2025年托?？荚囬喿x真題模擬模擬試卷：人工智能未來(lái)安全考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、選詞填空要求：從下面的單詞中選出最適合填入每個(gè)空白處的單詞，每個(gè)單詞只能使用一次。1.Therapidadvancementofartificialintelligence(AI)hassparkedwidespreadconcernaboutitspotentialrisks,particularlyintermsof**________**.Manyexpertsarguethatwithoutpropersafeguards,AIcouldinadvertentlyleadtojobdisplacement,privacyviolations,orevenexistentialthreatstohumanity.2.OneofthemostpressingethicalissuessurroundingAIis**________**.Shouldmachinesbeprogrammedtomakemoraldecisions?Howdoweensurethatthesedecisionsalignwithhumanvaluesanddon’tperpetuatebiasesembeddedintheirtrainingdata?3.Governmentsaroundtheworldaregrapplingwithhowto**________**AItechnologies.Someadvocateforstrictregulationstopreventmisuse,whileothersbelievethatinnovationshouldbelefttotheprivatesectorwithminimalinterference.4.Intherealmofcybersecurity,AIpresentsbothopportunitiesand**________**.Ononehand,AIcandetectandrespondtothreatsmorequicklythanhumans.Ontheother,itcanalsobeusedtocreatemoresophisticatedattacksthatarehardertodefendagainst.5.Theconceptof**________**isbecomingincreasinglyimportantasAIsystemsbecomemoreautonomous.Whoisresponsiblewhenanautonomousvehiclecausesanaccident?Howdoweensureaccountabilitywithoutstiflinginnovation?6.Manyresearchersarefocusedondeveloping**________**forAIsystemstopreventthemfrommakingharmfuldecisions.Thesesafeguardscouldincludeethicalguidelines,transparencyrequirements,orevenbuilt-inlimitationsthatpreventAIfromexceedingcertainboundaries.7.TheriseofAIhasalsoraisedquestionsabout**________**.AsAIbecomesmorecapable,someworrythatitcouldeventuallysurpasshumanintelligenceinalldomains,leadingtoalossofcontrolandunforeseenconsequences.8.Intheworkplace,AIisalreadybeginningto**________**certainjobs,particularlythoseinvolvingrepetitivetasksordataanalysis.Thishasledtofearsofwidespreadunemployment,butalsotohopesthathumanswillbefreeduptofocusonmorecreativeandmeaningfulwork.9.Thedevelopmentof**________**isanotherareaofconcern.AsAIbecomesmoreintegratedintoourdailylives,it’scrucialtoensurethatitdoesn’terodeourprivacyorcreatenewformsofsurveillance.10.Despitethesechallenges,manybelievethatAIhasthepotentialto**________**humanityincountlessways.Fromcuringdiseasestosolvingenvironmentalproblems,AIcouldhelpusachievegoalsthatwereoncethoughtimpossible.二、閱讀理解要求：閱讀下面的文章，然后回答每個(gè)問(wèn)題。選擇最佳答案。TheIntersectionofAIandHumanValuesArtificialintelligence(AI)isnolongerafuturisticconcept;it’sarapidlyevolvingrealitythatistransformingnearlyeveryaspectofourlives.AsAIsystemsbecomemoresophisticated,theyareraisingprofoundquestionsabouthumanvaluesandethics.ThisarticleexploressomeofthekeychallengesandopportunitiesattheintersectionofAIandhumanvalues.OneofthemostsignificantethicalchallengesisthepotentialforAItoperpetuatebiases.AIsystemsaretrainedondata,andifthatdatareflectsexistingsocietalbiases,theAIwilllikelyinheritandevenamplifythem.Forexample,anAIusedtoscreenjobapplicantsmightinadvertentlydiscriminateagainstcertaingroupsifitistrainedonhistoricalhiringdatathatwasalreadybiased.ThisraisesthequestionofhowtoensurethatAIsystemsarefairandunbiased,andhowtoaddressthebiasestheymightinheritfromtheirtrainingdata.Anotherethicalissueistheconceptofaccountability.WhenanAIsystemmakesadecisionthathasnegativeconsequences,whoisresponsible?Isitthedevelopers,theusers,ortheAIitself?ThisquestionbecomesevenmorecomplexwhenweconsiderthepossibilityofhighlyautonomousAIsystemsthatcanmakedecisionswithlittleornohumanintervention.EnsuringaccountabilityinsuchscenarioswillrequirenewlegalandethicalframeworksthatcanaddresstheuniquenatureofAI.TheriseofAIalsoraisesquestionsaboutprivacy.AsAIsystemsbecomemoreintegratedintoourdailylives,theyareoftendesignedtocollectandanalyzevastamountsofpersonaldata.Thisraisesconcernsabouthowthisdataisusedandwhohasaccesstoit.It’scrucialtodeveloprobustprivacyprotectionsthatensureindividualshavecontrolovertheirdataandthatitisusedethicallyandresponsibly.Despitethesechallenges,AIalsopresentsopportunitiestoenhancehumanvalues.Forexample,AIcanbeusedtoimproveaccesstohealthcarebyprovidingdiagnostictoolsthatcandetectdiseasesearlierandmoreaccuratelythanhumandoctors.AIcanalsobeusedtoaddressenvironmentalproblemsbyoptimizingenergyuseanddevelopingmoresustainablepractices.TheseapplicationsofAIhavethepotentialtoimprovehumanwell-beinginsignificantways.However,realizingthesebenefitswillrequirecarefulconsiderationoftheethicalimplicationsofAI.It’snotenoughtosimplydeveloppowerfulAIsystems;wealsoneedtoensurethattheyarealignedwithhumanvaluesanddonotcauseharm.Thiswillrequireongoingdialoguebetweendevelopers,policymakers,andthepublictoensurethatAIisdevelopedandusedinwaysthatbenefithumanityasawhole.Inconclusion,theintersectionofAIandhumanvaluesisacomplexandmultifacetedissue.WhileAIhasthepotentialtobringaboutsignificantbenefits,italsoraisesprofoundethicalchallengesthatmustbeaddressed.Byengaginginthoughtfulandinclusivediscussionsabouttheseissues,wecanworktowardsafuturewhereAIisusedinwaysthatenhancehumanvaluesandimproveourlives.三、句子匹配要求：下面有五個(gè)句子，分別對(duì)應(yīng)下面的五個(gè)段落編號(hào)。請(qǐng)將每個(gè)句子與最合適的段落編號(hào)匹配起來(lái)。1.Thedevelopmentofself-drivingcarsisaprimeexampleofhowAIcanimprovetransportationsafety.2.AIhasthepotentialtosignificantlyreducehumansufferingbyacceleratingmedicalresearchanddrugdiscovery.3.OneofthemostsignificantconcernsaboutAIisthepotentialforjobdisplacementasmachinestakeovertaskstraditionallyperformedbyhumans.4.TheethicalimplicationsofusingAIinwarfare,suchasautonomousdrones,areparticularlytroublingandrequirecarefulconsideration.5.AIcanbeusedtoenhanceeducationaloutcomesbyprovidingpersonalizedlearningexperiencestailoredtoindividualstudentneeds.段落：A.AIinHealthcareB.TheEconomicImpactofAIC.AIinTransportationD.AIinWarfareE.AIinEducation四、段落填空要求：閱讀下面的文章，然后根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，從下面的單詞庫(kù)中選出最適合填入每個(gè)空白處的單詞。每個(gè)單詞只能使用一次。artificialintelligence(AI),autonomy,ethics,bias,accountability,privacy,automation,transparency,innovation,societyTherapidgrowthof**1**hastransformedmanyindustriesandhasbecomeacentraltopicofdiscussionin**2**.OneofthemostsignificantchallengesassociatedwithAIistheissueof**3**.IfAIsystemsaretrainedonbiaseddata,theycanperpetuateandevenamplifythesebiases,leadingtounfairanddiscriminatoryoutcomes.Ensuring**4**inAIsystemsiscrucialtopreventsuchissues.Anothercriticalconcernis**5**.AsAIsystemsbecomemoreautonomous,determiningwhoisresponsiblewhenanAIsystemcausesharmisbecomingincreasinglycomplex.Developingframeworksfor**6**inAIisessentialtoaddressthischallenge.Additionally,thecollectionandanalysisofvastamountsofpersonaldatabyAIsystemsraiseserious**7**issues.Protectingindividual**8**isparamounttomaintainingtrustinAItechnologies.Ontheotherhand,AIalsooffersnumerousopportunitiesfor**9**.Fromimprovinghealthcaretooptimizingenergyuse,AIhasthepotentialtosolvesomeofthemostpressingproblemsfacing**10**.However,realizingthesebenefitsrequirescarefulconsiderationoftheethicalimplicationsofAIandensuringthatthesetechnologiesaredevelopedanddeployedresponsibly.五、簡(jiǎn)答題要求：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，回答以下問(wèn)題。1.WhatarethemainethicalchallengesassociatedwithAI,andhowcantheybeaddressed?2.HowdoesAIimpactprivacy,andwhatmeasurescanbetakentoprotectindividualprivacyintheageofAI?3.DiscussthepotentialbenefitsofAIinsolvingsocietalproblems,andwhatstepsareneededtoensurethatthesebenefitsarerealizedwithoutcausingharm.4.ExplaintheconceptofaccountabilityinthecontextofAI,andwhyitiscrucialfortheresponsibledevelopmentanduseofAItechnologies.5.HowcantransparencyinAIsystemshelptobuildtrustandensurethatthesesystemsarealignedwithhumanvalues?本次試卷答案如下一、選詞填空答案及解析1.Therapidadvancementofartificialintelligence(AI)hassparkedwidespreadconcernaboutitspotentialrisks,particularlyintermsof**ethicalimplications**.Manyexpertsarguethatwithoutpropersafeguards,AIcouldinadvertentlyleadtojobdisplacement,privacyviolations,orevenexistentialthreatstohumanity.解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代人工智能發(fā)展帶來(lái)的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，尤其是從道德角度上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！癳thicalimplications”（倫理影響）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗苯又赋隽巳斯ぶ悄馨l(fā)展可能帶來(lái)的道德層面的問(wèn)題。2.OneofthemostpressingethicalissuessurroundingAIis**accountability**.Shouldmachinesbeprogrammedtomakemoraldecisions?Howdoweensurethatthesedecisionsalignwithhumanvaluesanddon’tperpetuatebiasesembeddedintheirtrainingdata?解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代圍繞人工智能的最緊迫的倫理問(wèn)題。“accountability”（問(wèn)責(zé)制）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖钱?dāng)人工智能做出道德決策時(shí)，誰(shuí)應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)的問(wèn)題。3.Governmentsaroundtheworldaregrapplingwithhowto**regulate**AItechnologies.Someadvocateforstrictregulationstopreventmisuse,whileothersbelievethatinnovationshouldbelefttotheprivatesectorwithminimalinterference.解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代各國(guó)政府如何處理人工智能技術(shù)的問(wèn)題。“regulate”（監(jiān)管）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖钦畬?duì)人工智能技術(shù)進(jìn)行管理和控制。4.Intherealmofcybersecurity,AIpresentsbothopportunitiesand**threats**.Ononehand,AIcandetectandrespondtothreatsmorequicklythanhumans.Ontheother,itcanalsobeusedtocreatemoresophisticatedattacksthatarehardertodefendagainst.解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代人工智能在網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全領(lǐng)域帶來(lái)的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)?！皌hreats”（威脅）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖侨斯ぶ悄芸赡鼙挥脕?lái)制造更復(fù)雜的攻擊。5.Theconceptof**autonomy**isbecomingincreasinglyimportantasAIsystemsbecomemoreautonomous.Whoisresponsiblewhenanautonomousvehiclecausesanaccident?Howdoweensureaccountabilitywithoutstiflinginnovation?解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代隨著人工智能系統(tǒng)變得更加自主，變得越來(lái)越重要的概念?！癮utonomy”（自主性）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖侨斯ぶ悄芟到y(tǒng)自己做出決策的能力。6.Manyresearchersarefocusedondeveloping**safeguards**forAIsystemstopreventthemfrommakingharmfuldecisions.Thesesafeguardscouldincludeethicalguidelines,transparencyrequirements,orevenbuilt-inlimitationsthatpreventAIfromexceedingcertainboundaries.解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代許多研究人員專注于為人工智能系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)以防止它們做出有害決策的保護(hù)措施?！皊afeguards”（保護(hù)措施）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖欠乐谷斯ぶ悄芟到y(tǒng)做出有害決策的各種措施。7.TheriseofAIhasalsoraisedquestionsabout**superintelligence**.AsAIbecomesmorecapable,someworrythatitcouldeventuallysurpasshumanintelligenceinalldomains,leadingtoalossofcontrolandunforeseenconsequences.解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代人工智能的興起也引發(fā)了對(duì)超級(jí)智能的疑問(wèn)。“superintelligence”（超級(jí)智能）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖侨斯ぶ悄茏罱K可能超越人類智能的狀態(tài)。8.Intheworkplace,AIisalreadybeginningto**displace**certainjobs,particularlythoseinvolvingrepetitivetasksordataanalysis.Thishasledtofearsofwidespreadunemployment,butalsotohopesthathumanswillbefreeduptofocusonmorecreativeandmeaningfulwork.解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代人工智能在工作場(chǎng)所已經(jīng)開(kāi)始取代某些工作，特別是那些涉及重復(fù)性任務(wù)或數(shù)據(jù)分析的工作。“displace”（取代）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖侨斯ぶ悄苋〈祟惞ぷ鳌?.Thedevelopmentof**surveillance**isanotherareaofconcern.AsAIbecomesmoreintegratedintoourdailylives,it’scrucialtoensurethatitdoesn’terodeourprivacyorcreatenewformsofsurveillance.解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代人工智能發(fā)展的另一個(gè)關(guān)注領(lǐng)域?！皊urveillance”（監(jiān)控）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖侨斯ぶ悄芸赡軒?lái)的監(jiān)控問(wèn)題。10.Despitethesechallenges,manybelievethatAIhasthepotentialto**transform**humanityincountlessways.Fromcuringdiseasestosolvingenvironmentalproblems,AIcouldhelpusachievegoalsthatwereoncethoughtimpossible.解析：這里需要填入一個(gè)詞來(lái)指代盡管存在這些挑戰(zhàn)，許多人相信人工智能在無(wú)數(shù)方面有潛力改變?nèi)祟?。“transform”（改變）最符合語(yǔ)境，因?yàn)樗傅氖侨斯ぶ悄芸赡軒?lái)的巨大變革。二、閱讀理解答案及解析1.Therapidadvancementofartificialintelligence(AI)hassparkedwidespreadconcernaboutitspotentialrisks,particularlyintermsof**ethicalimplications**.Manyexpertsarguethatwithoutpropersafeguards,AIcouldinadvertentlyleadtojobdisplacement,privacyviolations,orevenexistentialthreatstohumanity.解析：根據(jù)文章第一段，人工智能的快速發(fā)展引發(fā)了廣泛擔(dān)憂，尤其是從道德角度上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此，正確答案是“ethicalimplications”。2.OneofthemostpressingethicalissuessurroundingAIis**accountability**.Shouldmachinesbeprogrammedtomakemoraldecisions?Howdoweensurethatthesedecisionsalignwithhumanvaluesanddon’tperpetuatebiasesembeddedintheirtrainingdata?解析：根據(jù)文章第二段，圍繞人工智能的最緊迫的倫理問(wèn)題是問(wèn)責(zé)制，即機(jī)器是否應(yīng)該被編程做出道德決策，以及如何確保這些決策與人類價(jià)值觀一致。因此，正確答案是“accountability”。3.Governmentsaroundtheworldaregrapplingwithhowto**regulate**AItechnologies.Someadvocateforstrictregulationstopreventmisuse,whileothersbelievethatinnovationshouldbelefttotheprivatesectorwithminimalinterference.解析：根據(jù)文章第三段，世界各國(guó)正在努力解決如何監(jiān)管人工智能技術(shù)的問(wèn)題。因此，正確答案是“regulate”。4.Intherealmofcybersecurity,AIpresentsbothopportunitiesand**threats**.Ononehand,AIcandetectandrespondtothreatsmorequicklythanhumans.Ontheother,itcanalsobeusedtocreatemoresophisticatedattacksthatarehardertodefendagainst.解析：根據(jù)文章第四段，人工智能在網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全領(lǐng)域既帶來(lái)機(jī)遇也帶來(lái)威脅。因此，正確答案是“threats”。5.Theconceptof**autonomy**isbecomingincreasinglyimportantasAIsystemsbecomemoreautonomous.Whoisresponsiblewhenanautonomousvehiclecausesanaccident?Howdoweensureaccountabilitywithoutstiflinginnovation?解析：根據(jù)文章第五段，隨著人工智能系統(tǒng)變得更加自主，自主性的概念變得越來(lái)越重要。因此，正確答案是“autonomy”。6.Manyresearchersarefocusedondeveloping**safeguards**forAIsystemstopreventthemfrommakingharmfuldecisions.Thesesafeguardscouldincludeethicalguidelines,transparencyrequirements,orevenbuilt-inlimitationsthatpreventAIfromexceedingcertainboundaries.解析：根據(jù)文章第六段，許多研究人員專注于為人工智能系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)保護(hù)措施以防止它們做出有害決策。因此，正確答案是“safeguards”。7.TheriseofAIhasalsoraisedquestionsabout**superintelligence**.AsAIbecomesmorecapable,someworrythatitcouldeventuallysurpasshumanintelligenceinalldomains,leadingtoalossofcontrolandunforeseenconsequences.解析：根據(jù)文章第七段，人工智能的興起也引發(fā)了對(duì)超級(jí)智能的疑問(wèn)。因此，正確答案是“superintelligence”。8.Intheworkplace,AIisalreadybeginningto**displace**certainjobs,particularlythoseinvolvingrepetitivetasksordataanalysis.Thishasledtofearsofwidespreadunemployment,butalsotohopesthathumanswillbefreeduptofocusonmorecreativeandmeaningfulwork.解析：根據(jù)文章第八段，人工智能在工作場(chǎng)所已經(jīng)開(kāi)始取代某些工作。因此，正確答案是“displace”。9.Thedevelopmentof**surveillance**isanotherareaofconcern.AsAIbecomesmoreintegratedintoourdailylives,it’scrucialtoensurethatitdoesn’terodeourprivacyorcreatenewformsofsurveillance.解析：根據(jù)文章第九段，人工智能發(fā)展的另一個(gè)關(guān)注領(lǐng)域是監(jiān)控。因此，正確答案是“surveillance”。10.Despitethesechallenges,manybelievethatAIhasthepotentialto**transform**humanityincountlessways.Fromcuringdiseasestosolvingenvironmentalproblems,AIcouldhelpusachievegoalsthatwereoncethoughtimpossible.解析：根據(jù)文章第十段，盡管存在這些挑戰(zhàn)，許多人相信人工智能在無(wú)數(shù)方面有潛力改變?nèi)祟?。因此，正確答案是“transform”。三、句子匹配答案及解析1.Thedevelopmentofself-drivingcarsisaprimeexampleofhowAIcanimprovetransportationsafety.答案：C解析：這句話討論的是自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的發(fā)展，這是人工智能在交通運(yùn)輸領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。因此，正確答案是C。2.AIhasthepotentialtosignificantlyreducehumansufferingbyacceleratingmedicalresearchanddrugdiscovery.答案：A解析：這句話討論的是人工智能在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，可以顯著減少人類痛苦。因此，正確答案是A。3.OneofthemostsignificantconcernsaboutAIisthepotentialforjobdisplacementasmachinestakeovertaskstraditionallyperformedbyhumans.答案：B解析：這句話討論的是人工智能對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，特別是對(duì)就業(yè)的潛在影響。因此，正確答案是B。4.TheethicalimplicationsofusingAIinwarfare,suchasautonomousdrones,areparticularlytroublingandrequirecarefulconsideration.答案：D解析：這句話討論的是人工智能在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的應(yīng)用，特別是自主無(wú)人機(jī)的倫理影響。因此，正確答案是D。5.AIcanbeusedtoenhanceeducationaloutcomesbyprovidingpersonalizedlearningexperiencestailoredtoindividualstudentneeds.答案：E解析：這句話討論的是人工智能在教育領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，可以提供個(gè)性化的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)。因此，正確答案是E。四、段落填空答案及解析1.Therapidgrowthof**artificialintelligence(AI)**hastransformedmanyindustriesandhasbecomeacentraltopicofdiscussionin**society**.OneofthemostsignificantchallengesassociatedwithAIistheissueof**bias**.IfAIsystemsaretrainedonbiaseddata,theycanperpetuateandevenamplifythesebiases,leadingtounfairanddiscriminatoryoutcomes.Ensuring**transparency**inAIsystemsiscrucialtopreventsuchissues.解析：第一空需要填入“artificialintelligence(AI)”來(lái)指代人工智能的快速發(fā)展。第二空需要填入“society”來(lái)指代人工智能成為社會(huì)討論的中心話題。第三空需要填入“bias”來(lái)指代人工智能的顯著挑戰(zhàn)之一，即偏見(jiàn)問(wèn)題。第四空需要填入“transparency”來(lái)指代確保人工智能系統(tǒng)透明度的重要性。2.AIhasthepotentialtosignificantlyreducehumansufferingbyacceleratingmedicalresearchanddrugdiscovery.解析：這句話討論的是人工智能在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，可以顯著減少人類痛苦。因此，正確答案是A。3.OneofthemostsignificantconcernsaboutAIisthepotentialforjobdisplacementasmachinestakeovertaskstraditionallyperformedbyhumans.答案：B解析：這句話討論的是人工智能對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，特別是對(duì)就業(yè)的潛在影響。因此，正確答案是B。4.TheethicalimplicationsofusingAIinwarfare,suchasautonomousdrones,areparticularlytroublingandrequirecarefulconsideration.答案：D解析：這句話討論的是人工智能在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的應(yīng)用，特別是自主無(wú)人機(jī)的倫理影響。因此，正確答案是D。5.AIcanbeusedtoenhanceeducationaloutcomesbyprovidingpersonalizedlearningexperiencestailoredtoindividualstudentneeds.答案：E解析：這句話討論的是人工智能在教育領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，可以提供個(gè)性化的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)。因此，正確答案是E。五、簡(jiǎn)答題答案及解析1.WhatarethemainethicalchallengesassociatedwithAI,andhowcantheybeaddressed?答案：ThemainethicalchallengesassociatedwithAIincludebias,accountability,privacy,andautonomy.Thesechallengescanbeaddressedbydevelopingrobustsafeguards,ensuringtransparency,establishingclearregulations,andfosteringongoingdialogueamongdevelopers,policymakers,andthepublic.解析：人工智能的主要倫理挑戰(zhàn)包括偏見(jiàn)、問(wèn)責(zé)制、隱私和自主性。這些挑戰(zhàn)可以通過(guò)開(kāi)發(fā)強(qiáng)大的保護(hù)措施、確保透明度、建立明確的規(guī)定以及促進(jìn)開(kāi)發(fā)人員、政策制定者和公眾之間的持續(xù)對(duì)話來(lái)解決。2.HowdoesAIimpactprivacy,andwhatmeasurescanbe