Unit4Naturaldisasters（知識清單）單詞I.基礎單詞1．disastern．災難；災害2．slidevi.&vt.(slid,slid)(使)滑行；滑動3．destroyvt.摧毀；毀滅4．sheltern．避難處；庇護vt.保護vi.躲避5．gasn．汽油；氣體；燃氣6．percentn．百分之……adj.&adv.每一百中7．tapvi.&vt.輕叩；輕敲；輕拍n．水龍8．calmadj.鎮(zhèn)靜的；沉著的vt.使平靜9．a(chǎn)idn．援助；幫助；救援物資vi.&vt.幫助10．crashvt.&vi.碰撞；撞擊n．撞車；碰撞II.拓展單詞1．diev．死亡→deadadj.死的→deadlyadj.致命的→deathn．死；死亡2．a(chǎn)ffectvt.影響；(疾病)侵襲；深深打動→affectionn．感情shockn．震驚；令人震驚的事；休克vt.(使)震驚→shockingadj.令人震驚的→shockedadj.感到震驚的electricadj.電的；用電的→electronicadj.電子的→electricityn．電；電能5．breathn．呼吸→breathevi.&vt.呼吸→breathlessadj.氣喘吁吁的6．wiseadj.明智的→unwiseadj.不明智的→wisdomn．智慧；才智7．suffervt.遭受；蒙受vi.受苦→sufferingn．受難；苦楚→sufferern．患難者；患病者8．survivevi.生存；存活vt.幸存；艱難度過→survivaln．幸存；生還→survivorn．幸存者；生還者powern．電力供應；能量；力量；控制力→powerfuladj.強大的；強壯的→powerlessadj.無力的delivervt.&vi.遞送；傳達vt.發(fā)→deliveryn．投遞；送交longadj.長的→lengthn．長；長度→lengthenv．(使)變長短語1.動詞短語rescue...from...從……營救trapinruins困在廢墟中deliversupplies運送物資digout挖出；發(fā)掘burythedead埋葬死者providemedicalcare提供醫(yī)療救助survivethedisaster在災難中幸存causedamage造成破壞2.名詞短語naturaldisaster自然災害rescueworker救援人員emergencysupplies應急物資earthquakeruins地震廢墟typhoonwarning臺風預警floodhitarea洪澇災區(qū)3.形容詞+介詞搭配nervousabout對……感到緊張shockedat對……感到震驚trappedin被困在……preparedfor為……做好準備gratefulfor對……感激熟詞生義熟詞生義1.affectvt.疾病侵襲Theconditionaffectsoneinfivewomen.每五個婦女就有一個人患有這種病。vt.深深打動Theyweredeeplyaffectedbythenewsofherdeath.她死亡的消息使他們唏噓不已。2.damagevt.損害；破壞Thefirebadlydamagedthetownhall.火災使市政廳遭到嚴重破壞。n.損壞；損失serious/severe/extensive/permanent/minordamage重大的╱嚴重的╱大范圍的╱永久性的╱輕微的損壞n.賠償金Hewasorderedtopaydamagestotalling￡30000.他被責令支付總額為3萬英鎊的損害賠償金。3.waven.海浪；波浪Hugewaveswerebreakingontheshore.巨浪拍打著海岸。n.揮手；招手Hegaveusawaveasthebusdroveoff.公共汽車開走時他向我們揮了揮手。vi.&vt.揮手；招手Thepeopleonthebuswavedandwewavedback.公共汽車上的人揮手致意，我們也向他們揮手。vt.揮舞Crowdslinedtheroute,wavingflagsandcheering.人群沿路線排成行，揮舞著旗子歡呼。4.crashvt.&vi.碰撞；撞擊Hecrashedhiscarintoawall.他的汽車撞到了墻上。n.撞車；碰撞acar/planecrash汽車撞車事故；飛機失事熟詞生義5.slidevi.&vt.滑行；滑動Wesliddownthegrassyslope.我們從草坡上滑了下來。n.滑動Hercarwentintoaslide.她的車打起滑來。vi.衰落；衰退Theindustryhasslidintodecline.這個行業(yè)已成衰退之勢。n.降低；衰落；跌落Theeconomyisontheslide(=gettingworse).經(jīng)濟日益衰退。n.幻燈片aslideshow幻燈放映6.survivevi.生存；存活Ican'tsurviveon￡40aweek.一星期40英鎊，我無法維持生活。vt.幸存Manybirdsdidn'tsurvivetheseverewinter.很多鳥死于這次嚴冬。vt.艱難度過Thepanymanagedtosurvivethecrisis.公司設法渡過了危機。...比...活的時間長Shesurvivedherhusbandbytenyears.丈夫死后她又活了十年。vt.助產(chǎn)；接生；分娩Shewasdeliveredofahealthyboy.她生下一個健康的男孩兒。7.whistlevt.吹口哨towhistleatune用口哨吹曲子vi.吹口哨；發(fā)出笛聲Shewhistledtothedogtoeback.她打了個呼哨把狗喚回來。n.哨子聲thefinalwhistle終場哨聲熟詞生義8.trapvt.使落入陷阱；使落入圈套Theyweretrappedintheburningbuilding.他們被困在燃燒著的樓房里。n.陷阱；險境Shehadsetatrapforhimandhehadwalkedstraightintoit.她給他設下圈套，他就徑直鉆了進去。9.effortn.努力Youshouldputmoreeffortintoyourwork.你應該更加努力地工作。n.艱難的嘗試；盡力Thepanyhaslaidoff150workersinanefforttosavemoney.inaneffortto企圖（努力想）；試圖要sparenoeffort不遺余力makeeveryeffort盡一切努力10.floodn.洪水Theheavyrainhascausedfloodsinmanypartsofthecountry.大雨使全國許多地方泛濫成災。vi.淹沒Thecellarfloodswheneveritrainsheavily.只要一下大雨地窖就淹水。vi.大量涌入Telephonecallscamefloodinginfromalloverthecountry.全國各地的電話像潮水般打來。vt.使灌滿水；淹沒Ifthepipeburstsitcouldfloodthewholehouse.要是水管破裂整座房子就會灌滿水。n.大量afloodofplaints大量投訴revivevt.&vi.復活Theeconomyisbeginningtorevive.經(jīng)濟開始復蘇。vt.&vi.（使）蘇醒Theparamedicscouldn'treviveher.護理人員無法使她蘇醒。句型高分亮句Chickensandevenpigsweretoonervoustoeat,anddogsrefusedtogoinsidebuildings.雞甚至豬都緊張得不能進食，狗也不愿意到室內(nèi)去。（1）too+形容詞原級/副詞原級+to+動詞原形是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“太……而不能”，動詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語，本句有擬人的色彩。（2）refusetodosth表示“拒絕做某事”。refuse作及物動詞，意為“拒絕”，接動詞作賓語時動詞必須變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ健Ｃ~形式是refusal。2．Itseemedasiftheworldwereingtoanend!仿佛世界末日即將來臨！本句用了“Itseemedasif……”句型，表示“仿佛……”。it在此指某種情況，而非形式主語。seemed作連系動詞，表示“好像”，接了asif引導的表語從句，此時從句是對此刻的情況進行虛擬，因此be動詞要用were。Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150，000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.地震剛剛過去，部隊派出了15萬名戰(zhàn)士奔赴唐山，將受困群眾從廢墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。本句是含有定語從句的復合句，主要結(jié)構(gòu)是sendsb+to+地點名詞+todosth，表示“派遣某人去某地做某事”，動詞不定式作賓語補足語。whoweretrapped是who引導的定語從句修飾those，在該從句中作主語，不能省略。此時定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語，去掉whowere即可。thedead是the+形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)，指一類人。語法限制性定語從句一、詞匯清單知識點11.affectvt.影響；(疾病)侵襲；深深打動...bedeeply/greatlyaffectedby...被……深深打動...affectedwith...染上……疾病...show/have/feelanaffectionfor...(非常)喜歡……...haveaneffect/influence/impacton...對……有影響2.ruinn．&vt.破壞；毀壞(1)lie/beinruins成為廢墟bereducedtoruins淪為廢墟fallintoruin敗落inruins毀壞；嚴重受損；破敗不堪(2)ruinoneself毀掉自己；自取滅亡ruinone'shealth/fame毀壞某人的健康/聲譽3.shockn．休克；打擊；震驚；令人震驚的事vt.(使)震驚(1)inshock震驚；吃驚(2)shockedadj.震驚的；驚訝的beshockedat/by對……吃驚beshockedtodosth做某事很吃驚(3)shockingadj.令人震驚的4.buryvt.(buried,buried,burying)埋葬；安葬；掩埋；隱藏beburiedin=buryoneselfin(1)埋頭于；專心于(2)buryone'sfaceinone'shands雙手掩面5.suffervt.遭受；蒙受vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲傷等)受苦(1)sufferalotofpain遭受巨大的痛苦sufferseveredamage損失慘重sufferfrom遭受；患病(2)sufferingn.苦惱；讓人痛苦的事(3)sufferern.患難者；患病者6.survivevi.生存；存活vt.幸存；艱難度過(1)survivefrom從……幸存surviveon依靠……生存下來......e...by...比……多活了……(2)survivorn.幸存者(3)survivaln.[U]幸存；[C]殘存物7.strikevt.&vi.(struck,struck/stricken)侵襲；突擊；擊打；突然想起；敲響n．罷工；罷課；襲擊(1)bestruckwith/by被……打動；被……侵襲...strikes/hits/occurstosbthat...某人突然想起……(2)beonstrike在罷工goonstrike舉行罷工8.effectn．影響；結(jié)果；效果；效力(1)takeeffect生效；見效eintoeffect生效sideeffect副作用haveaneffect/influence/impacton/upon對……產(chǎn)生影響......intoeffect實施；使……生效(2)effectiveadj.有效的；有影響的...型公式：“bedoingsthwhen...”，意為“正在做某事這時(突然)……”when用作并列連詞，意為“這時突然”。when表示“這時突然”之意，還用于以下三種句型：......outtodo...when...正要做……突然……......thepointofdoing...when...正要做……突然……......just)done...when...剛做完……這時突然……二、短語清單重點短語1.rightaway：立刻，馬上2.atanend：結(jié)束，終結(jié)3.insteadof：代替，而不是4.tensofthousandsof：數(shù)以萬計的5.asif：好像，仿佛6.inruins：嚴重受損，破敗不堪7.betrappedin：被困在……里8.beburiedin：埋頭于，專心于9.digout：掘出，發(fā)現(xiàn)10.agreatnumberof：大量的11.giveout：分發(fā)；發(fā)出（光、熱等）；用盡，耗盡12.beproudof：為……驕傲，自豪13.expressone'sthankstosb.：向某人表達感謝14.judgingfrom：根據(jù)……判斷15.etoanend：結(jié)束16.beshockedat：對……感到震驚17.from...sb.from...：從……中營救某人18.e/gotoone'srescue：來/去營救某人19.beknownfor：因……而出名20.beknownas：作為……而出名21.haveagreateffecton：對……有很大影響22.asusual：像往常一樣23.bepreparedfor：為……做好準備24.intheopenair：在戶外，在露天25.stayawake：醒著，保持清醒26.putup：搭建；張貼；舉起27.giveaway：贈送；泄露28.loseheart：灰心喪氣29.getalongwith：與……相處；進展30.beconcernedabout：關(guān)心，掛念31.walkthedog：遛狗32.gothrough：經(jīng)歷；仔細檢查；通過33.setdown：記下，放下34.aseriesof：一系列的35.onpurpose：故意36.inorderto：為了37.atdusk：在黃昏時刻38.facetoface：面對面地39.longer/not...anylonger/not...anylonger：不再40.sufferfrom：遭受，患病41.recoverfrom：從……中恢復42.gettiredof：對……厭煩43.packup：打包，收拾（行李）44.fallinlovewith：愛上45.joinin：參加，加入46.showconcernfor：關(guān)心，對……表示關(guān)注47.makeuseof：利用48.suchas：例如49.bebasedon：以……為基礎50.evenif/though：即使，盡管【經(jīng)典練】(一)詞組填空,用所給短語的正確形式填空：(trapin,deliversupplies,rescuefrom,causedamage,preparefor)Theteamworkeddayandnightto__________foodtothefloodhitvillages.Manypeoplewere__________theburningbuildingbyfirefighters.Thehurricane__________tothousandsofhousesalongthecoast.Wemust__________thenextstormbystockinguponwaterandfood.Somevillagersarestill__________themountainsduetothelandslide.（二）翻譯句子6.救援人員從廢墟中救出了三名被困的兒童。（rescue...from...,trap）7.政府正在向災區(qū)運送緊急物資。（deliversupplies,disasterhitarea）8.那場導致數(shù)百人死亡的地震發(fā)生在2008年。（which/that,cause）語法清單限制性定語從句【精講·語法知識】1.關(guān)系代詞的用法that：指人或物，作主語或賓語（可省略）。例：Thebuildingthatcollapsedintheearthquakewasbuiltin1980.（作主語）which：指物，作主語或賓語。例：Therescuerwhosavedthechildwaspraisedbythepublic.（作主語）副詞短語（AdverbPhrase）：修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。例：TheyworkatasoupkitcheneveryWednesday.（狀語）whose：指人或物，作定語。例：Thefamilywhosehousewasdestroyedreceivedhelpfromthegovernment.（作定語）2.介詞+關(guān)系代詞介詞后只能用which（指物）或whom（指人）。例：Theexpertwithwhomwediscussedthedisasterisaseismologist.（with+whom）3.注意事項限制性定語從句不可用逗號分隔，去掉后會影響句子核心意思。先行詞為不定代詞（如all,anything）或被最高級修飾時，只能用that。例：ThisistheworstdisasterthatIhaveeverexperienced.經(jīng)典練完成定語從句1.Theman__________savedthechildisalocalhero.(who/that)2.Theearthquake__________hitthecitylastyearwasmagnitude7.0.(which/that)3.Thevolunteers__________wemethelpedrebuildtheschool.(whom/that)4.Atsunamiisawave__________iscausedbyunderwaterearthquakes.(which/that)5.Thefamily__________housewasdestroyedreceivedfinancialhelp.(whose)寫作清單災難新聞報道與總結(jié)寫作【點撥·寫作技巧】（一）災難新聞報道1.寫作結(jié)構(gòu)：標題：簡潔概括事件（如“TsunamiHitsCoastalAreas,CausingHeavyLosses”）。導語：時間、地點、事件核心（5W原則：When,Where,What,Who,Why）。主體：細節(jié)（傷亡人數(shù)、破壞程度、救援措施）。結(jié)尾：未來展望或呼吁（如救援進展、國際援助）。2.常用句型Apowerfulearthquakestruck...on...（事件發(fā)生）Itisreportedthat...peoplewerekilledand...injured.（傷亡情況）Rescueworkersareworkingto...（救援行動）Thegovernmenthassent...to...（政府措施）參考范文TYPHONHAIYANHITSPHILIPPINESAseveretyphoonnamedHaiyanstruckthePhilippinesonNovember8,2013,causingwidespreaddestructionandhundredsofdeaths.Thetyphoon,withwindsexceeding200km/h,destroyedthousandsofhomesandleftmillionshomeless.Accordingtolocalofficials,over6,000peoplewerekilled,andmanymoreweremissing.Rescueteamsfromaroundtheworldrushedtothearea,providingfood,water,andmedicalsupplies.TheUNappealedforinternationalaidtosupporttherecoveryefforts.“Wehavelosteverything,butwewillrebuild,”saidasurvivor.Thegovernmenthaslaunchedareconstructionplan,aimingtorestoreinfrastructurewithintwoyears.（二）文本總結(jié)1.寫作要點：提煉原文核心事件、原因、影響及結(jié)果。省略細節(jié)和例子，保留關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述，保持客觀中立。2.步驟指導：通讀全文，標記時間、地點、人物和事件。劃分段落主題，歸納每部分重點。合并重復信息，刪除次要細節(jié)。用簡潔語言連接要點，確保邏輯連貫。參考范文（以唐山地震為例）：In1976,apowerfulearthquakestruckTangshan,China,destroyingthecityandkillingover400,000people.Beforethequake,strangesignsoccurred,suchaswellwaterrisingandanimalsactingnervously.Thedisasterleftthecityinruins,butthearmyandvolunteersquicklyresponded,rescuingtrappedpeopleandprovidingshelter.Withgovernmentsupport,Tangshanwasrebuilt,beingasymbolofresilience.經(jīng)典練書面表達：寫一篇關(guān)于“汶川地震”的新聞報道內(nèi)容包括：時間、地點、震級傷亡人數(shù)及破壞情況救援行動及后續(xù)重建________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________模擬精練定語從句一、單項選擇1．Presentatthemeeting________crucialdecisionsaboutthecurriculumarebeingdiscussedistheprofessoraswellashisstudents.A．that B．where C．whose D．when2．Weetounderstandthedelicatebalancetheenvironmentexists(存在)inandwhatcan,andmust,bedonetoprotectwetlands.A．when B．where C．what D．which3．Peoplerushedovertohelptheman________carhadbrokendown.A．Who B．that C．whose D．which4．—Sorry!Ican’tremembertheage________Alicewontheprize.—12yearold,Iguess.A．when B．that C．where D．who5．Therearemanypeople_______believethatzoosarecruel.A．which B．who C．whose D．what6．Shewantsajob________hermanagementskillscanbeputtogooduse.A．which B．where C．that D．when7．Weallliketheteachers_______classisinterestingandcreative.A．who B．which C．that D．whose8．Isitthefactory________thistypeofcarsisproduced?A．where B．when C．why D．that9．Idon’tknowthereason_______theyareinfavourofkeepinganimalsinthezoo.A．when B．where C．why D．how10．Theyrushedovertohelptheman_______carhadbrokendown.A．that B．who C．whose D．because11．I’vebeegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschool________ImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.A．whom B．where C．when D．which12．Haveyouseenthesunflowers________areboughtaspresentsforyourMother’sDay.A．who B．which C．whose D．a(chǎn)s13．Haveyoueverbeentothemuseum______alargenumberoffamousoilpaintingsaredisplayed?A．whose B．where C．that D．which14．Thiscafehasarelaxing,homelikeatmosphere________themajorityofothercafesareshortof.A．where B．which C．when D．a(chǎn)s15．Thesilenceintheroomgaverisetoacurioussituation________wewereallatalosswhattodonext.A．which B．where C．that D．why16．Thelittleproblems________wemeetinourdailylivesmaygiveusideasforgreatinventions.A．what B．where C．which D．whom17．Thisisthethirdweekthedustmenhaven’tefortherubbish.A．that B．when C．which D．onwhich18．He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationheislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A．where B．which C．while D．why19．Thestudentsarepreparingfortheexaminthelibraryeveryeveningseemtobeveryfocused.A．whom B．that C．those D．they20．ThebookIborrowedfromthelibrarylastweek,containsnumerousstories,isveryinteresting.A．which;that B．who;which C．that;which D．which;where21．Thisisthemostinterestingway_________Icaneupwithtointeractwiththeaudience.A．that B．who C．which D．how22．Itwasthereason_________Dr.Johnsonavoideddiscussinginhislecture_________madetheaudiencequestionhisresearchdesign.A．why;that B．which;which C．which;that D．that;which23．Heisoneofthosepeople_________everybodywillfind_________hardtoplease.A．that;being B．which;tobe C．who;is D．whom;/24．Historiceventsinformusofpastmistakes_________wecanlearnsomethingwithoutrepeatingthem.A．forwhom B．a(chǎn)nwhich C．withwhom D．fromwhich25．Wasitinthelibrary______heoftenreadbooks______shemethim?A．where;that B．where;where C．that;where D．that;that26．—Whatdoyou