishopguidedhertwobrotherstothestairs.FirstshehelpedToddpullhimselfslowlyuptothesecondfloor,wherehewaitedinachair.ButstairswereimpossibleforRussell,whocouldnotwalknorbendhisstifflegs.Bishoptriedhardtopullhimu