2025年托?？荚囬喿x真題模擬模擬試卷：經(jīng)濟(jì)政策效果評(píng)估改進(jìn)策略考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、選擇題要求：本部分共有20道選擇題，每道題2分，共40分。請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀每篇閱讀材料，根據(jù)材料內(nèi)容選擇最符合題意的答案。作答時(shí)，請(qǐng)用2B鉛筆在答題卡上填涂對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。1.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheprimaryreasonforthedeclineinmanufacturingjobsindevelopedcountriesoverthepastfewdecades?A.Increasedautomationandtechnologicaladvancementsinproductionprocesses.B.Ashiftinconsumerdemandtowardsservicesanddigitalgoods.C.Governmentpoliciesthatfavorthegrowthoftheservicesectorovermanufacturing.D.Theriseofglobalcompetitionandoutsourcingtodevelopingcountries.2.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisamajorchallengeforworkersdisplacedfrommanufacturingindustries?A.Lackofjobtrainingandre-skillingopportunities.B.Insufficientgovernmentsupportfortransitiontonewindustries.C.Highcostsofeducationandvocationaltrainingprograms.D.Resistancefromexistingindustriestohiringdisplacedworkers.3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemainbenefitofinvestingininfrastructuretosupporteconomicgrowth?A.Reducedunemploymentratesduetoincreasedjobopportunities.B.Highertaxrevenuesforthegovernmentfromincreasedeconomicactivity.C.Improvedproductivityandefficiencyinvarioussectorsoftheeconomy.D.Enhancedcompetitivenessofthecountryintheglobalmarket.4.Thepassagementionsthatwhichofthefollowingpolicieshasbeeneffectiveinpromotingeconomicgrowthinemergingeconomies?A.Implementingstrictregulationsonforeigninvestment.B.Encouragingthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs).C.Restrictinggovernmentspendingtoreducebudgetdeficits.D.Focusingonincreasingexportsratherthandomesticconsumption.5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisasignificantconcernaboutthecurrenttrendofglobalizationandtradeliberalization?A.Thepotentialforincreasedincomeinequalitywithincountries.B.Thelossofculturaldiversityduetoglobalhomogenization.C.Thedeclineininternationaltradeduetoprotectionistpolicies.D.Thereductioninforeigndirectinvestmentindevelopingcountries.6.Thepassagediscussestheroleofeducationineconomicdevelopment.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasakeybenefitofhighereducation?A.Increasedinnovationandtechnologicaladvancements.B.Higherlaborforceparticipationrates.C.Improvedsocialmobilityfordisadvantagedgroups.D.Greatergovernmentrevenuefromhighertaxbrackets.7.Accordingtothepassage,whatisamajorchallengeforcountriesseekingtodiversifytheireconomies?A.Limitedaccesstoforeigninvestmentandtechnology.B.Highlevelsofcorruptionandpoliticalinstability.C.Lackofskilledlaborandinadequateeducationsystems.D.Insufficientgovernmentpoliciestosupporteconomicdiversification.8.Thepassagementionsthatwhichofthefollowingisakeyfactorinpromotingsustainableeconomicgrowth?A.Increasedgovernmentspendingonsocialwelfareprograms.B.Higherlevelsofforeigndirectinvestmentinrenewableenergysectors.C.Reducedtradebarrierstoencourageinternationalcompetition.D.Decreasedpublicdebttoimproveinvestorconfidence.9.Accordingtothepassage,whatisasignificantimpactofclimatechangeoneconomicgrowth?A.Increasedagriculturalproductivityduetofavorableweatherconditions.B.Reducedeconomicactivityduetofrequentnaturaldisasters.C.Highereconomicgrowthduetoincreaseddemandforenvironmentaltechnologies.D.Improvedinfrastructuredevelopmenttomitigateclimaterisks.10.Thepassagediscussestheroleofgovernmentpoliciesinshapingeconomicoutcomes.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasakeypolicytool?A.Implementinghightaxestoreduceincomeinequality.B.Encouragingprivatesectorinvestmentincriticalinfrastructure.C.Restrictingforeigninvestmenttoprotectdomesticindustries.D.Reducinggovernmentspendingtobalancethebudget.11.Accordingtothepassage,whatisamajorchallengeforcountriesseekingtoattractforeigndirectinvestment?A.Highlevelsofcorruptionandpoliticalinstability.B.Limitedaccesstonaturalresourcesandrawmaterials.C.Inadequateeducationandskillstrainingprograms.D.Excessivetradebarriersandprotectionistpolicies.12.Thepassagementionsthatwhichofthefollowingisakeyfactorinpromotingeconomicresilience?A.Highlevelsofforeigndirectinvestmentindiversesectors.B.Reducedgovernmentspendingtoimprovefiscalhealth.C.Increasedtradebarrierstoprotectdomesticindustries.D.Limitedaccesstointernationalmarketsandtrade.13.Accordingtothepassage,whatisasignificantimpactoftechnologicaladvancementsoneconomicgrowth?A.Increasedjobcreationduetotheriseofnewindustries.B.Reducedproductivityduetothedisplacementofworkers.C.Higherlevelsofautomationandreducedlaborcosts.D.Improvedeconomicefficiencyandinnovation.14.Thepassagediscussestheroleoffinancialmarketsineconomicdevelopment.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasakeyfunctionoffinancialmarkets?A.Providingliquidityforinvestorstobuyandsellsecurities.B.Regulatingtheflowofforeigndirectinvestmentintotheeconomy.C.Restrictingaccesstocredittocontrolinflation.D.Reducinggovernmentspendingtoimprovefiscalhealth.15.Accordingtothepassage,whatisamajorchallengeforcountriesseekingtoimprovetheireconomiccompetitiveness?A.Limitedaccesstoforeigninvestmentandtechnology.B.Highlevelsofcorruptionandpoliticalinstability.C.Inadequateeducationandskillstrainingprograms.D.Excessivetradebarriersandprotectionistpolicies.16.Thepassagementionsthatwhichofthefollowingisakeyfactorinpromotingeconomicgrowthinruralareas?A.Increasedgovernmentspendingonruralinfrastructure.B.Higherlevelsofurbanizationandmigrationtocities.C.Reducedaccesstocreditandfinancialservices.D.Limitedaccesstoeducationandskillstrainingprograms.17.Accordingtothepassage,whatisasignificantimpactofeconomicgrowthonenvironmentalsustainability?A.Increasedpollutionandresourcedepletionduetohigherproductionlevels.B.Improvedenvironmentalregulationsandconservationefforts.C.Reducedeconomicactivityduetoenvironmentaldegradation.D.Higherlevelsofinvestmentinrenewableenergytechnologies.18.Thepassagediscussestheroleofinternationalorganizationsineconomicdevelopment.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasakeyfunctionoftheseorganizations?A.Providingfinancialassistanceandtechnicalsupporttodevelopingcountries.B.Regulatinginternationaltradeandinvestmentflows.C.Restrictingforeigndirectinvestmenttoprotectdomesticindustries.D.Reducinggovernmentspendingtoimprovefiscalhealth.19.Accordingtothepassage,whatisamajorchallengeforcountriesseekingtoimplementeffectiveeconomicpolicies?A.Limitedaccesstoforeigninvestmentandtechnology.B.Highlevelsofcorruptionandpoliticalinstability.C.Inadequateeducationandskillstrainingprograms.D.Excessivetradebarriersandprotectionistpolicies.20.Thepassagementionsthatwhichofthefollowingisakeyfactorinpromotingeconomicequality?A.Increasedgovernmentspendingonsocialwelfareprograms.B.Higherlevelsofforeigndirectinvestmentindiversesectors.C.Reducedtradebarrierstoencourageinternationalcompetition.D.Decreasedpublicdebttoimproveinvestorconfidence.二、填空題要求：本部分共有10道填空題，每道題2分，共20分。請(qǐng)根據(jù)每道題的上下文，填寫(xiě)最符合題意的單詞或短語(yǔ)。作答時(shí)，請(qǐng)用2B鉛筆在答題卡上填涂對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。21.Thepassagesuggeststhatthedeclineinmanufacturingjobsindevelopedcountriesisprimarilydueto________andtechnologicaladvancementsinproductionprocesses.A.increasedautomationB.shiftingconsumerdemandC.governmentpoliciesfavoringtheservicesectorD.globalcompetitionandoutsourcing22.Accordingtothepassage,amajorchallengeforworkersdisplacedfrommanufacturingindustriesisthelackof________andre-skillingopportunities.A.jobtrainingB.governmentsupportC.educationandvocationaltrainingprogramsD.industryresistance23.Thepassagementionsthatinvestingininfrastructurecansupporteconomicgrowthbyimproving________andefficiencyinvarioussectors.A.productivityB.taxrevenuesC.governmentspendingD.competitiveness24.Thepassageindicatesthatwhichofthefollowingpolicieshasbeeneffectiveinpromotingeconomicgrowthinemergingeconomies?________developmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs).A.ImplementingstrictregulationsonforeigninvestmentB.EncouragingtheC.RestrictinggovernmentspendingD.Focusingonincreasingexports25.Accordingtothepassage,asignificantconcernaboutthecurrenttrendofglobalizationandtradeliberalizationisthepotentialfor________withincountries.A.increasedincomeinequalityB.culturalhomogenizationC.reducedinternationaltradeD.decreasedforeigndirectinvestment26.Thepassagediscussestheroleofeducationineconomicdevelopment.Akeybenefitofhighereducationismentionedasincreased________andtechnologicaladvancements.A.innovationB.laborforceparticipationC.socialmobilityD.governmentrevenue27.Accordingtothepassage,amajorchallengeforcountriesseekingtodiversifytheireconomiesislimitedaccessto________andtechnology.A.foreigninvestmentB.highlevelsofcorruptionC.skilledlaborD.governmentpolicies28.Thepassagementionsthatakeyfactorinpromotingsustainableeconomicgrowthishigherlevelsof________inrenewableenergysectors.A.governmentspendingB.foreigndirectinvestmentC.tradebarriersD.publicdebt29.Accordingtothepassage,asignificantimpactofclimatechangeoneconomicgrowthisreducedeconomicactivitydueto________.A.increasedagriculturalproductivityB.frequentnaturaldisastersC.highereconomicgrowthD.improvedinfrastructuredevelopment30.Thepassagediscussestheroleofgovernmentpoliciesinshapingeconomicoutcomes.Akeypolicytoolmentionedisencouraging________investmentincriticalinfrastructure.A.hightaxesB.privatesectorC.foreignD.government三、簡(jiǎn)答題要求：本部分共有5道簡(jiǎn)答題，每道題4分，共20分。請(qǐng)根據(jù)每道題的上下文，簡(jiǎn)要回答問(wèn)題。作答時(shí)，請(qǐng)用2B鉛筆在答題卡上填涂對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。31.Accordingtothepassage,whatarethemainreasonsforthedeclineinmanufacturingjobsindevelopedcountriesoverthepastfewdecades?Pleaseexplainindetail.32.Thepassagementionsseveralchallengesforworkersdisplacedfrommanufacturingindustries.Whichofthesechallengesdoyouthinkisthemostsignificant,andwhy?Pleaseprovideadetailedexplanation.33.Thepassagediscussesthebenefitsofinvestingininfrastructureforeconomicgrowth.Howdoesinfrastructureinvestmentcontributetoeconomicdevelopment,andwhatarethepotentialdrawbacks?Pleaseexplainindetail.34.Accordingtothepassage,whatarethekeyfactorsthatcountriesneedtoconsiderwhenseekingtoattractforeigndirectinvestment?Pleaselistandexplainatleastthreeofthesefactors.35.Thepassagementionstheroleofeducationineconomicdevelopment.Howdoeshighereducationcontributetoeconomicgrowth,andwhatarethepotentialchallengesinprovidingaccesstohighereducation?Pleaseexplainindetail.四、論述題要求：本部分共有2道論述題，每道題5分，共10分。請(qǐng)根據(jù)每道題的上下文，進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的論述。作答時(shí)，請(qǐng)用2B鉛筆在答題卡上填涂對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。36.Thepassagediscussestheimpactofglobalizationandtradeliberalizationoneconomicgrowth.Provideadetailedanalysisofthebenefitsanddrawbacksofglobalization,andarguewhetherglobalizationisultimatelybeneficialordetrimentaltoeconomicgrowth.Pleasesupportyourargumentwithspecificexamplesfromthepassage.37.Thepassagementionstheimportanceofgovernmentpoliciesinshapingeconomicoutcomes.Discusstheroleofgovernmentpoliciesinpromotingeconomicgrowth,andprovideexamplesofeffectivepoliciesthathavebeenimplementedindifferentcountries.Pleaseanalyzetheimpactofthesepoliciesoneconomicdevelopmentandarguewhethergovernmentinterventionisnecessaryforeconomicgrowth.五、分析題要求：本部分共有1道分析題，共10分。請(qǐng)根據(jù)每道題的上下文，進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析。作答時(shí)，請(qǐng)用2B鉛筆在答題卡上填涂對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)。38.Thepassagepresentsacomprehensiveviewofeconomicpolicyanditsimpactoneconomicgrowth.Analyzethekeythemesandargumentspresentedinthepassage,anddiscusshowthesethemesandargumentsrelatetoreal-worldeconomicsituations.Pleaseprovidespecificexamplesandevidencefromthepassagetosupportyouranalysis,andarguewhetherthepassageoffersabalancedandcomprehensiveperspectiveoneconomicpolicyanditseffects.本次試卷答案如下一、選擇題答案及解析1.D.Theriseofglobalcompetitionandoutsourcingtodevelopingcountries.解析：文章提到，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制造業(yè)崗位下降的主要原因是全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇和外包給發(fā)展中國(guó)家。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是影響因素，但不是主要原因。2.A.Lackofjobtrainingandre-skillingopportunities.解析：文章指出，被制造業(yè)淘汰的工人面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)是缺乏培訓(xùn)和再技能的機(jī)會(huì)。其他選項(xiàng)也是挑戰(zhàn)，但不是最主要的。3.C.Improvedproductivityandefficiencyinvarioussectorsoftheeconomy.解析：文章提到，投資基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的主要好處是提高各個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門(mén)的生產(chǎn)力和效率。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是好處，但不是最主要的好處。4.B.Encouragingthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs).解析：文章指出，有效的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策之一是鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是政策，但不是最有效的。5.A.Thepotentialforincreasedincomeinequalitywithincountries.解析：文章提到，全球化帶來(lái)的一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題是國(guó)家內(nèi)部收入不平等加劇。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是問(wèn)題，但不是最主要的問(wèn)題。6.A.Increasedinnovationandtechnologicaladvancements.解析：文章指出，高等教育的主要好處是增加創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)進(jìn)步。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是好處，但不是最主要的好處。7.C.Lackofskilledlaborandinadequateeducationsystems.解析：文章提到，經(jīng)濟(jì)多元化的主要挑戰(zhàn)是缺乏技術(shù)工人和不足的教育體系。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是挑戰(zhàn)，但不是最主要挑戰(zhàn)。8.B.Higherlevelsofforeigndirectinvestmentinrenewableenergysectors.解析：文章指出，促進(jìn)可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵因素是增加對(duì)可再生能源部門(mén)的外國(guó)直接投資。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是因素，但不是最主要因素。9.B.Reducedeconomicactivityduetofrequentnaturaldisasters.解析：文章提到，氣候變化對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)主要影響是由于頻繁的自然災(zāi)害導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)減少。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是影響，但不是最主要的影響。10.B.Encouragingprivatesectorinvestmentincriticalinfrastructure.解析：文章指出，政府塑造經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)果的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵政策工具是鼓勵(lì)私營(yíng)部門(mén)對(duì)關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投資。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是政策工具，但不是最主要政策工具。11.A.Highlevelsofcorruptionandpoliticalinstability.解析：文章提到，吸引外國(guó)直接投資的主要挑戰(zhàn)是腐敗和政治不穩(wěn)定。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是挑戰(zhàn)，但不是最主要挑戰(zhàn)。12.A.Highlevelsofforeigndirectinvestmentindiversesectors.解析：文章指出，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)彈性的關(guān)鍵因素是高水平的對(duì)外直接投資，分布在各個(gè)不同部門(mén)。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是因素，但不是最主要因素。13.D.Improvedeconomicefficiencyandinnovation.解析：文章提到，技術(shù)進(jìn)步對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)主要影響是提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率和創(chuàng)新能力。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是影響，但不是最主要的影響。14.A.Providingliquidityforinvestorstobuyandsellsecurities.解析：文章指出，金融市場(chǎng)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵功能是為投資者提供買(mǎi)賣(mài)證券的流動(dòng)性。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是功能，但不是最主要功能。15.A.Limitedaccesstoforeigninvestmentandtechnology.解析：文章提到，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的主要挑戰(zhàn)是缺乏外國(guó)投資和技術(shù)。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是挑戰(zhàn)，但不是最主要挑戰(zhàn)。16.A.Increasedgovernmentspendingonruralinfrastructure.解析：文章指出，促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵因素是增加政府對(duì)農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的支出。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是因素，但不是最主要因素。17.A.Increasedpollutionandresourcedepletionduetohigherproductionlevels.解析：文章提到，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)環(huán)境可持續(xù)性的一個(gè)主要影響是由于生產(chǎn)水平提高導(dǎo)致污染和資源消耗增加。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是影響，但不是最主要的影響。18.A.Providingfinancialassistanceandtechnicalsupporttodevelopingcountries.解析：文章指出，國(guó)際組織的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵功能是為發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供財(cái)務(wù)援助和技術(shù)支持。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是功能，但不是最主要功能。19.B.Highlevelsofcorruptionandpoliticalinstability.解析：文章提到，實(shí)施有效經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的主要挑戰(zhàn)是腐敗和政治不穩(wěn)定。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是挑戰(zhàn)，但不是最主要挑戰(zhàn)。20.A.Increasedgovernmentspendingonsocialwelfareprograms.解析：文章指出，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平等的關(guān)鍵措施是增加政府在社會(huì)福利項(xiàng)目上的支出。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是措施，但不是最主要措施。二、填空題答案及解析21.D.globalcompetitionandoutsourcing解析：文章提到，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制造業(yè)崗位下降的主要原因是全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇和外包給發(fā)展中國(guó)家。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是影響因素，但不是主要原因。22.A.jobtraining解析：文章指出，被制造業(yè)淘汰的工人面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)是缺乏培訓(xùn)和再技能的機(jī)會(huì)。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是挑戰(zhàn)，但不是最主要的。23.A.productivity解析：文章提到，投資基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的主要好處是提高各個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門(mén)的生產(chǎn)力和效率。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是好處，但不是最主要的好處。24.B.Encouragingthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs).解析：文章指出，有效的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策之一是鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是政策，但不是最有效的。25.A.increasedincomeinequality解析：文章提到，全球化帶來(lái)的一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題是國(guó)家內(nèi)部收入不平等加劇。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是問(wèn)題，但不是最主要的問(wèn)題。26.A.innovation解析：文章指出，高等教育的主要好處是增加創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)進(jìn)步。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是好處，但不是最主要的好處。27.A.foreigninvestment解析：文章提到，經(jīng)濟(jì)多元化的主要挑戰(zhàn)是缺乏外國(guó)投資和技術(shù)。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是挑戰(zhàn)，但不是最主要挑戰(zhàn)。28.B.foreigndirectinvestment解析：文章指出，促進(jìn)可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵因素是增加對(duì)可再生能源部門(mén)的外國(guó)直接投資。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是因素，但不是最主要因素。29.B.frequentnaturaldisasters解析：文章提到，氣候變化對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)主要影響是由于頻繁的自然災(zāi)害導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)減少。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是影響，但不是最主要的影響。30.B.privatesector解析：文章指出，政府塑造經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)果的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵政策工具是鼓勵(lì)私營(yíng)部門(mén)對(duì)關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投資。其他選項(xiàng)雖然也是政策工具，但不是最主要政策工具。三、簡(jiǎn)答題答案及解析31.答案：發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制造業(yè)崗位下降的主要原因是全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇和外包給發(fā)展中國(guó)家，以及自動(dòng)化和technologicaladvancementsinproductionprocesses。解析：文章詳細(xì)討論了發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制造業(yè)崗位下降的三個(gè)主要原因：全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇和外包給發(fā)展中國(guó)家，自動(dòng)化水平的提高，以及生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的技術(shù)進(jìn)步。其中，全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇和外包給發(fā)展中國(guó)家是最主要的原因，因?yàn)樗鼈冎苯訉?dǎo)致了制造業(yè)崗位的外流。32.答案：Lackofjobtrainingandre-skillingopportunities是最顯著的挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)槿狈@些機(jī)會(huì)會(huì)導(dǎo)致工人難以適應(yīng)新的工作崗位，從而加劇失業(yè)問(wèn)題。解析：文章指出，被制造業(yè)淘汰的工人面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)是缺乏培訓(xùn)和再技能的機(jī)會(huì)。這是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的技能要求越來(lái)越高，而許多被淘汰的工人缺乏適應(yīng)新工作崗位