第7講體裁微解——說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文通常是通過(guò)舉例子、作比較、分類別、析結(jié)果、列數(shù)字和作引用等手段，具體描述一項(xiàng)研究或者介紹一項(xiàng)新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)，讓讀者了解信息，說(shuō)明文通常不包含作者的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。主要具有以下特點(diǎn)：選材實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品介紹、場(chǎng)館介紹、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象分析以及語(yǔ)言文化、人文地理、生物的生存狀況等。內(nèi)容用平實(shí)的語(yǔ)言客觀解說(shuō)事物、解釋現(xiàn)象、提供信息，即說(shuō)明一個(gè)事物，說(shuō)明一項(xiàng)研究。形式總分式(事物說(shuō)明文常用“總—分”式、“總—分—總”式結(jié)構(gòu))；遞進(jìn)式(事理說(shuō)明文由淺入深、由表及里、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，逐層遞進(jìn)，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分內(nèi)容沒(méi)有主次輕重之分)；對(duì)照式(通過(guò)兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)照和比較說(shuō)明其異同)。語(yǔ)言主要考查考生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握和運(yùn)用情況。說(shuō)明文因其生僻詞匯多、句式復(fù)雜等特點(diǎn)，相對(duì)于其他體裁的文章來(lái)說(shuō)難度更大。命題主要集中在細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題或詞義猜測(cè)題。出題人經(jīng)常在長(zhǎng)難句上做文章。說(shuō)明文閱讀量大，生僻詞匯多，句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，題目往往涉及推理判斷題和主旨大意題。因此，閱讀這類文章時(shí)，應(yīng)把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清作者所要說(shuō)明的事物；另外，考生在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)多積累閱讀詞匯，提高分析長(zhǎng)難句的能力。具體答題策略如下：策略指導(dǎo)技法解讀抓首尾段首段往往提出說(shuō)明文的主題，尤其是研究類說(shuō)明文，研究結(jié)果就是主題；尾段往往重申強(qiáng)調(diào)主題。梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)整體敘述＋細(xì)節(jié)或過(guò)程說(shuō)明＋概括評(píng)述；現(xiàn)象＋原因＋后果/啟示/措施；研究發(fā)現(xiàn)/調(diào)查結(jié)果＋研究/調(diào)查過(guò)程。破解長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和所學(xué)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)破解結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句。(2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ·B)Likemostofus，Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad，roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed，thearugulawentbad.Evenworse，Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry，“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain，”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater，fuel，andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact，Roytewrites，“iffoodwastewereacountry，itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand，let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim，it’smorelike12boxesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington，D.C.，whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries？Volunteerswillwash，cut，andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious，yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste，whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat，”Curtinsays.24．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25．Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetext?A．Moraldecline.B．Environmentalharm.C．Energyshortage.D．Worldwidestarvation.26．WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A．Itproduceskitchenequipment.B．Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C．Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D．Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27．WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A．Buyonlywhatisneeded.B．Reducefoodconsumption.C．Goshoppingonceaweek.D．Eatinrestaurantslessoften.AFoodmadefromatmosphericcarboncouldfeedtheworldwhilehelpingtofightclimatechange，accordingtoSolarFoods，aFinnishcompanyfoundedin2017.“WecancollectCO2anywhere，”saiditsCEOPasiVainika，whosecompanyhasdevelopedaproteinpowdermadeusingCO2.“That’sastrategicshiftwhererawmaterialsareintheair.”Theproteinpowder，calledSolein，canbeturnedintomeatanddairysubstitutesoraddedtofoodsandshakes.SolarFoodsusesspecialunitstopullCO2fromtheatmosphere.Toturnitintoprotein，microbes(微生物)，similartothoseintheproductionofwineandyogurt，willbefedonittogrowandreproduce.Duringtheprocess，waterissplitintohydrogenandoxygen.Alongwithagrowthmediumcontainingnecessaryminerals，thethreegasesarepumpedintofeedthemicrobes.Harvestedanddried，thatremainingmixturebecomesSolein—ayellowpowdermadeupofsingle-cellprotein，withanutrientcompositionsimilartowheatflour.SolarFoodsclaimsthatSoleinremovesmostoftheemissionsassociatedwithmodernagriculture，whichisresponsibleforalmostone-thirdofallgreenhousegasemissions.“OnekilogramofSoleinsendsout0.2kilogramofCO2e(二氧化碳當(dāng)量)．Incomparison，beefherdsproducearound100kilogramsandchicken10kilograms，”saidVainikka.“Wecanremovetheclimateimpactofmodernfoodsystemsontheplanet，whichtodayaccountforabout30percentofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.”Hefurtherstressedthatwhilethecompany’sfactoriesalsorequiresomelandusedforindustrialfarming，onlyaboutone-tenthofthelandisneededcomparedtophotosynthesis(光合作用)．“Wecouldfreeupagriculturallandtogrowbackforests，”headded，“andthoseremovecarbonpermanentlyfromtheatmosphere.”ProbablyoptimistsarenowcontentingthemselveswiththepleasantsceneofmassesoftreesabsorbingCO2ontheplanet.However，whilethatmaysoundgreat，Vainikkaputsitright，“ItcanhappenonlyifweproduceenoughSoleinfromCO2toreplacemeatanddairyatalargescale.”Andthatstillremainsalongwaytogo.1．WhatcanwesayaboutSolein?A．Itisintheair.B．Itcanbechangedintomeat.C．ItcantakeinCO2.D．Itisgoodfortheenvironment.2．WhatareneededtoproduceSoleinaccordingtoparagraph2?A．Wineandwater.B．Waterandminerals.C．Microbesandyogurt.D．Wineandmicrobes.3．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellusaboutSolein?A．Itspresentsituation.B．Itspossiblebenefits.C．Itsproductionprocess.D．Itspotentialdrawbacks.4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．AirProteinProduced，CO2ReducedB．CollectingAir，RemovingCO2C．ClimateChanging，DangerComingD．ProtectEarth，SaveOurselvesB(2022·廣東廣州三模)Callingvegetablesandfruits“ugly”canbearecipeforsalessuccess，accordingtoanewstudy.AFrenchsupermarketchainmadeinternationalheadlineswhenitbeganmarketingmisshapenproduceas“ugly”in2014.Sincethen，foodstoresaroundtheworldhavelaunchedcampaignstosell“imperfectproduce”．Somehavebeensuccessful，whileothershaven’t—butuntilnow，researchershadn’tadequatelyexplainedwhyconsumersrejectedimperfectproduce，orwhatmarketingapproachwasmostlikelytowhet_their_appetites.Theresearchersconductedsevenstudiesthattestedtheeffectsof“ugly”labelingbyhavingparticipantspurchaseproduceatafarmer’smarketandonline，andbyexaminingpeople’simpressionsaboutmisshapenfoods.Interestingly，theyfoundthatconsumersexpectedtheimperfectproducetobelesstastyandevenlessnutritiousthanmoretraditionallyattractivefoods.Butit’snotallbadnewsforunattractivefoods.Theresearchersalsofoundthatwhentheproduceislabeled“ugly”，consumerhesitancydisappears—andit’snotbecauseofhumorororiginality.Callingitems“ugly”signalstoconsumersthattheonlydifferencebetweenitemsisappearance，whichmakesthemawareoftheirbias(偏見(jiàn))andsignificantlyincreasestheirwillingnesstobuythelessattractiveproduce.“We’repointingtothesourceoftherejection，”explainsJohnMeredith，theleadresearcher.“Itmakespeopleawareofthelimitednatureoftheirobjectiontotheunattractiveproduceandmakesitcleartoconsumersthattherearenootherproblemsintheproduceotherthanattractiveness.”Theresearchalsofoundconsumersspentmoreonthemisshapenproducelabeled“ugly”insteadof“imperfect”．Andeventhoughtheuglyproducewassoldata25percentdiscount，itturnedouttobemoreprofitableforsellers，asthecostofacquiringtheuglyproducewaslower.However，ifthepricereductionwastoosharp，participantsexpectedthe“ugly”foodstobeoflowquality.5．Whatisthenewstudymainlyabout?A．Foodquality.B．Consumerdemand.C．Marketingapproach.D．Biasagainstappearance.6．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“whettheirappetites”inparagraph2referto?A．Satisfytheirneedtoeatbetter.B．Stimulatetheirdesireofbuying.C．Encouragethemtorisktryingout.D．Raisetheirconcernsaboutnutrition.7．Whyarepeoplewillingtobuyugly-labeledproducewithouthesitation?A．Theyarehappytospendlessandhavemore.B．Theyarecuriousaboutthespecialshapesofproduce.C．Theyareattractedbythefunnyandcreativeideaoflabeling.D．Theyareledtobelieveuglyproducehasnoqualityproblems.8．Whichwayhelpsfoodsellersmakemoreprofitaccordingtothestudy?A．Calltheuglyproduce“ugly”．B．Labeltheuglyproduce“imperfect”．C．Grouptheproducebyitsattractiveness.D．Pricetheuglyproduceatasharpdiscount.?？荚掝}一科普知識(shí)類科普知識(shí)類說(shuō)明文是高考閱讀理解中的重難點(diǎn)題材，考生往往在這類文章中失分嚴(yán)重，因此，考生需要了解科普知識(shí)類文章的主要特點(diǎn)和命題方式。選材當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技等方面的變化，以介紹某一科學(xué)現(xiàn)象居多。特點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯性強(qiáng)。語(yǔ)言文章中詞匯的意義相對(duì)單一、穩(wěn)定、簡(jiǎn)明，不帶感情色彩。句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語(yǔ)法分析較困難，常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動(dòng)句式。命題主要集中在細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題或詞義猜測(cè)題，以推理判斷題居多?？破罩R(shí)類說(shuō)明文長(zhǎng)難句居多，題目往往是推理判斷題和主旨大意題。因此，考生在擴(kuò)大詞匯量的同時(shí)，還需要努力增強(qiáng)分析長(zhǎng)難句的能力，把握文章的主旨。具體答題策略如下：(2019·全國(guó)Ⅰ·C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon，themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物測(cè)量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(裝置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(節(jié)奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities，andbyextension，whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn’trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen’talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology，theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped，withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive，plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.28．Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A．Toreducepressureonkeys.B．Toimproveaccuracyintyping.C．Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D．Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.29．Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A．Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B．Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C．Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D．Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.30．Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A．It’llbeenvironment-friendly.B．It’llreachconsumerssoon.C．It’llbemadeofplastics.D．It’llhelpspeeduptyping.31．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Adiary. B．Aguidebook.C．Anovel. D．Amagazine.A(2022·山東德州聯(lián)合質(zhì)量測(cè)評(píng))Bioprintingismedicallyandbio-technologicallyequalto3Dprinting.Byusingthesameprinciples，theaimistorapidlydeveloplivingstructuressimilartohuman-grownorgansandtissuethatcanbeusedtohealpeopleortestnewdrugs.Ofcourse，printingbiologicaltissueismuchmorecomplexthanbuildingamechanicalpart.Therearecomplexlayersofcellsinlivingtissue.Bioprintersusebioinkmadefromcells，biochemicalnutrientsandbiologicalstandstosupportcellsinanexactorder.Bioinkshavetooperateunderconditionsthataresuitableforliving，growingtissue，sotheycannotreallybeprintedattemperaturesthattopbodytemperature.Perhapsthesimplestformofbioprintingisinkjetprinting.Bioinkissprayedthroughtinytubessoithastobealmostliquidandthislimitsthebiologicalmaterialsthatcanbeprinted.Most3Dprintersoperatebysqueezingmaterialthroughapipeandbioprinterscanusesqueezingtoo，thoughcarehastobetakennottodamagecellsthroughextremeforce.Othertechniquessuchaslaser-assistedbioprintingorelectrospinning(靜電紡絲)areincrediblyexactandcanbeusedwiththickerbioinks，buttheyaremoretrickytousewithlivingcellsandnotasrapidorabletocreatelargequantitiesoftissue.Oncethebioprinterhasdoneitswork，thepost-processingstagebegins.Bioreactorsystemsareoftenemployedtohelpthetissuegrowup.Theycanbeusedtocopytheforcesandbiochemicalsupportthattissueneedstogrowanddifferentiatecorrectly.Bioprintingmaybearelativelynewfieldbuttheresultssofarareencouraging.Stemcells，whichhavethepotentialtoturnintoseveraltypesofcells，arebeingusedtocreatebone.Organprintingcanimprovethehealthofsocietyingeneralbywipingouttheproblemofdiseasescausedbyorganfailure，costlytreatmentsandsocialcare.Thatpromisemaybeyearsawayfromrealizationbutrapidprototyping(原型技術(shù))enabledbybioprintingispushingmedicaladvancesforwardatpace.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph2referto?A．Cells. B．Bioinks.C．Nutrients. D．Biologicalstands.2．Whatshouldwepayattentiontowhenusingbioprinting?A．Thesortofhumanorgans.B．Thethicknessofbioinks.C．Theforceofsqueezing.D．Theorderofcells.3．Whatcanweinferfromthe3rdand4thparagraphs?A．Theprocessofbioprintingispractical.B．Bioreactorsystemstendnottodamagecells.C．Most3Dprinterslimitthebiologicalmaterials.D．Laser-assistedbioprintingcanproducemuchtissue.4．Whichisthesuitabletitleforthepassage?A．BioprintingCuresDiseasesofPeopleB．BioprintingIsSimilarto3DPrintingC．BioprintingGetsCarefromSocietyD．BioprintingHasMuchPotentialB(2022·浙江金華十校模擬)Humaninnovation(創(chuàng)新)hasallowedpeopletoexplorespacefordecades.Withinaspacestation，astronautshaveenoughair，foodandwatertocompletemissionsofayearorlongerwithoutaresupply.Butmissionstofurtherreachesofspaceareadifferentmatter.EstablishingabaseonthemoonorsendinghumanstoMarsseemsjustonthehorizon.Thatcanonlyhappenifinnovativeandfoolproofwaysaredevelopedtosupplyhumanswithenoughair，waterandfood.Onecompany，InterstellarLabs，hasdevelopedanadvanced，closedloopsystemthatcangrowplantsanywhere，eveninspace.TheycalltheirAImanagedgreenhousesBioPodsandtheyaredesignedtobeveryefficient.Infact，InterstellarLabsclaimsthatBioPodsreducetheamountoflandandwaterneededtoproducefoodby99percent.Thatisnotanimpossibleclaim.BioPodsdon’tuseanysoiltogrowplants，andthevastmajorityofwaterisrecycledandrecirculated.PlantsaregrowninsideBioPodsusingaeroponics，thepracticeofhangingplantsintheairandsprayingamistofnutrient-richwaterontheirroots.Byusingaeroponics，theBioPodsystemcarefullyconserveswaterwithamazingresults.AccordingtoInterstellarlabs，BioPod-grownplantsareupto300timesmoreproductivethantraditionallygrownplants，usingonlyasmallamountofwater.TheconditionsinsideofaBioPodarecontrolledbyAI，whichcanchangeanythingfromthelightingtothetemperatureandhumiditytomaximizegrowth.Thisoptimizes(使最優(yōu)化)growingconditionsnomatterwhattheenvironmentisoutside，includingtheemptinessofspace.TheBioPodsthemselvescanbebuiltinalmostanyenvironment，too.Thepod’sstructureismadewitha3Dprinterusingrawmaterialsinliquidform.Theinsidepartissealedwithaninflatablemembrane(充氣膜)thatisalso3D-printed.ThismeansthataBioPodcouldbebuiltrightonthesurfaceofthemoonorMars，makingtransportingalargestructureunnecessary.Likemosttechnologiesdevelopedforspaceexploration，BioPodscanalsobeusedonEarthtoprovidehighlyefficientfoodproductionsystemsevenintheharshestenvironments.5．Inwritingparagraph1，theauthoraimsto________.A．presentatopicB．makeacomparisonC．reachaconclusionD．proposeadefinition6．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesBioPods?A．Theyarewidelyusedforspaceexploration.B．Theyarehighlyproductiveandefficientgreenhouses.C．Theyareeasytooperatewithoutneedforsoilorwater.D．TheyaredesignedtobeusedinharshenvironmentsonEarth.7．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．FoodConsumptioninSpaceStationB．SpaceExplorationwithBioPodsC．GrowingFoodinSpacePodsD．3DPrintersUsedinSpaceLab8．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetotheBioPods?A．Positive. B．Cautious.C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.常考話題二生態(tài)環(huán)保類“人與自然和諧發(fā)展”是時(shí)代的主題，生態(tài)環(huán)保類閱讀理解是歷年高考命題的熱點(diǎn)，這類文章與學(xué)生的生活息息相關(guān)。通過(guò)對(duì)這些話題的學(xué)習(xí)和高考英語(yǔ)對(duì)這些話題的考查，可以讓學(xué)生多注意身邊的人和事、關(guān)注社會(huì)環(huán)境、樹立環(huán)保意識(shí)、學(xué)會(huì)與大自然和諧相處。因此，考生應(yīng)該了解生態(tài)環(huán)保類文章的以下特點(diǎn)：話題內(nèi)容動(dòng)植物保護(hù)、環(huán)境保護(hù)、生態(tài)保護(hù)、自然災(zāi)害、環(huán)保生活方式、人與自然和諧發(fā)展。命題細(xì)節(jié)理解題、主旨大意題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題、詞義猜測(cè)題等。生態(tài)環(huán)保類說(shuō)明文通常會(huì)開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山表明作者的觀點(diǎn)，并且通常使用比較新穎的詞匯和長(zhǎng)難句，這類材料的命題點(diǎn)往往落在主旨大意題和細(xì)節(jié)理解題上。具體答題策略如下：(2021·全國(guó)乙·C)You’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage，forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear，theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse”，apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves，frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups，thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity，Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來(lái)源)ofplasticpollution，butthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand，becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight，theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone，thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018，VonWongwantedtoillustrate(說(shuō)明)aspecificstatistic：Every60seconds，atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork，titled“TruckloadofPlastic”，VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic，whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(傾倒)fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.28．WhatareVonWong’sartworksintendedfor?A．Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.B．Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.C．Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.D．Reducinggarbageonthebeach.29．Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A．Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B．Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.C．Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D．Tofindasubstituteforthem.30．Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveonviewers?A．Calming. B．Disturbing.C．Refreshing. D．Challenging.31．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB．MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC．ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD．OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculpturesA(2022·廣東茂名一模)TheAmazonrainforestisasundisturbedaplaceasmostpeoplecanimagine，buteventhere，theeffectsofachangingclimateareplayingout.Now，researchsuggeststhatmanyoftheregion’smostsensitivebirdspeciesarestartingtoevolveinresponsetowarming.Birdsareoftenconsideredsentinel(哨兵)species—meaningthattheyindicatetheoverallhealthofanecosystem—soscientistsareparticularlyinterestedinhowthey’rerespondingtoclimatechange.Ingeneral，thenewshasnotbeengood.Forinstance，a2019reportbytheNationalAudubonSocietyfoundthatmorethantwo-thirdsofNorthAmerica’sbirdspecieswillbeindangerofextinctionby2100ifwarmingtrendscontinueontheircurrentcourse.Forthenewstudy，researcherscollectedthebiggestdatasetsofarontheAmazon’sresidentbirds，representing77non-migratoryspeciesandlastingthe40yearsfrom1979to2019.Duringthestudyperiod，theaveragetemperatureintheregionrose，whiletheamountofrainfalldeclined，makingforahotter，dryerclimateoverall.AccordingtothereportonNovember12inthejournalScienceAdvances,36specieshavelostsubstantialweight，asmuchas2percentoftheirbodyweightperdecadesince1980.Meanwhile，allthespeciesshowedsomedecreaseinaveragebodymass，whileathirdgrewlongerwings.Becauseofthestudy’slongtimeseriesandlargesamplesizes，theauthorswereabletoshowthemorphological(形態(tài)學(xué)的)effectsofclimatechangeonresidentbirds.However，theresearchersthemselvesareunsureandwonderwhatadvantagethewinglengthchangesgivethebirds，butsupposesmallerbirdsmayhaveaneasiertimekeepingcool.Ingeneral，smalleranimalshavealargerrateofsurfaceareatobodysize，sotheydissipatemoreheatfasterthanabiggeranimal.Lessavailablefood，suchasfruitorinsects，indryerweathermightleadtosmallerbodysize.1．Whyarescientistsfondofdoingresearchonbirds?A．Theyhavesmallbodysizes.B．Theyaresensitivetohotweather.C．Theyliveinanundisturbedrainforest.D．Theyareecologicalbalanceindicators.2．Whatcanwelearnfromthenewstudy?A．Athirdofspecieshavebeenextinctforadecade.B．36specieslost2%oftheirbodyweighteveryyear.C．Two-thirdsofspeciesshowedaconsiderabledecreaseinweight.D．About26speciesrespondedtoclimatechangewithlongerwings.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipate”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Putoff. B．Giveoff.C．Putaway. D．Giveaway.4．Whatwouldprobablytheresearchersfurtherstudy?A．Whyitiseasierforsmalleranimalstokeepcool.B．Whateffectsthewinglengthchangeshaveonbirds.C．WhytheAmazonianbirdshavelostsubstantialweight.D．WhetherbirdspeciesinNorthAmericawillbeextinctin2100.B(2022·湖南長(zhǎng)沙雅禮中學(xué)一模)Theover48,000orangetreesinSeville，Spain，notonlyfillthecity’sairwiththepleasantsmelloforangeblossomsinspring，buttheyalsoproduceover16,500tonsoffruiteverywinter.ThoughthatmakesthecapitalofsouthernSpain’sAndalusiaregionEurope’stoporange-producingcity，thefruitistoosourtobeconsumedfresh.Whilesomeofthe