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兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)1

§10-1IntroductionThischapterintroducebasicconcepts,equationandsomemethods.Whereasthecomplexity,diversityandlevity,advancedanalysisrelatetoextensiveknowledge,hereonlyintroducecommontwo-phaseflowphenomenonandsomesimplemethoddecidingimportantparameter.Itestablishedthetheorybaseforstudyingadvancedtwo-phaseflow.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow2兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

§10-1引言

本章介紹兩相流動(dòng)的基本概念、基本方程及一些處理方法。鑒于兩相流動(dòng)的復(fù)雜性、多樣性和多變性,深入分析所涉及的知識(shí)十分廣泛,這里僅介紹常見的兩相流動(dòng)現(xiàn)象及確定一些重要參數(shù)的簡(jiǎn)單方法,為進(jìn)一步深入分析研究?jī)上嗔鲃?dòng)奠定基本的理論基礎(chǔ)。3

Socalled“phase”isexistingformformatter.Generally,therearethreephasessolid,liquidandgas.Mixedflowofanytwoormorephasesinfusiblemattercalledmultiphaseflow.Multiphaseflowiscommonphenomenoninnature,dailylifeandmanyproject.Suchascloud,fog,rainandsnowphenomenon;dirtinatmosphere,sandinriverbloodflowinorganism;engine,burninginboiler,generateelectricity,refrigerate,vaporizeindistil;flowincongealcycle,oil,mineandtransportationofnaturalgas,matterflowedinallkindsofstove,pagodainchemicalproduction;millruninminingindustry,removingdirtinenvironmentdefenseandsoon.

§10-2Summaryoftwo-phaseflowFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow4兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

所謂“相”是指物質(zhì)存在的形態(tài)。通常有固、液、氣三相。任何兩相或兩相以上不相溶物質(zhì)的混合流動(dòng),統(tǒng)稱為多相流動(dòng)。多相流動(dòng)是自然界、人類日常生活和許多工程中常見的流動(dòng)現(xiàn)象。如自然界的云、霧、雨、雪現(xiàn)象,大氣中的煙塵、水流中的泥沙、生物體內(nèi)的血液流動(dòng)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、鍋爐中的燃燒、發(fā)電、制冷和蒸餾過程中的蒸發(fā)、凝結(jié)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中的流動(dòng),石油、天然氣的開采和輸送,化工生產(chǎn)中各種爐、塔中物質(zhì)的流化,采礦工業(yè)中的選礦,環(huán)保工業(yè)中的除塵等等。

§10-2兩相流動(dòng)概述5Two-phaseflowmaybeplottedthreeclassaccordingtomatterstate:gas-solidtwo-phaseflow;liquid-solidtwo-phaseflow;gas-solidtwo-phaseflow;Asaresultofmuchthermodynamicsingas-liquid,theemphasesinthischapteriscorrelativeknowledgeaboutliquid-solidtwo-phaseflowandgas-solidtwo-phaseflow.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow6兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

兩相流動(dòng)根據(jù)物質(zhì)的狀態(tài)可分為三類:氣—液兩相流;液—固兩相流;氣—固兩相流;由于氣—液兩相流涉及熱力學(xué)較多的知識(shí),故本章重點(diǎn)介紹液—固兩相流和氣—固兩相流的相關(guān)知識(shí)。71.CharacterofsolidmaterialTwo-phaseflowofteninvolvesphysicalandgeometricalcharacterofsolid.1.1Mainphysicalcharacterofsolidmaterial.Mainphysicalcharacterofsolidmaterialismass(rs),specificweight(gs)andspecificgravity。2.2Maingeometricalcharacterofsolidmaterial2.2.1Particlediameter.Infacttheshapeofsolidmaterialisanomalistic.Adoptequalvolumeparticlediameterexpressitssize(takingparticleasspherewithequalvolume):

§10-3ResistanceofmobileFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow8兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)一、固體物料的性質(zhì)

兩相流中常涉及的是固體的物理性質(zhì)和幾何性質(zhì)。1、固體物料的主要物理性質(zhì)固體物料的主要物理性質(zhì)有質(zhì)量(rs),重度(gs)和比重。應(yīng)注意比重是無(wú)因次物理量,與重度的物理概念不同。2、固體物料的幾何性質(zhì)(1)粒徑實(shí)際固體物料的形狀一般是不規(guī)則的,可采用等體積粒徑來(lái)表示顆粒的大小,即把顆粒看作等體積球體,可得等體積粒徑為:

§10-3運(yùn)動(dòng)物體的阻力92.2.2Shapeofparticle:Getsphereasstandard;scalingdifferentshapebutsameparticleandspecificweight,calledshapecoefficientfBecausesurfaceareaofsphereisleast,so0<f<1。2.Basictypeofresistanceof

mobileWhenaobjectmovesinliquid,forcethatliquidacttoobjectiscomponentofforcesplumbwithspeed,P(ascendingforce)andcomponentofforcesadversewithspeedR

(resistance),asin10—1.MoreoverRismadeoffrictionresistanceRmproducedbyshearstressandpressresistanceRp

producedbypress:R=Rm+RpFig.10-1ObjectstreamlinechartFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow10兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)(2)顆粒的形狀取球形作標(biāo)準(zhǔn),衡量顆粒和重度相同但形狀不同的顆粒,稱作球形度或形狀系數(shù),用f表示由于球形表面積最小,故其它形狀顆粒球形度0<f<1。二、運(yùn)動(dòng)物體阻力的基本類型

當(dāng)一物體在流體中運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),流體對(duì)物體的作用力可分為與速度垂直的分力

P

(簡(jiǎn)稱為升力)和與速度相反的分力

R

(稱為阻力),如圖10—1所示。而阻力R

又分為由切應(yīng)力產(chǎn)生的摩擦阻力Rm

和由壓力產(chǎn)生的壓力阻力Rp

,即

R=Rm+Rp圖10-1物體的流線譜11Whenobjectmovesinfluid,actionforcelawisconnectedwithRenault.WhenRenaultisgreat,itmeansinertiaforceisfarlargethanviscosityforce;inreverse,viscosityislargerthaninertiaforce.3.ResistanceofsphericalobjectwithgreatReynoldsnumberWhenRenaultisgreat,objectwithbadstreamlinewillproducevortexresistanceasattachedlayerseparating.ResistanceaccountformulagetbymodifyingtheNewton-Reutlingenresistanceformula,itissuitableas500<Re<105.4.ResistanceofsphericalobjectwithminorReynoldsnumberInmanypracticalproject,particlediameterisverysmall,movingspeedisslow,mostlyresistanceproducedisfrictionresistance,belongtogenericlaminarflowmovement.Translateformula(10-3)intogenericresistanceformula:Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow12兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

當(dāng)物體在流體中運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),作用力的規(guī)律與雷諾數(shù)有關(guān),雷諾數(shù)很大時(shí),表示慣性力遠(yuǎn)大于粘性力,反之則粘性力大于慣性力。三、大雷諾數(shù)時(shí)圓球形物體的阻力

在大雷諾數(shù)時(shí),圓球等流線形不好的物體在發(fā)生附面層分離時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生壓差阻力(旋渦阻力)。阻力計(jì)算公式是在牛頓—雷廷根阻力公式基礎(chǔ)上加以修正得到的,適用與500<Re<105的情況下。四、小雷諾數(shù)時(shí)圓球形物體的阻力

在許多實(shí)際工程中,顆粒直徑很小,運(yùn)動(dòng)速度慢,即運(yùn)動(dòng)為小雷諾數(shù)時(shí),產(chǎn)生的阻力主要是摩擦阻力,屬于一般的層流繞流運(yùn)動(dòng)。將(10-3)式寫成阻力公式的一般形式:13Whenpelletmovesslowly,rollflowhasnoseparatingphenomenon,neglectingmassforce,deducingresistancecoefficient

formula(10-5)ispelletresistanceformulawhenReynoldsnumberisminor(Re<1),calledStokesformula.InRe=25~500,thesphericalobjectresistancecanbecalculatedwithA-Lianempiricalformula:Besidesabovethreeapplicableregion,othersstillneedstudyincessantly.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow14兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

在圓球作緩慢運(yùn)動(dòng),繞流無(wú)分離現(xiàn)象時(shí),可忽略質(zhì)量力,可導(dǎo)出阻力系數(shù)

(10-5)式就是小雷諾數(shù)(Re<1)時(shí)圓球阻力公式,稱斯托克斯公式。

在Re=25~500這個(gè)流動(dòng)范圍內(nèi),可用阿連經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式計(jì)算圓球形物體的阻力,該式為:在上述三個(gè)公式適用范圍以外的區(qū)域,還有待不斷的研究解決。151.Freesedimentationvelocityofsphericalparticleinstaticfluid

Freesedimentationvelocityhasdirectconnectwithresistanceofparticleinmedium.Therearelotsofparticlesedimentationproblemsinmillrun,materialtransport,operationofflowstate,getridofdirtbyventilatingandwaterpollutionfatherandsoontechnologyfield.So,Freesedimentationvelocityofparticleisoneofimportanttheoriesbasisintwo-phaseflow.Therearetwoformsinsedimentationofparticle,namely,freesedimentationandhinderedsedimentation.

§10-4SedimentationvelocityofparticleFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow

Freesedimentationoccurswhensingleparticlesedimentsininfiniteflowspace.Thereisnoseriousinterfacebetweenlowthicknessparticle,itcanbedisposedasfreesedimentation.Hinderedsedimentationisthatparticlessedimentinfinitespace,besidesgravityandresistancecomeintoplay,italsoconcludedforcebetweenparticles,particleandimplementwall.16兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)一、圓球形顆粒在靜止流體中的自由沉降速度

沉降速度的大小與顆粒在介質(zhì)中的阻力有著直接的關(guān)系。在選礦、物料輸送、流態(tài)化操作、通風(fēng)除塵、水污染治理等工業(yè)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域均有大量顆粒沉降問題。因此,顆粒沉降速度是兩相流動(dòng)中重要的理論基礎(chǔ)之一。顆粒的沉降分自由沉降與干涉沉降兩種形式。自由沉降指單個(gè)顆粒在無(wú)限流體空間內(nèi)的沉降,當(dāng)顆粒間無(wú)嚴(yán)重干擾的低濃度顆粒沉降也可按自由沉降處理。干涉沉降是顆粒群在有限空間內(nèi)的沉降,顆粒除受重力、阻力作用外,還有顆粒間,顆粒與器壁間的作用力。

§10-4顆粒的沉降速度171.1FreesedimentationterminalvelocityWhensphericalparticlesedimentsinrestingliquid,theforcesacttoitare:Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow18兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)1、自由沉降末速球形顆粒在靜止流體中沉降時(shí),所受到的作用力有:19Whenparticlestartstosediment,velocityandresistancearezero,accelerationismax;assedimentationvelocityaugmenting,theresistanceaccelerationincreasing,aftersometime,theoutsideforcesactedtoparticleattainbalance,particlesedimentvelocityinvariable,thisvelocityiscalledsedimentterminalvelocity,expresswithutUsingEq.(10-7)wehaveut

Forsphericalparticle,resistancecoefficientchangingalongwithRe,dueto(10-3),(10-5),(10-6),obtainy,substitutinginto(10-8),thenFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow20兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

顆粒開始下降時(shí),速度為零,阻力亦為零,加速度為最大值,隨著下降速度增大,阻力加速度增大,經(jīng)一定時(shí)間,作用在顆粒上的外力達(dá)到平衡,顆粒等速下降,這個(gè)速度稱之為沉降末速,以u(píng)t

表示。由式(10-7)可解得ut

對(duì)于球形顆粒,阻力系數(shù)隨Re變化,由(10-3),(10-5),(10-6)三式中,解出y值,代入(10-8)式中,則分別得:21ForRe<1,StokessedimentterminalvelocityformulaForRe=25~500,A-LiansedimentterminalvelocityformulaForRe=500~104,Newton-ReutlingensedimentterminalvelocityformulaFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow22兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)適用于Re<1時(shí)的斯托克斯沉降末速公式適用于Re=25~500時(shí)的阿連沉降末速公式適用于Re=500~104的牛頓—雷廷根沉降末速公式23

AccordingtoReynoldsspectrumofsedimentationterminalvelocityformula,wecanobtaincorrespondinggranularityspectrumofformula,namelyboundarygranularity,expressingwith

dB,Substitutinginto(10-9),(10-10),(10-11)

andtakeintoboundaryvalueofRe,thenobtainboundarygranularity:Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow24兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

根據(jù)沉降末速公式的雷諾數(shù)范圍也可求出各公式相應(yīng)的粒度范圍,并稱之為邊界粒度,用

dB表示,將代入(10-9),(10-10),(10-11)三式,并代入Re的邊界值,即可解得邊界粒度為:25Example10-1Onesphericalparticle,particlediameterds=0.09mm,densityrs=3.3×103kg/m3,freesedimentinwater,densityofwaterr=1000

kg/m3,viscositycoefficientm=0.001Pa·s,find(1)sedimentationterminalvelocityofparticle?(2)Ifsedimentationinatmospherem

=1.82×10-5Pa·s,r=1.2kg/m3,findsedimentationterminalvelocity?Solution:TherearethreeformulaaccordingtospectrumofRe,so,applyingtestmethod:(1)Forfreesedimentinwater,applying(Re<1)formulatocheckFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow26兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)例題10-1一圓球形顆粒,粒徑ds=0.09mm,密度rs=3.3×103kg/m3,在水中自由沉降,水的密度r=1000

kg/m3,粘性系數(shù)m=0.001Pa·s,求(1)顆粒的沉降末速為多少?(2)若在m

=1.82×10-5Pa·s,r=1.2kg/m3

的空氣中自由沉降,其沉降末速又為多少?解:在計(jì)算沉降末速時(shí),有三個(gè)公式按Re范圍選用,因此應(yīng)采用試算法。(1)在水中自由沉降按層流(Re<1)公式試算27CheckingtheReynoldsnumber(2)SedimentationterminalvelocityinatmosphereaccordingtoA-Lianformula.Thereismismatchaccordingtospectrum,butthereisnootherformulatobeselectedinthisextent,sostilladoptA-Lianformulaasapproximateaccount.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow28兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)驗(yàn)算雷諾數(shù)(2)在空氣中的沉降末速按阿連公式計(jì)算

按適用范圍有一定偏差,但此區(qū)域無(wú)其它公式可選用,仍可采用阿連公式作為近似計(jì)算。291.2Theeffectofparticleshapetofreesedimentationterminalvelocityandvelocityinvariableparticle.Inpracticalproduction,materialshapeisanomalousparticle,maindifferencewithsphericalparticleis:surfaceareaislargerthanequalvolumesphericalsurfacearea,coarsesurface,non-uniformshape.Thesetraitsmakekineticresistanceaccrete,sosedimentationterminalvelocityissmallerthansphericalparticle’s.Whencalculatingfreesedimentationterminalvelocityofnon-sphericalparticle,takesphericalsedimentationvelocityformulamultiplyshapecoefficientf

then,utf=fut

isdeterminedbyexperiment,wemayconsultsomedata.Twodifferentdensityparticleshaveequalsedimentationterminalvelocitywhensedimentinthesamefluid,calledthemequalsedimentationparticles,granularityrationcalledequalsedimentationratio,expresswithFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow30兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)2、顆粒形狀對(duì)自由沉降末速的影響及等降顆粒

在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,物料形狀都是不規(guī)則的顆粒,與球形顆粒的主要區(qū)別在于;表面積比同體積球形表面積大,表面粗糙,形狀不對(duì)稱。這些特點(diǎn)都使顆粒運(yùn)動(dòng)阻力增大,故其沉降末速小于球形顆粒。

在計(jì)算非球形顆粒自由沉降末速時(shí),將球體降速公式乘以形狀系數(shù)f即可

utf=fut

形狀系數(shù)f通常由實(shí)驗(yàn)確定,使用時(shí)可查閱相關(guān)資料。當(dāng)密度不同的兩種顆粒在同一流體中沉降具有相同的沉降末速時(shí),稱其為等降顆粒,其粒度比叫做等降比,用e0表示。31

Therearetwoequalsedimentationparticles,granularitiesanddensitiesrespectiveare:dE1,rs1anddE2,rs2

,assumers2>rs1,duetout1=ut2,sodE1>dE2,thenequalsedimentationratio(1)WhenReynoldsnumberisminorduetoSubstitutingintoStokesformulaofut1

andut2

(10—9)solution(2)WhenReynoldsnumberislargeSubstitutingintoNewton-Reutlingenformula(10-11)

solutionItreflectsrelationbetweenlightandheavyparticleanddifficultextentinmakinglayaccordingtospecificgravity,itisimportantparameterinclassificationproductaccordingtodensity.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow32兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

設(shè)有兩個(gè)等降顆粒,其粒度及密度分別為dE1,rs1

和dE2,rs2

,設(shè)rs2>rs1

,由ut1=ut2知dE1>dE2,則等降比(1)小雷諾數(shù)時(shí)顆粒的等降比由代入ut1和ut2的斯托克斯計(jì)算公式(10—9)解得(2)大雷諾數(shù)時(shí)的顆粒等降比同上方法,代入牛頓—雷廷根計(jì)算公式(10-11)解得等降比反映了產(chǎn)品分級(jí)中輕重顆粒的關(guān)系及按比重分層的難易程度,是利用不同密度進(jìn)行分級(jí)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)中的重要參數(shù)。33Swansondeducedasinglesedimentationequationin1967,itisapplicabletoanyshapeparticlesinspectrumofReynoldsnumber.In1975,heamendedit:Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow34兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

斯瓦恩松(Swanson)在1967年導(dǎo)出一個(gè)單一的沉降方程,可在廣泛的雷諾數(shù)范圍內(nèi)用于任何形狀的顆粒。1975年,他又在原方程基礎(chǔ)上作了改進(jìn),其形式如下:351.3EffectofthicknesstosedimentationterminalvelocityWhenthicknessofparticleislarge,thehinderisseriousbetweeneachother,comeintohinderedsedimentation.Theeffectofthicknessisconnectedwithcoarseextentofparticle.Itisspreadwhencoarseparticlessediment,liquidviscosityinvariable.Duetoup-currentandturbulencestirredbyparticlesedimentation,itisimportanteffectthattheaugmentofmixedliquidspecificweightmadevirtualgravitysmall.Allthesefactorsmakesedimentationterminalvelocitysmallerthanlowthickness.Thefactorofsedimentationparticleiscomplex.Firstthinparticleislargerthansurfacearea,produceflocculationphenomenoneasily,makesedimentationterminalvelocitylarger.Flocculationisconnectedwithwaterqualityandthickness.Secondly,effectofthicknessshowsinchangeofmixedliquidviscositycoefficient.Thinnerastheparticlediameter,morebiggerasthicknessandviscositycoefficient.Foreffectofthickness,peoplesummarizesomeempiricalformulasthroughdoingalotofexperiment,buttheseformulashassomerestrictandmismatch.Especially,differentparticlesproducesdifferentrevisedformulasorcoefficient,so,inpractice,weshouldrefertoliterature.。Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow36兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)3、濃度對(duì)沉降末速的影響

當(dāng)顆粒濃度較大時(shí),其相互干擾漸趨嚴(yán)重,成為干涉沉降。濃度的影響與顆粒的粗細(xì)程度關(guān)系密切。粗顆粒下沉?xí)r呈分散狀態(tài),流體粘性不變化,只是由于顆粒下沉?xí)r誘發(fā)的向上水流和激起的紊動(dòng)造成的影響,混合液重度增大而引起顆粒有效重力減小也有重要影響。這些因素都趨向于使沉降末速比低濃度時(shí)下降。細(xì)顆粒下降時(shí)的影響因素比較復(fù)雜。首先細(xì)顆粒比表面積大,易產(chǎn)生絮凝現(xiàn)象,使沉降末速加大。絮凝作用與水質(zhì)有關(guān),也與濃度有關(guān),也就是濃度的影響是和水質(zhì)的影響結(jié)合在一起通過絮凝起作用的。其次,濃度的影響還表現(xiàn)在混合液粘性系數(shù)的變化上。濃度愈大粒徑愈細(xì),混合液的粘性系數(shù)愈大。對(duì)于濃度的影響,許多人做過大量實(shí)驗(yàn)而總結(jié)出一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,但這些公式都有一定的條件限制和誤差,特別是沉降顆粒的不同會(huì)有不同的修正公式或修正系數(shù),而且這些公式還在不斷地研究和完善之中,因此在實(shí)際計(jì)算時(shí),應(yīng)查閱最新相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),在此不對(duì)這些公式作詳細(xì)介紹。372.CalculationofsedimentationterminalvelocityoftransitionstateIntransitionstatebetweenlaminarflowandturbulentflow,viscousforceandturbulentforcecomeintosynchronously.Inthistransitionregion,sedimentationterminalvelocitycanbecalculatedwithDou-guoren’sformula.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow38兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)二、過渡狀態(tài)顆粒沉降末速的計(jì)算

在從層流到紊流之間的過渡狀態(tài),粘性力和紊流阻力同時(shí)起作用。在這個(gè)過渡區(qū)顆粒沉降末速可采用南京水利科學(xué)研究所竇國(guó)仁的計(jì)算公式。393.Particlesedimentationingas-solidtwo-phaseplaneflow

Inmillruntechnology,usingdifferentsedimentationvelocityofparticle,takingthemseparateintoclassofsomegranularityspectrum,calledclassification,therearewindpowerandwaterpower3.1WorkprincipleofsedimentationtrunkMultiplexmovementofgasflowvelocityuandsedimentationvelocityutcomeintoplaywhensolidparticlecomeFig.10-2workprincipleoftrunkclassificationbasedonliquidused.Itoftenusessedimentationtrunkingas-solidtwophaseplaneflowclassification.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflowintosedimentationtrunk.

Particlemovesintrunk

withabsolutevelocityv,sedimentaftersomedistance,asFig.10—2.3.2ThroughputcapacityofsedimentationoftrunkAssumewidthoftrunkisb,highisH,lengthisl,sedimentationtimealongwithHist,timeofgasflowpasstrunkist’,then40兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)三、氣—固兩相水平流中顆粒的沉降

在選礦技術(shù)中,常利用顆粒的沉降速度不同,將其分成若干粒度范圍的粒級(jí),稱之為分級(jí),根據(jù)所用流體分為風(fēng)力分級(jí)和水力分級(jí)。氣—固兩相水平流分級(jí)常用沉降箱。1、沉降箱工作原理固體顆粒進(jìn)入沉降箱后組成氣流速度

u

和沉降速度

ut

的復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)。顆粒以絕對(duì)速度v在箱中運(yùn)動(dòng),在一定距離沉降下來(lái),如圖10—2所示。圖10-2沉降箱工作原理2、沉降箱生產(chǎn)能力設(shè)箱寬為b,高為H,長(zhǎng)為

l,沿高度H

的沉降時(shí)間為

t,氣流通過沉降箱時(shí)間t’,則413.3TerminalparticlediameterinsedimentationtrunkDiameterthatcorrespondingtosedimentationterminalvelocityiscalledterminaldiameter.Particlewithdiameterlargerthanterminaldiametercansedimentintotrunk.Substitutingut

in(10-20)intoformula(10-8)andyieldingterminaldiameter:Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow42兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)3、沉降箱中顆粒的臨界粒徑對(duì)應(yīng)沉降末速的粒徑稱臨界粒徑。大于臨界粒徑的顆粒才能降落箱中。將(10-20)式中ut

用一般公式(10-8)代入并解出臨界粒徑為:43Example10-2Whenthroughputofsedimentationtrunkis18000m3/h,densityofsolidparticleis3500Kg/m3,atmosphereviscositycoefficientm=18.2×10-6Pa·Satmospheredensityr=1.2kg/m3,whatsizeofsedimentationtrunkwhenterminaldiameteris50mm?Solution:4.Particlesedimentationinliquid-solidtwo-phaseplaneflowTheequipmentthatutilizingsurfacevelocityofplaneflowtoseparateliquid-solidiscalledsedimentationgrooveorpyramidgrader,as10-3,asanalysisinsedimentation,ast=t’isterminalparticlecondition,thenFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow44兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)例題10-2沉降箱生產(chǎn)量為18000m3/h時(shí),固體顆粒密度為3500Kg/m3,空氣粘性系數(shù)m=18.2×10-6Pa·S空氣密度r=1.2kg/m3,求臨界粒度為50mm時(shí),沉降箱尺寸為多少?解:四、液—固兩相水平流中顆粒的沉降

利用水平流的表面流速進(jìn)行液—固分離的設(shè)備稱沉降槽或角錐分級(jí)機(jī),如圖10-3所示。如沉降箱中分析,t=t’時(shí)為臨界粒度的條件,則有45Fig.10-3sedimentationgrooveFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow46兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)圖10-3沉降槽47

§10-5HydraulictransporttransportofmaterialBenefitsofhydraulictransportofmaterialisgoodeconomybenefit,littleinvestment,lowtransportexpense,withoutpollution,rapidconstruct.Now,itiswidelyutilizedinmanyengineeringfields,anddeveloptolongdistanceanddeepness.1.KeyphysicalcharacteristicofmixedliquidDuetosolidmaterialsmixintocurrent,comeintomixedliquid,itscharacterisimportanttolawoftwo-phaseflow.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow48兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

§10-5物料的水力輸送

物料水力輸送具有經(jīng)濟(jì)效益好、投資少、運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)低、無(wú)污染、建設(shè)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),目前在許多工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域都有了廣泛應(yīng)用,并且向長(zhǎng)距離和高濃度方向發(fā)展。一、混合液的主要物理性質(zhì)

由于水流中摻入固體物料,形成混合液,其性質(zhì)對(duì)兩相流動(dòng)規(guī)律起著重要作用。491.2、Thicknessofmixedliquidexpressionmethodofthickness:Dueto10-23)and(10-24),deducedifferentrelationbetweenthicknessandspecificweight.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow50兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)2、混合液的濃度濃度表示法:

由(10-23)及(10-24)各式,可以導(dǎo)出不同的濃度和重度之間的關(guān)系式。511.3ViscosityofmixedliquidDuetocontactedsurfaceareaincrease,internalfrictionforceimproving.Inphaseinterface,watermoleculecomeintohydratefilminsolidsurface,viscosityimproved.Whensolidparticleds

<0.001mm,mixedliquidispureslurry,correspondingtoanewuniformliquid,itsviscosityislargerthanwater’s.Whends

<0.2mm,characterofmixedliquidisbetweenliquidandsolid,differentfromuniformmixedliquid,itsviscosityfallshortofNewtoninternalfrictionforcelaw.Binghamlawisincommonuseforviscosityofmixedliquid,expressionis:Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow52兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)3、混合液的粘性由于混合液與固體接觸表面積增加,內(nèi)摩擦力提高。在相界面上水分子在固粒表面形成水化膜,也提高了粘度。固體顆粒ds

<0.001mm時(shí),混合液呈純漿體,相當(dāng)于一種新的均質(zhì)流體,其粘性比水大得多。當(dāng)ds

<0.2mm時(shí),形成的混合液性質(zhì)介于液體于固體之間,與均質(zhì)混合液不同,其粘性不符合牛頓內(nèi)摩擦定律。關(guān)于混合液的粘性,最常用的是賓漢定律,其形式為:53Hereintroducetwoviscousformulasofsphericalparticles,forsparsemixedliquid,Einsteindeducedtheformulain1950:Thisformulaissuitabletolaminarflowofrigidsphericalparticle,particleislargerthansizeofmolecule,issmallerthansizeofmeasureequipment,noextremesparsemixedliquidbetweenparticles.Forthickmixedliquid,Thomasanalyzedandsettledlotsofdatum,thendeducedthecalculationformula:Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow54兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)

這里介紹兩個(gè)均勻球形顆粒的混合液粘度公式,對(duì)稀混合液,1950年愛因斯坦提出的公式為:

該式適于剛性球粒混合液的層流,顆粒大于分子尺寸,小于量測(cè)設(shè)備尺寸,顆粒間無(wú)相互作用的極稀混合液。對(duì)稠混合液,托馬斯分析整理大量資料后,提出的計(jì)算公式為:552.Thephysicalmodel,thicknessandvelocitydistributingoftwo-phaseflowinpipeWaterpowertransportinpipeusuallycarrythroughinturbulentflow.Thesizeandthicknessofparticlesaffectnotablytostructureofturbulentflow.Atpresent,itisnotentirelyresolvedtheproblemwefaceto,wecanpresentsomeexperimentalrules.Thestudyoftwo-phaseflowrecentlyshow,Inanythicknessofsolid,whenflowvelocitydecreaseslowfromhigh,fourdifferentphysicalflowmodelcanbeobserved.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow56兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)二、管中兩相流的物理模型、濃度與速度分布

管道水力輸送通常在紊流狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行。顆粒尺寸、濃度對(duì)紊流結(jié)構(gòu)影響顯著,目前在理論上不能完全解決遇到的問題。而只能提出一些實(shí)驗(yàn)規(guī)律。近代兩相流研究表明,在任一固體濃度下,當(dāng)流速由高向低減少時(shí),可觀察到四種不同的流動(dòng)物理模型。572.1Forliquid-solidsystem,inhighflowvelocity(3m/sormore),thinandmiddlingparticlessuspendingcompletely,althoughaxesdistributingisnotalwaysuniformbutsymmetrical.Insuitableflowvelocity(1~1.5m/s),ifitisturbulentflowandsedimentationvelocityisslow,canattaineduniformthicknessdistributing.Andinsomeinstancethatclosetovelocitydistributingcalleduniformsuspendingflowmodel.2.2Whenflowvelocity,intensityofturbulentflowandascendingforcedecreasing,thicknessdistributingdistort,morebigparticlesinthebottomofpipe,whichmakebottomparticlesimpactwithpipewallandrecoiltowaterflow,callednon-uniformsuspendingflowmodel.2.3Incertainvelocity,particlesdepositinbottomofpipe,showingexceptionaldunetype,thencomeintocontinuousmovingbed.Movingbedflowmodelisthatparticlesinthetopbedmovemorefastthaninthebottom,particleswithmiddlingsedimentationvelocityinnon-uniformsuspension,lowestsedimentationvelocityinuniformsuspension.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow58兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)2、當(dāng)流速、紊流強(qiáng)度和升力降低時(shí),濃度分布變形,管下部有更多的大顆粒,使底部顆粒與管壁發(fā)生沖擊并彈回水流中,稱為非均稱懸浮流模型。3、某速度下,顆粒堆積管底,先呈個(gè)別沙丘型式,然后形成連續(xù)的移動(dòng)床。床層頂部顆粒移動(dòng)比下部更迅速。具有中等降速的顆粒在非均稱懸浮中,最低降速顆粒在均稱懸浮中,為移動(dòng)床流動(dòng)模型。1、對(duì)液—固系統(tǒng),在高流速下(3m/s或更大),細(xì)的和中等顆粒完全懸浮,雖然在管軸線分布不一定均勻,但是均稱的。在適當(dāng)流速(1~1.5m/s)下,若是紊流且沉降速度低,能達(dá)到均稱的濃度分布型,且在某些情況下,接近于速度分布型,稱為均稱懸浮流動(dòng)模型。592.4Asflowvelocitydecreasingmore,particlesinthebottomalmoststopmoving,bedlayerincreasethick,particlesinthetoprolling,whichmakebedmove,engenderfillup,resultinvirtualflowsectionbecomingsmall,lessparticlesisstillinnon-uniformsuspension,thatcallednon-uniformsuspendingmodelwithjumping.Velocitykeepondecreasing,flowresistanceproliferating,pressureaccreting,tillwallupinthepipe.Indifferentflowvelocity,abovefourflowmodelwilltransfer,amongwhichallhaveterminalvelocityvk..Thicknessdistributingofmanysolidparticleshasbeenconfirmedbyexperiment,theirtraitsareregularshape,moresimplerthanpracticalmixedliquid,somequalitativeanalysishasbeengiven.Experimentalnumberandgraphrefertorelativedatum.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow60兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)4、流速進(jìn)一步降低,床層底部顆粒幾乎停止運(yùn)動(dòng),床層增厚,上層顆粒相互翻滾,使底層移動(dòng),形成淤積,導(dǎo)致有效過流斷面減小,較小顆粒在床層上仍處于非均稱懸浮中,稱之為固定床帶有跳躍和非均稱懸浮流模型。繼續(xù)降速,流動(dòng)阻力激增,壓力增大,直至管道發(fā)生堵塞。

四種流動(dòng)模型在不同的混合流速下,將發(fā)生流型的過渡,其中均有一個(gè)臨界流速vk

。許多固體顆粒的濃度分布和速度分布已由實(shí)驗(yàn)確定,其共同特點(diǎn)是形狀規(guī)則,比實(shí)際混合液簡(jiǎn)單得多,但可以給出一些定性的分析。實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)及曲線圖請(qǐng)查閱有關(guān)資料。613.Bernoulliequationoftwo-phaseflowTwo-phaseflowstillaccordwithenergyconservationlaw,energyequationisexpressed:

Theunitishighofmetermixedliquid,iftranslateintohighofmeterwaterandneglectingam

,attained:Forgas-solidtwo-phaseflow,canbewritten:Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow62兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)三、兩相流伯努利方程兩相流仍然符合能量守恒定律,能量方程的形式為:

該式的單位為米混合液柱高,若換為米水柱高表示,并略去am

,則為:對(duì)氣—固兩相流,常寫成:63Example:10-3CertainthroughputofsandpumpQ=18.7l/s,ThicknessofmineslurryCw=52.8%,densityofextractiveminer=4.4T/m3,averageparticlediameterdiameterofpipeD=100m,pressurenumberofpumpoutletis1.3×98000Pa,(1)whatisaverageflowvelocitySolution:(1)averagevelocity(2)CalculationofhydraulicgradientEnergyequationarrangedinthepositionofpressuremeterandpipeoutlet,thepositionofpressuremeterisselectedasdatumplaneFig.ofexample10-3inpipe(2)whatisfrictionresistanceofunitlengthofpipe.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflow64兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)例題10-3某砂泵流量Q=18.7l/s,礦漿濃度Cw=52.8%,精礦密度r=4.4T/m3,平均粒徑管徑D=100m,泵出口壓力表讀數(shù)為1.3×98000Pa,(1)求管中平均流速。(2)求單位管長(zhǎng)的摩擦阻力。解:(1)平均流速(2)水力坡度計(jì)算取壓力表與管出口處列能量方程,以壓力表處為基準(zhǔn)面例題10-3附圖654.Characteristicofresistanceandcriticalvelocityoftwo-phaseflowinpipe4.1CharacteristicofresistanceGetresistanceandvelocityrelativecurveofnon-uniformtwo-phaseflowbyexperiment,as10-4,afterflowvelocityattaincertainvalue,solidparticlebegintomove,producemostglideandpartroll,comeintoprocessingstate,flowvelocityincreasing,relativevelocityofparticleandwaterincreasing,energyconsumptionoftransportingsolidparticleFundamentaloftwo-phaseflow66兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)四、管道兩相流的阻力特性與臨界流速1、阻力特性由實(shí)驗(yàn)可得非均質(zhì)兩相流阻力與流速的關(guān)系曲線,如圖10-4所示。當(dāng)流速達(dá)一定值后,固體顆粒開始運(yùn)動(dòng),此時(shí)顆粒主要是滑動(dòng)和部分滾動(dòng),顆粒形成推移質(zhì)狀態(tài),流速增加,顆粒與水的相對(duì)速度增加,運(yùn)送固體顆粒的能量消耗也增加。67increasing.Asabinfigure。Flowvelocitykeeponincreasing,mostparticlesishalf-suspendingstate.Energyconsumptionalongwallglidingdecreased.Althoughwaterresistanceincreasing,particleresistancedecreasedmore,totalresistancedecreasing,asbcinfigure,flowvelocitykeeponincreasing,particlesuspendingcompletely,fullofwatersection.Mixedliquidresistanceincreasinggraduallyalongflowvelocityandisclosetowater

resistance,ascd.Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflowFig.10-4Resistancecurveoftwo-phaseflow

Infig.10-4,curve3showresistancecurveofthinparticleinmixedliquid.Virtually,itisuniformliquidthattheviscosityofmixedliquidislargerthanwaterviscosity.68兩相流動(dòng)理論基礎(chǔ)如圖中ab

段。流速繼續(xù)增加,大部分顆粒為半懸浮運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài),減少了沿壁滑動(dòng)耗費(fèi)的能量,雖然清水阻力增加,但不如顆粒阻力減少率大,總阻力呈下降趨勢(shì),為圖中bc

段。流速進(jìn)一步增加,顆粒完全懸浮,布滿過水?dāng)嗝?。混合流阻力逐漸隨流增加,且與清水阻力逐漸接近。如圖中cd

段所示。

圖10-4中曲線3表示細(xì)顆粒混合流的阻力曲線。實(shí)質(zhì)上這種混合流是一種比水粘性大的均質(zhì)流。圖10-4兩相流阻力曲線694.2ConceptofcriticalvelocityTherelationbetweenflowvelocityandresistanceisintimate.So,criticalvelocityarousepeopleattention.Recently,studyfruitpresenttwodefinition.:Firstcriticalvelocityofflow:Velocityofflowcorrespondingtopipelinejustinnon-depositsuspendingstatecalledfirstcriticalvelocityofflow.Secondcriticalvelocityofflow:Flowvelocitywhenpipeworkinsomesedimentationcalledsecondcriticalflowvelocity

Fundamentaloftwo-phaseflowCriticalvelocityofflowisaimportantparameterinpipetransport,tokenthelowlimitflowvelocityasrunsafely.Highflowvelocit

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