新農(nóng)科大學(xué)英語(yǔ)CollegeEnglishfor

NewAgriculturalSciencesAgri-techwonders6Unit新農(nóng)科大學(xué)英語(yǔ)CollegeEnglishfor

NewAgriculturalSciencesAftercompletingthisunit,youwillbeableto:explaintheroleoftechnologyinrevolutionizingagriculture;introduceBeidahuang’ssmartagriculturalpracticesandassesstheirreplicabilityinotherregions;startanessayonsmartagricultureusingahook;deliveraconceptpitchtointroduceaninnovativeidearegardingsmartagriculture.Learning

objectives新農(nóng)科大學(xué)英語(yǔ)CollegeEnglishfor

NewAgriculturalSciencesCONTENTSGettingonthestageUnlocking

thetopicViewingthroughthelensDiscoveringChinaExploringthefrontierWiththeriseofAIandsmartdevices,traditionalfarmingmethodsarebeingupgradedtoimproveefficiency,reducelaborcosts,andsupportsustainabledevelopment.Topromoteinnovationinagriculture,aleadingChineseagriculturalhigh-techcompanyisorganizinga“SmartFarmingInnovationChallenge”foruniversitystudentsacrossthenation.Youaregoingtoworkasagroupandpresentacreativeconceptthatcouldhelpaddressanagriculturalproblem.Makeaconceptpitchtobringyour“bigidea”tothepanelofjudges.Yourgoalistoconvincethemthatyourconceptisinnovative,feasible,andvaluableforthefutureofagricultureinChina.SettingthesceneActivatingsubjectknowledgeScanthecodeandcompletetheknowledgeactivationexerciseonUcampus.Imagineyouarerunninganorchard.Whatproblemsandchallengesmightyouencounter?Whattechnologieswouldyouapplytosolvethem?Listproblemsandthecorrespondingtechnologicalsolutionsbelow.ProblemsTechnologicalsolutionsLarge-scalewaterusePrecisionirrigationPestsanddiseasesIoTpestmonitoringsystems/AI-drivenbreedingorgenome-editingtechnologyWeedcontrolAutomaticweedingmachine/WeedingrobotExtremeweatherWeatherforecastingtools/ClimateanalyticsplatformsSoilhealthPrecisionsoiltesting/AdvancedfertilizationtechniquesLaborshortageandharvestingefficiencyRoboticharvestingReferenceanswersWordbank

swathen.

一長(zhǎng)條（尤指土地）

rotate

v.

（使）旋轉(zhuǎn)moth

n.

蛾propeller

n.

螺旋槳infestation

n.（昆蟲、動(dòng)物的）大量滋生pollinator

n.傳粉媒介vibratev.（使）顫動(dòng)sensor

n.

（探測(cè)光、熱、活動(dòng)等的）傳感器AIandroboticsaretransformingmanydifferentindustries,andagricultureisnoexception.Watchthevideoclipandcompletetheoutlinewithwhatyouhear.(Withsubtitles)(Withoutsubtitles)HowAIfarmingrobotscansupportagricultureAgriculturalautomationstatusTraditionalautomationmainlycenteredaroundgrain-basedproduceinlargeopenfields.Vine,bush,andtree-basedproducereliedheavilyon1)_____________________________untilnow.ApplicationsofAIandroboticsStrawberrypicking:

—2)___________________isusedtoidentifythebeststrawberriestopickalongthecroprows.intensivehumanharvestingComputervision—Strawberriesareplacedintoaninspectionchamberfilledwith3)_____________andlightingforfruitanalysis.—Therobotdetectsdifferenttypesof4)__________________________andautomaticallysortsthefruitsintopunnetsorawastechute.Pestcontrol—5)___________________havecausedgeneticconditionsinplants,animals,andhumans.—Therobotdistinguishespestsfrom6)__________________basedontheirsizeandwingbeatfrequency.—TherobotstopspestsfromspreadingweeksearlierthanfarmersChemicalpesticidesdefects/defectsinthefruitcamerasbeneficialinsectscandetectthesymptomsofaninfestationonthecrops.Pollination

—Thenumberofbeesappearingonfarmshasbeensteadilydecreasingbecauseof7)_______________________________.—Thepollinatordroneusesthewindfromitspropellerstovibratetheflowersforpollination.—Thedronereducestheriskof8)_____________spreadingacrossthefarmbyavoidingcontactwiththeplant.FutureAIrobotscanrevolutionizethewaywethinkaboutagricultureandlabor.diseasesglobalwarming/climatechange

ScriptsHowAIfarmingrobotscansupportagricultureThefarmingindustryisnostrangertoautomationandtheuseofmachineryforsowingseedandharvesting.However,thisisnormallycenteredaroundgrain-basedproducegrowninlargeopenfields.Machineslikecombineharvesterscanharvestlargeswathesofwheatorbarleyinonego.Butvine,bush,andtree-basedproducelikeapples,olives,andgrapeshavelargelyreliedonintensivehumanharvesting,upuntilthispoint.Individualpiecesoffruitcanripenat

Scriptsdifferenttimesandrequirehumandexterityandcaretopick.ThisisoneareawhereAIandhumanoidroboticscanreallyshine,fillingagapinthemarketwithverylowjobdisplacement.InRoyston,U.K.,thisstrawberryharvestingrobotcanpickupto200kilogramsperday.Itcannavigatecroprowsbyitself,usingcomputervisionthroughthetwocamerasonitsarmtofindthebeststrawberriestopick.Everyjointintherobot’sarmiscapableofrotatingmorethan360°,allowingittoaccuratelyclampdownon

Scriptsthestrawberrystemandtakeitfromtheplant.Onceitpicksthestrawberry,itplacesitinsideitsonboardinspectionchamber.Theinspectionchamberisfilledwithcamerasandconstituentlighting,allowingfullcoverageandanalysisofthefruit.Thankstoitsmachinelearningprogram,therobotcandetectover17differenttypesofdefectsinthefruit,automaticallysortingitintopunnetsorawastechute.Throughtherobot’swork,thefruitgoesstraightfromthestemandintothepackaging,readytobeshippedtoconsumers.

ScriptsChemicalpesticideshavebeenproventocausewidespreadgeneticconditionsinplants,animals,andhumans.Thereisaneedformoreenvironmentallyfriendlyandhealthyalternativestoprotectingcropsfrompests.ThislittleguyusesAItodistinguishbetweenpestslikemothsandbeneficialinsectslikebutterfliesandbees.Itrecognizesthembasedontheirsizeandwingbeatfrequency.Whenitspotsatarget,itlaunchesintotheairandkillsthemoffinitspropellers.Itcanpreventthespreadofpestsuptofiveweeksearlierthanhumanfarmerscandetectthesymptomsofaninfestationontheircrops.

ScriptsMeanwhile,thispollinatordronecouldserveasananswertothegrowinglackofbeescausedbyclimatechange.Beesarecrucialtopollinatingflowers,whichthendevelopintothefruitsweeat.Butbecauseofglobalwarming,we’vebeenseeinglessandless(fewerandfewer)beesappearingin(on)farms.Whilehumanscanmanuallypollinateflowers,it’satediousjobmadeworsebythelackoflaborers.ThisiswherethePolybeecomesin.Byusingthewindfromitspropellers,itcausesthetomatoflowerstovibrate,ensuring

Scriptspollinationwithouttheneedforbees,andbecauseitdoesn’tneedtocomeintocontactwiththeplant,itreducestheriskofdiseasesspreadingacrossthefarm.WithAIrobots,wecanboostourharvest,createmorepreemptivepestcontrolandmore.Theirabilitytoexpeditelaborisn’ttheonlyimportantthingaboutthem.Astheygoabouttheirjobs,theirsensorsandcamerasallowthemtopassivelycollectdataonthecropsandprocesses.TheworldofAIrobotsisadvancingswiftlytomeetourneeds.Withenoughcare,theycanrevolutionizethewaywethinkaboutagricultureandlabor.Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions.DoyouthinkAIrobotswilldisplacehumanlaborinagriculture?Whyorwhynot?IfAIcouldmonitorandcareforlivestockasitdoesforcrops,whatchangesmightweseeinlivestockfarming?ReferenceanswersYes,AIrobotsarelikelytodisplaceasignificantportionofhumanlaborinagriculture.AI’spotentialtotransformagricultureliesnotonlyinitsspeedandaccuracybutalsoinitsabilitytofundamentallychangehowfarmingisoperated.Modernfarmsincreasinglyrelyonprecisionfarmingtechnologiesthatcollectreal-timedataonsoilconditions,weather,pests,andplantgrowth.AIrobotscananalyzethedataandmakedecisionsthattraditionallyrequiredhumanexpertise.Demographictrendsalsoplayarole.Inmanycountries,ruralpopulationsareshrinking,andyoungergenerationsarelessinclinedtopursuephysicallydemandingfarmjobs.AIoffersasolution:fewerworkerscanmanagelargerfarmswiththehelpofAIrobots.Inthissense,AIdoesn’tjustreplacelabor;itcompensatesforalaborshortage.ReferenceanswersHowever,it’simportanttonotethatnotalljobswilldisappearentirely.WhileAIrobotsmaytakeoverrepetitiveandhazardoustasks,rolesrequiringnuancedjudgmentandproblem-solvingskillsarelesslikelytobeautomated.Evenso,IbelieveAIrobotswillsignificantlyreducetheneedforhumanlaborinagricultureastheybecomemoreaffordable,capable,andreliable.ReferenceanswersNo.AIrobotswillnotentirelydisplacehumanlaborinagriculture.WhileAIcanautomatemanymanualtasks,agricultureisadynamicandcomplexfield,wherenotallworkcanbeprogrammed.Tasksrequiringjudgment,care,empathy,orquickdecision-making–suchastreatingasickanimal,respondingtoextremeweather,ormanagingunexpectedcropdiseases–stilldependonhumanexpertise.ReferenceanswersMoreover,agricultureisdeeplytiedtolocalculturesandlivelihoods.Inmanypartsoftheworld,farmsaresmall,family-run,andoperatewithlimitedresources.ThehighcostofAIrobotsmakestheminaccessibletomanyfarmers,creatingadigitaldivide.WhileAImayboostproductivityinwealthierregions,itrisksleavinglessdevelopedregionsbehind.Over-relianceonAIrobotscouldalsointroducenewvulnerabilities.Ifsystemsfail,arehacked,orproduceinaccuratedata,humaninterventionwillbeessential.Humanlaborprovidesflexibilityandresiliencethatmachinescannotreplicate.ReferenceanswersInconclusion,whileAIwillundoubtedlyimpactagriculturallabor,AIrobotsareunlikelytoreplacehumanscompletely.ThefutureoffarmingtendstoinvolveapartnershipwhereAIsupportshumanrolesratherthanreplacingthementirely.ReferenceanswersReferenceanswersIfAItechnologyadvancestothepointwhereitcaneffectivelymonitorandcareforlivestock,wecouldexpectsignificanttransformationsinlivestockfarming.Onemajorchangewouldbeincreasedefficiencyandprecision.AI-poweredsystemscouldtrackanimals’health,movement,andfeedingpatternsinrealtime,allowingfarmerstodetectdiseasesearly,preventinjuries,andoptimizefeedingschedules.Thiswouldlikelyimproveanimalwelfareandreducelossesduetoillnessorneglect.Anotherkeychangewouldbeareductioninlabordemands.Traditionally,livestockfarmingrequiresconstanthumansupervisionandmanuallabor.WithAIhandlingroutinetaskslikefeeding,cleaning,andhealthchecks,farmerscouldfocusmoreonmanagingthefarmasawholeoranalyzingdataforbetterdecision-making.Thiscouldalsomakelivestockfarmingmoreappealingtoyoungergenerationswhomayprefertech-assistedworkenvironments.ReferenceanswersFurthermore,sustainabilityandenvironmentalimpactcouldbebettermanaged.AIcouldhelpreducewastebycalculatingoptimalfeedamountsoridentifyingthebesttimeforbreeding,leadingtomoreresource-efficientfarming.Automatedsystemscouldalsomonitorairandwaterqualityinbarnsorgrazingareas,contributingtocleanerandmoreethicalfarmingpractices.ReferenceanswersHowever,thesechangesmightalsobringchallenges,suchashighupfrontcostsforsmall-scalefarmers,increasedrelianceontechnology,andtheneedfortraininginusingadvancedsystems.Still,ifproperlysupported,AIinlivestockfarminghasthepotentialtocreateasmarter,safer,andmoresustainablefutureforanimalagriculture.ReferenceanswersPre-readingIntelligenttechnologieshavebeenusedinChina’slivestockfarmingtoincreaseefficiencyandproductivity.WatchthisvideoonsmartdairyfarminginInnerMongoliaandgetaquicklookatsomeofthesetechnologies.(Video:ExploresmartdairyfarminginChina'sInnerMongolia)Pre-reading1.WhichofthefollowingtechnologiesismainlyintroducedinthisvideoatChilechuanEcologicalIntelligentPasture?_____A.FacialrecognitiontechnologyB.automatedmilkingandfeedingsystemsC.3Dpoint-cloudreconstructionsystemD.SmartcollartechnologyBPre-reading2.WhichofthefollowingbenefitsisNOTmentionedofusingIoT(InternetofThings)technology?____A.MinimizecowstressB.regulatethebarn’stemperature,humidity,airqualityandlightingC.monitorcow’shealthstatusD.HelpcowsintunewiththeirnaturalbehaviorCPre-reading3.Whatadditionalhigh-techhavebeenusedinlivestockfarming?Pleasenameafew.

ReferenceanswersDronesandsensors,SmartWearablesandImplants,ArtificialIntelligence(AI)andMachineLearning(ML),Cloud-BasedManagementSystems,etc.__________StructureanalysisSectionsSummaryIntroduction(1)a

livestockfarmingsceneProblem(_______)the_________________dilemmaand___________crisisfuturisticsustainabilitydemand2-3StructureanalysisSolutions(______)Geneticand______________optimization____________

farming(high-tech:drones,robotics,AI)Low-tech__________systems

_________

agriculturenutritionalPrecisionCellularpastoral4-9Thefutureoflivestockfarming1Acowlazilyswishesitstailatapersistentbuzz,butthedronemaintainsitsstationhoveringabovetheherd.Theimagesitcollectsareanalyzedwithdatafromtheanimalsandanarrayofsensorsaroundthefarm.Afewmilesaway,thefarmeractsontheinformationanddecidestomovetheherd.Virtualgatesopeninaninvisiblefence,andthedroneemitsasignalthatstirstheanimalsintomovement.Suchfuturisticcattlefarmingisnotsofaraway.2

Farminganimalsforfoodraisescomplexquestions.Livestock’sversatilitymakesthemcentraltothesurvivalofmillionsofpeopleinmarginalareas.Meatanddairyareexcellentsourcesofprotein,vitamins,andminerals,andwhenmanagedcorrectly,livestockcontributetoimportantecosystemfunctionssuchassoilfertility.Butthereareconcernsovertheindustry’ssustainability.Meatisarelativelyinefficientwaytoproducecalories.Livestockuseabout40%ofglobalarablelandtodeliveronlyaround20%ofhumancalorificintake.However,whilelivestockconsumeaboutonethirdofallcerealproduction,86%oftheirplant-baseddietcomesfromgrass,leaves,andotherfoodhumanscannoteat.Inthisway,itisarguedthatlivestockpositivelycontributetofoodsecuritybymakingtheinedibleedible.3Asthedebatecontinues,sotoodoesdemand.Overthelast30years,meatanddairyconsumptionhassurged,largelydrivenbyrisingprosperityandurbanization.Withglobaldemandforecasttoincrease,thiscouldplaceaseverestrainonourabilitytofeedagrowingpopulationwithlimitedagriculturalland.Theworld’s1.4billioncattle,plusonebillionpigsandover30billionchickens,alreadyoccupytwobillionhectaresofgrasslands,ofwhichsome700millionhectarescouldarguablybeusedmoreeffectivelytogrowcropsfordirecthumanconsumption.Onepotentialsolution,unlessweallbecomevegans,istomakefarmedanimalsmoreproductive,asmanymaynotyetmeettheirgeneticpotential.4

Farmershavealwaysstrivedforefficiency.Formillenniatheyhaveselectivelybredanimalstoincreasetheirinherentresilienceandproductivity.Withgenomesequencing,artificialinsemination,andembryotransfer,sciencecouldsoonbringsomeanimalstopeakproductivity.Thisissupportedwithbetternutrition,whichcanimproveananimal’sconversionoffeedintoprotein.Addingnaturalenzymesandorganicacidsincreasesthedigestibility

offeed,enablinganimalstodrawmorenutritionfromagreatervarietyofpoorerplants.Italsosupportsahealthiergut,makingthemlesssusceptibletodisease.Agrowingunderstandingofanimals’precisenutritionalneedsisproducingfeedtailoredtooptimizeenergy,protein,andvitaminswhileimprovingoverallwell-being–betteryieldsandhealthierherds.5Attheheartofmostpeople’svisionoffuturefarmingistechnology.Thedrones,sensors,andwearablesofprecisionfarmingallcontributetogreaterefficiency.Dronesareincreasinglyusedtomonitorthehealthandproductivityofbothanimalsandthelandtheygraze.Abletooperateovervastswathesofdifficultterrain,dronesfittedwithinfraredsensorsandmulti-spectrum,high-definitioncamerascansendreal-timeimagesofherdsandflocks.Thishelpsfarmersquicklyandeasilyfindlostanimals,identifynewborns,anddiagnoseillnesses.Equally,dronesshowtheconditionofpastures,informingdecisionsonmovinganimalsforfood,water,orsafety.Inthefuture,itmayevenbepossibletoteachlivestocktofollowadrone,likesomekindofhigh-tech,long-distancesheepdog.6

Dronesarebutoneofmanydigitalinputsfeedinginformationbacktofarmers.3Dcamerascanaccuratelyassessananimal’sweightandcarcassgradeforoptimumyield,whilealsoidentifyingpossibleillnesses.Thermalimaging

camerasincowshedscandetectmastitisthatreducesmilkproduction.Smartcollarsandotherwearablescanmonitoravarietyofthingssuchasfertilityandhealth,withE-tagstrackingbodytemperatureandBluetooth-enabledsweatstripssendingreportsonsodium,potassium,andglucoselevels.Evenacow’sbreathcanbeanalyzedforsignsofnutritionalproblems.Armedwiththeubiquitoussmartphone,afarmercanuseappsforon-the-spotdiagnosesfromjustafewsnapshots.7Livestockfarmershavealwaysbeenearlyadoptersofrobotics,withrapidadvancementsintechnologiessuchasautomaticfeedersandherderbots.Automatedmilkingrobots,forexample,allowcowstobemilkedaccordingtotheirindividualbiorhythms.Atthesametime,robotsarecapturingvastamountsofinformation.Allthisdatawillbesynchronizedwithfarmmanagementsoftwaretoprovidethefarmerswithanoverviewoftheherd’shealthandspecificactionsforindividualanimals.AnextensionofthisiscyberneticgrazingthatusesGPSandanimal-mountedcollarstomeasuretheheightofgrassandmovetheherdtofreshpasturesbyopeningandclosingvirtualfencesdefinedbystimulibasedonsight,sound,orshock.RecentintegrationofAIintoanimalhusbandryhasfurtheradvancedthesetechnologies,offeringsmarterwaystomonitoranimals,manageresources,andstreamlinefarmingoperations.8

However,notallimprovementsarehigh-tech.Silvopastoralsystems,whereanimalsgrazeamongshrubsandtreeswithedibleleavesorfruits,boostmilkandmeatproductionwhilebenefitinganimalsandtheenvironment.InColombia,plantingtheshrubleucaenawithpasturegrassiscreditedwithhighermilkproductionandsoilproperties.9Oneofthemostradicalpossibilitiesformeetingourfutureneedsiscellularagriculture–growinganimal-basedproteinproductsfromcellsinsteadofanimals.Growingmeatinfactoriesresemblingbrewerieswouldcutouttheneedforfeed,water,andmedicineswhilefreeingupvaluableagriculturalland.Althoughthescienceandeconomicsarestillbeingworkedout,itcouldmakeavaluablecontributiontomeetingthechallenge,asthedesireformeatanddairycontinuestogrow.Backgroundinformation1.AnimalhusbandryAnimalhusbandryisbroadlydefinedtodayasthebranchofagricultureconcernedwiththemanagement,breeding,andcareofanimalsforpurposessuchasfoodproduction,labor,companionship,andtheprovisionofrawmaterialslikehidesandbones.Itensuresthatanimalsarenurturedandcaredforinwaysthatenhancetheirproductivity,therebycontributingtohumaneconomicneedsandwelfare.2.CellularagricultureCellularagricultureisacutting-edgemethodofproducingagriculturalproductslikemeat,dairy,andeggsbyculturinganimalcellsinlabenvironments.Itreliesonstemcelltechnologyandnutrient-richgrowthmediatoproducefoodssuchaslab-grownmeatanddairyproteins,offeringasustainablealternativetotraditionalfarmingbyreducinglanduse,waterconsumption,andenvironmentalimpact.Italsoholdspromiseforimprovingfoodsecurity,especiallyinurbanareasorduringcriseswheretraditionalfarmingisnotfeasible.Despiteitspotentialtotransformfoodproduction,cellularagriculturefacesseveralkeychallenges.Onemajorobstacleiscost:theproductionprocesscurrentlyreliesonexpensiveequipmentandmaterialsandskilledpersonnel,makingitlesscost-competitivecomparedtoconventionalfarming.Inaddition,consumeracceptanceremainsuncertain.Manypeoplemayhesitatetoadoptlab-madefoodsduetoconcernsaboutsafety,unfamiliarity,ortheperceptionthattheirtasteandtexturecannotfullymatchthoseoftraditionalproducts.calorien.[C]aunitformeasuringtheamountofenergythatfoodwillproduce卡（路里）（食物的熱量單位）arable

a.relatingtogrowingcrops耕作的；種植的vegann.[C]sb.whodoesnoteatanyanimalproductsatall,suchasmeat,fish,eggs,cheese,ormilk（不吃動(dòng)物制品的）純素食者，嚴(yán)格的素食主義者productivity

n.[U]therateatwhichgoodsareproduced,andtheamountproduced,esp.inrelationtothework,time,andmoneyneededtoproducethem生產(chǎn)率；生產(chǎn)量；生產(chǎn)力genome

sequencing

n.[U]基因組測(cè)序artificialinseminationn.[U]人工授精embryotransfern.[U]胚胎移植enzyme

n.[C]achemicalsubstancethatisproducedinaplantoranimal,andhelpschemicalchangestakeplaceintheplantoranimal酶digestibility

n.[C]thepercentageofafoodstufftakenintothedigestivetractthatisabsorbedintothebody消化率

thefitnessofsth.fordigestion可消化性susceptibleTheword“susceptible”meanslikelytosufferfromaparticularillnessorbeaffectedbyaparticularproblem(易得病的；易受影響的).e.g.Plantsgrowninnutrient-poorsoilareoftensusceptibleto

diseasesandpests,whichcansignificantlyreducecropyields.graze

v.(ofcows,sheep,etc.)eatgrassthatisgrowinginafield

（牛、羊等）（在草地上）吃青草vt.putcows,sheep,etc.inafieldsothattheycaneatthe

grassthere放牧；放牛；放羊terrain

n.[C,U]aparticulartypeofland地形；地勢(shì)；地帶infrared

a.relatingtoorusingatypeoflightthatiswarmbutcannotbeseen紅外線的newbornn.[C]arecentlybornchildoranimal新生兒；幼崽a.(ofachildoranimal)recentlyorjustborn（孩童，動(dòng)物）新生的，剛出生的sheepdog

n.[C]牧羊犬carcass

n.[C](BrE

carcase)thedeadbodyofananimal,esp.ofalargeoneorofonethatisreadyforcuttingupasmeat胴體（牲畜等屠宰后的軀干部分）thermalimagingn.[U]thetechniqueofusingtheheatgivenoffbyanobjecttoproduceanimageofitorlocateit熱（輻射）成像mastitis

n.[U]apainfulswellingofthebreastorudder乳腺炎sodium

n.[U]鈉（一種化學(xué)元素，符號(hào)為Na）potassiumn.[U]鉀（一種化學(xué)元素，符號(hào)為K）glucosen.[U]葡萄糖herdern.[C]sb.whoherdsandlooksafteragroupofanimalsastheirjob牧人；牧工biorhythm

n.[C]aregularpatternofphysicalprocessesinanorganism生物節(jié)律husbandry

n.[U]theactivityoffarmingandcaringforanimals農(nóng)業(yè)；飼養(yǎng)業(yè)；農(nóng)牧業(yè)shrub

n.[C]灌木leucaena

n.[C]銀合歡cellular

a.consistingoforrelatingtothecellsofplantsoranimals由細(xì)胞組成的；細(xì)胞的Livestock’sversatilitymakesthemcentraltothesurvivalofmillionsofpeopleinmarginalareas.[Meaning]:Livestockareessentialforthesurvivalofpeopleinharshorimpoverishedregionsbecausetheyservemultiplepurposes.[Notes]:Thephrase“marginalareas”referstoregionswherefarmingischallengingduetoenvironmentalchallenges,suchaspoorsoilandlimitedrainfall,laggingeconomicdevelopment,andloweragriculturalproductivity.Insuchplaces,livestockservemultiplepurposes,includingprovidingfood,clothes,transportation,manure,andlabor.Inthisway,itisarguedthatlivestockpositivelycontributetofoodsecuritybymakingtheinedibleedible.[Meaning]:Itisarguedthatlivestockhelpimprovefoodsecuritybyconvertingplantsthathumanscan’teatintonutritiousfood,suchasmilk,meat,andotherproducts.[Notes]:Thephrase“makingtheinedibleedible”usescontrastbetweenopposingconcepts(inediblevs.edible)toemphasizetheusefulnessoflivestockinfoodsystems.Thejuxtapositionofthesetwoopposingideascreatesastrikingandmemorableeffectinasimpleandcatchyway.Asthedebatecontinues,sotoodoesdemand.[Meaning]:Thedebateaboutlivestockfarmingremainsongoing,andthedemandformeatanddairycontinuestorise.[Notes]:Thissentenceusessubject-verbinversionin“sotoodoesdemand”toemphasizethesimultaneityoftwotrends:theongoingdebateoverlivestockfarmingandtherisingdemandformeatanddairy.Inversionisastylisticdeviceoftenusedinacademicwritingtocreateemphasisandhighlighttheinterconnectednatureofideasbeingdiscussed.Withglobaldemandforecasttoincrease,thiscouldplaceaseverestrainonourabilitytofeedagrowingpopulationwithlimitedagriculturalland.[Meaning]:Asglobaldemandisprojectedtorise,itcouldsignificantlychallengeourcapacitytosupportagrowingpopulationwithlimitedfarmland.[Notes]:Thephrase“placeastrainon”meanstocreatepressureorstressonsomething.Theword“strain”canbemodifiedbyvariousadjectivestoshowdifferentlevelsortypesofpressure,suchas“mild,”“severe,”“constant,”“heavy,”“extra,”“increasing,”and“temporary.”Theseadjectiveshelpspecifyhowstrong,lasting,orseriousthepressureis.Inthiscontext,“severestrain”emphasizesthemagnitudeofthechallengeposedbyrisingglobaldemandandlimitedagriculturalland.Addingnaturalenzymesandorganicacidsincreasesthedigestibilityoffeed,enablinganimalstodrawmorenutritionfromagreatervarietyofpoorerplants.[Meaning]:Usingnaturalenzymesandorganicacidshelpsanimalsdigesttheirfeedmoreeasily,allowingthemtoabsorbmorenutrientsfromawiderrangeoflow-qualityplants.[Notes]:Organicacidsarecarbon-basedcompoundswithacidicproperties,naturallyfoundinplants,