SectionⅣDiscoveringUsefulStructures(語法項目——現在完成時的被動語態(tài))Overtheyears,ZhouZhanbinhaswitnessed①thereserve'simprovingenvironment.“TheHeiheRiver'swaterlevelhasrisen②frombelow40centimetersdecadesagotoabout2metersnow，”hesaid.“Willowtreesandgrasseshavebeenplanted③alongtheriverbanks,andmoremigratorybirdsareingtothisarea.”AccordingtoZhouZhanbin,directorofthecounty'swetlandparkadministrationoffice,todate,morethan460hectaresofvegetationhavebeenrestored④inthepartofthenaturereserveinGaotaicounty.Zhousaidthatlastyear,morethan56,000birdswererecorded⑤inthereserve,whichisbeinganincreasinglyimportantwinteringsiteforthoseeq\a\vs4\al(that)aremigrating,aswellasabreedingsiteforspeciesunderstateprotection.“10monitoringstationshavealsobeensetup⑥inthereservetostudythedistributionandmigrationofthebirds，”added.Withadded.Withmorebirdscallingthereservetheirhome,Zhouhasbee⑦theirdevotedguardian.Everytimehefindsaninjuredorsickbird,heescorts(護送)ittoanearbyrescuestationviarowboat.“Theenvironmenthasimproved⑧，theairisn'tsodry,andIgettoseedifferenttypesofbirdseveryday.Ican'tbringmyselftotearmyeyesawayfromthebeautifulscenerybeforemeforevenasecond，”hesaid.[語法入門]①②⑦⑧加黑部分為現在完成時的主動語態(tài)形式；③④⑥加黑部分為現在完成時的被動語態(tài)形式；⑤加黑部分為一般過去時的被動語態(tài)形式?，F在完成時的被動語態(tài)表示動作已經完成，強調對現在造成的影響或結果，而且主語和謂語動詞之間是邏輯上的被動關系。其結構包括：肯定式主語＋have/hasbeendone...否定式主語＋have/hasnotbeendone...一般疑問式Have/Has＋主語＋beendone...？特殊疑問式特殊疑問詞＋have/has＋主語＋beendone...？一、用法規(guī)則[先感知]①(教材典句)MuchhasbeenwrittenaboutthewondersoftheWorldWideWeb.②Financialproblemsofthepanyhavebeendiscussedfornearlytwohours.③Howlonghasthisfilmbeenshown?④Atigerinthecityzoohasrunoutandhasn'tbeencaught.[會發(fā)現]①②③④句都使用了現在完成時的被動語態(tài)。①②句為現在完成時的被動語態(tài)的__________式；③句為__________式；④句為__________式。[明規(guī)則]1．現在完成時的被動語態(tài)同它的主動語態(tài)一樣，強調過去的動作對現在造成的影響或結果，通常與already,yet,just,never,recently等副詞連用。2．表示一個被動的動作或狀態(tài)開始于過去，持續(xù)到現在，并可能持續(xù)下去，常與for或since引導的時間狀語連用，或用于“Howlong...？”句型中。3．用在時間或條件狀語從句中，表示將來某時已完成的動作，即用現在完成時的被動語態(tài)代替將來完成時的被動語態(tài)。4．現在完成時的被動語態(tài)強調過去的動作對現在造成的影響或結果，而一般過去時的被動語態(tài)只表示過去的動作。[名師點津]常與現在完成時連用的時間狀語：already已經yet已經recently/lately最近sincethen從那時起eversince自那以來ever曾經sofar迄今為止foralongtime很長一段時間bynow到現在為止inrecentyears在最近幾年里in/during/overthepast/lastyears在過去的幾年里[對點練](1)用現在完成時的被動語態(tài)改寫句子①Jack'sbosshasalwayspraisedhimforhisdevotiontowork.→Jack____________________byhisbossforhisdevotiontowork.②Theyhavefoundagoodplacetobuildahospitalinthevillage.→Agoodplace________________bythemtobuildahospitalinthevillage.③Wehaven'tyetdecidedhowtosolvethatdifficulttechnologicalproblem.→Howtosolvethatdifficulttechnologicalproblem__________________byusyet.(2)完成句子④Iwillgohomewhenmyhomework________________________.當我的家庭作業(yè)完成時，我就回家。⑤Thistool_______________________________________________________________.這個工具已經被使用了1000多年了。二、注意事項1．短語動詞的被動語態(tài)英語中的被動語態(tài)由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。有些短語動詞在意義上相當于及物動詞，因此也可構成被動語態(tài)。短語動詞被看成一個整體，是固定詞組，所以構成被動語態(tài)時不可分開。其被動語態(tài)構成方法與普通的及物動詞的被動語態(tài)的構成方法相同。①Hehasbeenoperatedonbythebestsurgeon.②Theseproblemshavebeenseriouslythoughtover.③Someartistshavebeenlookeddownuponinthepastfewyears.④Thechildrenhavebeentakengoodcareof.[對點練](將下列句子改成被動句)①Grandmahastakencareofmysisterfor3years.→_________________________________________________________________②Tomhassoldoutallthebooks.→__________________________________________________________________2．帶有雙賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構帶有雙賓語的動詞，如give,send,bring,take,teach,show,tell,make,sing,write,read,sell,buy,pay,lend,pass,promise等，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，一般將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語；若將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語時，間接賓語前面要用相應的介詞。Thepanyhasgivenhimachancetoworkabroadrecently.→Hehasbeengivenachancetoworkabroadrecently(bythepany)．→Achancetoworkabroadhasbeengiventohimrecently(bythepany)．[對點練](將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài))Hehassentmeane-mail.→_______________________________________________________________________→_____________________________________________________________________3．帶有復合賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構(1)如果一個動詞后帶的是復合賓語(賓語＋賓語補足語)，變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，其方法是：把主動句中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面成為主語補足語。(2)在主動語態(tài)中，用于動詞(短語)feel,listento,hear,let,make,have,notice,watch,see等后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶to，但變成被動語態(tài)后要加上to。①TheyhavechosenTomcaptain.→Tomhasbeenchosencaptain.②Ihavefoundhimlyingonthefloor.→Hehasbeenfoundlyingonthefloor.③Peoplehaveseenhimenterthebuilding.→Hehasbeenseentoenterthebuilding.[對點練](將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài))①IhavenoticedMarycryingoutsidethehouse.→________________________________________________________________________②Ihaveseenherein.→________________________________________________________________________Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Sofar,mostofourexportgoods________________________(transport)byship.2．Bothlearningsites______________(visit)byover10,000peoplesincelastyear.3．ItisthefirsttimethatI________________(scold)bymyparents.4．Quantitiesofwater____________(waste)sofar.5．Inrecentyears,muchresearch__________(conduct)onthewildlifeprotection.6．Wildlife________________(threat)greatlybyhumanexpansioninthelastfewyears.7．Sincetheprojectstarted,nearly500,000high-qualitydigitalphotographs____________________(produce).8．SincethelaunchoftheChineseSpaceStation,severaltaikonauts________________(send)toworkinit.9．Sofarourworkoutrooms________________(update)withmodernfacilities.10．Isuggestthatyou(should)buyanewmachinebecausetheoldone______________(damage)beyondrepair.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Theseflowers________________；youcangohome.這些花已經澆過水了，你可以回家了。2．It______________thatwaterisfundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.已經證實，水是生命發(fā)展的基礎。3．Hermoney__________________andherpatienceisalsorunningout.她的錢已經用完了，并且她的耐心也要耗盡了。4．Traditionalfestivals____________________tousfromourancestors.傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日是我們的祖先傳下來的。5．Sinceseveralyearsago,greatattention______________tothehealthandcareofchildrenbythegovernment.從幾年前開始，政府就非常重視兒童的健康和保健。6．Thesoftware__________________tohelpmyphonebatterylastlonger.該軟件已經了，可以幫助我的手機電池續(xù)航時間更長。7．Sincethen,ourlife____________________bytheInternet.自那以后，通過網絡，我們的生活有了很大的改善。8．Sincetheseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation,theamountofplants______________________inthepark.由于這些動物消耗了大量的植被，該公園植物的數量減少了。課下請完成UNIT3課時檢測(四)SectionⅣ學案中理清一、[會發(fā)現]肯定特殊疑問否定[對點練]①hasalwaysbeenpraised②hasb