HONGKONGASSUREDLIVES

MORTALITY2022

Issuedin2025

1202TowerTwo,LippoCentre,89Queensway,HongKong

1

TableofContents

1Foreword 2

2ExecutiveSummary 3

2.1LifeExpectancy 3

2.2SmokerDifferential 3

2.3SelectionEffect 4

2.4CauseofDeath 4

3Methodology 5

3.1GraduatedandCrudeMortalityRates(Ages2to85) 5

3.2LowandHighAges(Below2andAbove85) 6

3.3VolatilityAdjustment 7

3.4GraduationMethodology 8

4NewBusinessAnalysis 10

4.1NewBusinessbyProductType 10

4.2NewBusinessbyAgeBand 11

4.3NewBusinessbyResidency 12

4.4NewBusinessbySumAssuredBands 13

4.5NewBusinessbyUnderwritingType 13

5ExposureAnalysis 15

5.1AgeMixofExposureData 15

6ClaimAnalysis 16

6.1AgeDistributionofDeathClaims 16

6.2CauseofDeath 17

6.3CauseofDeathbyAgeBands 17

6.4ComparisonwithPreviousStudies 18

7HighlightsofMortalityResults 21

7.1LifeTablesComparison 21

7.2MortalityExperiencebyVariousFactors 23

7.2.1ProductType 23

7.2.2UnderwritingType 23

7.2.3SumAssuredBand 24

8UseofThisReport 25

8.1UseofHKA22 25

8.2Disclaimer 25

9ReferenceList 26

10Appendix 27

10.1HKA22MortalityTable 27

2

1Foreword

ItiswithgreatpleasurethattheActuarialSocietyofHongKong(ASHK)presenttotheindustrythenewHongKongAssuredLivesMortalityTable2022(HKA22).Wewouldliketobeginbyexpressingourheartfeltgratitudetoallinvolvedpartieswhocontributedtothesuccessofthisproject.

ThismortalitytableprojectwasacollaborativeeffortwiththeHongKongFederationofInsurerswhileGeneralReinsuranceAG(GenRe)wascommissionedtocarryoutthestudy.

Thirteencompanieshaveparticipatedinthisstudyandaccordingtothein-forcenumberofpoliciesstatisticsattheendof2021fromtheIA,thisrepresentedamarketcoverageof94%

1

,strengtheningthecredibilityofthetable(ourpreviousmortalitytable,HongKongAssuredLivesMortalityTable2018(HKA18)hasamarketcoverageof86%).Theparticipatingcompanies(inalphabeticalorder)arelistedasfollows:

nAIAInternationalLimited

nAXAChinaRegionInsuranceCompanyLimited

nBOCGroupLifeAssuranceCompanyLimited

nChinaLifeInsurance(Overseas)CompanyLimited

nChinaTaipingLifeInsurance(HongKong)CompanyLimited

nChowTaiFookLifeInsuranceCompanyLimited

nFWDLifeInsuranceCompany(Bermuda)Limited

nHangSengInsuranceCompanyLimited

nHSBCLife(International)Limited

nManulife(International)Limited

nPrudentialHongKongLimited

nSunLifeHongKongLimited

nYFLifeInsuranceInternationalLimited

Wethankourparticipantsfortheirinvaluablecontributioninpreparing,checkingandsubmittingdataforthistable.Weunderstandthatthisprocesscanbetime-consumingandchallenging,andweappreciatethededicationandattentiontodetailofallstaffinvolvedinthisprocess.Weacknowledgetheefforteveryoneputintoansweringqueriesandfixingdataissues,whichledtomultipledatasubmissionsforsomecases.

1

InsuranceAuthority,AnnualStatisticsforLongTermBusiness2021,L13TotalIn-ForceBusiness

3

2ExecutiveSummary

TheHKA22isthe5thassuredlivesmortalitytablepublishedbytheASHKfortheHongKongindustry.SimilartoHKA18,thepreviousassuredlivesmortalitytable,thestudyperiodofthiseditionis8years,coveringtheperiodof2014to2021,withthemid-pointbeingendof2017.

Inthisstudyperiod,wecollectedover60millionofexposureand105thousandclaims.Thisrepresentsanincreaseof25%inexposureand38%inclaimsfromthepreviousstudyHKA18.WecontinuetoseeimprovementinmortalityexperienceinHongKongcomparedwithpreviousstudies.

2.1LifeExpectancy

LifeexpectancyatbirthhasfurtherimprovedtoAge84.2formenandAge88.6forwomen.Tocomparewithresultsofthegeneralpopulation,wehaveincludedresultsfor2017(mid-pointofHKA22)and2021(endofstudyperiod).PleasenotethatpopulationresultshavebeentakenfromHongKongLifeTables2016-2046(HKLT)

2

.

90

88

86

84

82

80

78

Figure2.1.1-LifeExpectancyatBirth

88.6

87.987.6

86.8

84.2

83.2

81.9

82.5

HKA22HKA18HKLT:2021HKLT:2017

MaleFemale

2.2SmokerDifferential

Thesmokerdifferentialsinthisstudyarebroadlyinlinewithpreviousstudies.Thedifferenceinmortalityratesbetweensmokersandnon-smokersismoresignificantformenthanforwomen.

Figure2.2.1-A/EofHKA22-BySmokingStatus

157%

150%

123%

98%

86%

100%

50%

0%

MaleFemale

Non-SmokerSmoker

2

CensusandStatisticsDepartment,theGovernmentoftheHKSAR-HongKongLifeTables2016-2046

4

2.3SelectionEffect

Theobservationofaconsistentselectioneffectforduration0andduration1indicateseffectiveunderwritingpracticesoverthestudyperiod.Thereisresidualselectioneffectbeyondduration1butnotassignificantasduration0andduration1.

Figure2.3.1-A/EofHKA22-ByDuration

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

82%

47%

42%

61%

MaleFemale

Duration0Duration1

2.4CauseofDeath

Thedistributionofcauseofdeathsisagainbroadlysimilartopreviousstudies.OneobservationforthisstudyperiodisthatSuicidebecamethetopcauseofdeathforthe<25agegroup,withtheproportionbeingexceptionallyhighfortheyears2016to2018.Formoredetails,pleaserefertoSection6.2-6.4.

Table2.4.1-TopCauseofDeath-ByGenderandAgeGroup

AgeGroupGender\Rank123

<25

Male

Suicide

Neoplasms

Accidents

Female

Suicide

Neoplasms

Accidents

25-45

Male

Neoplasms

Suicide

Cardiovascular

Female

Neoplasms

Suicide

Respiratory

>45

Male

Neoplasms

Respiratory

Cardiovascular

Female

Neoplasms

Respiratory

Cardiovascular

5

3Methodology

ToderivethenewindustrialmortalitytableHKA22,weuseddatabasedonthefollowingcriteria,whichareconsistentwithHKA18exceptforthelastpoint:

nIndividualLifePolicies:Onlypoliciesthatprovidepuremortalitycoverage,withoutanyacceleratedbenefits(e.g.,criticalillness(CI)policieswhereaCIclaimreducesthedeathbenefit),wereincluded.

nStandardRisks:Over98.6%ofpoliciesprovidedbyallparticipatingcompaniesarestandardlives.

nPolicyDuration:Onlypolicieswithadurationof2+yearswereadopted,asselectioneffectafterthefirsttwopolicyyearsarelimited.

nFullyUnderwrittenPolicies:Experiencefromfullyunderwrittenpolicieswasused.Forclarity,fullyunderwrittenpoliciesrefertothoseunderwrittenthroughafullunderwritingform,includingbothclassesofinsuredsunderwrittenwithandwithoutmedicalcheck-ups.

nDataPeriod:Datafromallparticipatingcompaniesfortheperiod2014to2021wasused.An8-yearstudyperiodwaschosentobalancecredibilitywithupdatedexperience,similartotheHKA18approach.

nHongKongResidents:OnlytheexperienceofHongKongresidentswasused.Residenceindicatorswereprovidedbyallparticipatingcompaniesforthisstudy.Overall,88.7%ofstandardlifepoliciesareforHongKongresidents.ThisdiffersfromtheHKA18report,wherethegraduatedratesincludedbothHongKongandnon-HongKongresidentsduetothelackofresidencyindicatorsfrommanycompanies.

3.1GraduatedandCrudeMortalityRates(Ages2to85)

Graduationistheprocessofobtainingsmoothedmortalityratesfromcrudemortalityrates.Weusedcrudemortalityratesforages2-85forgraduation,asthedatainthisagerangeisdeemedreasonablycredible.ThisagerangeisconsistentwiththatusedintheHKA18report.

Inthisstudy,weappliedthenaturalcubicsplinegraduationwithvariableknotsforages2to85.Thegraduationmethodisdescribedinsection3.4.

Comparisonsbetweengraduatedratesandcruderatesareshowninthefollowinggraphs.Overall,thegraduatedratesprovideagoodfitwhilebalancingthesmoothnessoftherates.

Figure3.1.1-ComparisonbetweenGraduatedRatesandCrudeRates-Male

6

Figure3.1.2-ComparisonbetweenGraduatedRatesandCrudeRates-Female

Usingthegraduatedrates,wederivedthenumberofexpectedclaimsandcomparedthemtotheactualclaimsusingcruderates.Thenumberofexpectedclaimsrelativetoactualclaimsis100%forbothmaleandfemalegraduatedrates.

3.2LowandHighAges(Below2andAbove85)

Duetosparsedataatthelowandhighages,thegraduationcouldnotbeextendedtotheseagegroups,consistentwiththeHKA18report.Thetablebelowshowstheexposuremixpercentagesforlowandhighagesbygender.

AgeGroupMaleFemale

Age<2*

0.6%

0.5%

Age2-85

99.3%

99.3%

Age85+

0.1%

0.2%

*Policyduration<2foragebelow2

Table3.2.1-NumberofExposures-ByAgeGroup

(duration2+,standardrisk,fullyunderwritten,HongKongresidency)

Foragesbelow2,wereferredtothepopulationinfantmortalityratesfromtheHongKongAnnualDigestofStatisticsissuedbytheCensusandStatisticsDepartmentofHongKongSARwhiledeterminingtheratelevel,aligningwiththemethodologyusedintheHKA18report.Thefinalassumptionfortheage0mortalityratewassetastheaveragelate-neonatalpluspost-neonatal(7daystounder1year)mortalityratefrom2014to2021.

Foragesabove85,extrapolationwasperformedusingcruderatesforages60to85.Ultimately,theGompertzmodelwasselectedforbothmaleandfemaleextrapolation.FortherationalebehindselectingtheGompertzmodel,pleaserefertosection3.4-GraduationMethodology.

Pleaserefertothechartscomparingthecruderatesandtheextrapolatedmortalityratesforthesehighages.

7

Figure3.2.1-ComparisonbetweenCrudeRatesandExtrapolatedRates-Male

Figure3.2.2-ComparisonbetweenCrudeRatesandExtrapolatedRates-Female

TheupperagelimitofHKA22issetatage100,wherethemortalityrateisassumedtobe100%.Thisapproachistakenduetodatalimitationsforagesbeyond100,practicality,conservatismandtoprovideconsistencywithpreviousmortalitytables.

3.3VolatilityAdjustment

IntheHKA18report,avolatilityadjustment

3

wasappliedtothecruderatestoavoidpotentialunderpricingorunder-valuationduetostatisticalfluctuations.Thisadjustmentincreasedthecruderatestotheupperlimitofthe70%confidenceinterval,withacapat115%ofthecruderates,therebyaddingimplicitmargins.

Whenadoptingasimilarapproachforthisstudy,weobservedthatthisvolatilityadjustmentcausedtheyoungeragegroupstoreachthe115%cap,distortingtheageshapeoftheactualexperience.Consequently,thiswouldresultinanimplicitmarginof15%fortheseyoungeragegroups.

3

PleaserefertoSection4.1VolatilityAdjustmentintheHKA18reportformoredetails

8

Figure3.3.1-VolatilityLoading-ByAge

WedidnotadoptthisapproachinHKA22afterconsideringthefollowingpoints:

nDistortionofAgeShape:Applyingtheseloadingswoulddistorttheageshapeoftheactualexperience,resultinginanimplicitmarginof15%foryoungeragegroups.

nVolatilityofCrudeRates:Cruderatesinherentlyhaveacertaindegreeofvolatility.Wereliedonthegraduationprocesstosmoothoutfluctuationsincruderatesratherthanallowingforimplicitmargins.Additionally,eightyearsofdatawereselectedtoreducefluctuations.

nMortalityImprovements:Graduatedrateshavenotincludedanymortalityimprovements,andthemid-pointofthedatasetisattheendof2017,creatingagaptothepresenttime.Thereisevidenceofcontinuousmortalityimprovementthroughoutthestudyperiod,andnostrongevidenceofmortalitydeteriorationfromtheCOVIDexperienceupto2021.Therefore,bynotrollingthegraduatedratestothepresent,someimplicitconservatismisbuiltintotheHKA22table.

nExplicitMargins:Wherefurtherconservatismisrequired,usersshouldconsiderallowingforanexplicitmarginseparately.

nProductConsiderations:MostpoliciessoldintheHongKongmarketarelimited-paywholelifeproducts.Animplicitmarginfromvolatilityadjustment,whereyoungerageshaveahigherloading,maynotbeuseful.Fortermproducts,itmayunfairlypenalizeyoungeragegroupsbyhavinganimplicitmargin.

3.4GraduationMethodology

Thecrudedeathratesweregraduatedusingnaturalcubicsplineswithvariableknotsforages2to85yearsforbothgenders.

Anaturalcubicsplineisaformofinterpolationthatusespiecewisethird-orderpolynomials,ensuringalignmentattheirjoints.Itservesasanalternativetofittingasinglefunctionovertheentiredatarange.Inourstudy,weappliednaturalcubicsplinegraduationusingtheleast-squaresmethodoncruderates,q,toderivethegraduatedrateqx.ThisisthesamegraduationmethodusedintheHKA18report.

Thenaturalcubicsplinegraduationspecifiesthatthesecondderivativesateachendarezero.

9

wherex∈q,andsatisfies

wherekisthenumberofknots-usingmoreknotsincreasesthemodel’sfitnessbutreducesitssmoothness.Lettheweightbewxwherenxistheexposureatagex.

Andthenthegoalistominimize:

Thenaturalcubicsplinegraduationhasthefollowingadvantages:

nEasytocalculatewithfewerparameters.

nFitsdatabetterwithmultiplesplineswhilemaintaininghighersmoothness.

nLesstendencytooscillatebetweendatapoints.

nInterpolationerrorcanbesmallevenwhenusinglow-degreepolynomials.

nProvidesasimplerfunctioncomparedtoasingleadjustmentovertheentiredataset.

Byusingnaturalcubicsplinegraduation,thegraduatedratesshowsimilargoodness-of-fitandsmoothnesslevelsacrossdifferentnumbersofknots.Additionally,theirfitnesslevelincreasesasthenumberofknotsincreases,whichalignswiththemodeldesign.Therefore,wereferencedthetestingmethodsuggestedbyMcCutcheon(thesamemethodadoptedintheHKA18report)todeterminethenumberofknotsforourfinalselection.Wealsoconsideredthepercentageofgraduatedratesthatfallwithintheirinputrates’confidenceintervalunderdifferentk-knots.Balancingfitandsmoothness,wechose12knotsformalesand7knotsforfemales.

Forgraduatedratesaboveage85,weusedtheGompertzmodelaspertheHKA18report.Wealsoconsideredothermodels,suchastheMakehammodelusedintheHKA01study,butitdidnotproduceamateriallydifferentsetofgraduatedrates.Consequently,wedecidedontheGompertzmodelforitsconsistencywithHKA18.

10

4NewBusinessAnalysis

Inthissection,welookatnewbusinessacquiredbytheindustryduringthisstudyperiod.Analysisisbynumberofpolicies.

4.1NewBusinessbyProductType

Thechartbelowshowsthenewbusinessmixbyproducttypeduringthestudyperiod.WholelifeproductshaveadominantshareofnewbusinessintheHongKongmarket,at62%.Thesecondandthirdpopularproducttypesareannuity(mostlydeferredannuityproductsincludingQualifyingDeferredAnnuityPolicy(QDAP),aretirementplanningtoolwithtaxdeductionarrangementlaunchedinApril2019)andendowmentproductsat13%and12%ofnewbusinessrespectively.

Figure4.1.1-NewBusinessMix-ByProductType

WholeLife

Annuity

62%

13%

12%

6%4%3%

Endowment

Unit-linked

Term

UniversalLife

0%

10%

20%

30%

80%

90%100%

40%50%60%70%

Theproductmixwithintheinsuranceindustryillustratesaclearsegmentationbasedonagedemographics.Wholelifeinsurancepoliciesareprevalentamongthoseinthe0-17agegroup,reflectingafocusonlong-termsecuritycumsavingsfromanearlyage.Annuitiesriseinprominenceasindividualstransitionfromyoungadulthoodintoretirement,highlightingashifttowardsincomestabilityinlaterlife.Endowmentpoliciesarefavoredbyamorematureaudienceasameansofsaving,whiletermlifeinsuranceisparticularlypopularwithadultsaged18-49,likelyduetoitsaffordabilityandthefinancialprotectionitoffersduringtheirprimeworkingyears.

Figure4.1.2-NewBusinessMix-ByAgeGroup&ProductType

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

0-1718-2930-4950-6465+

AnnuityEndowmentTermUnit-linkedUniversalLifeWholeLife

11

Theinsuranceindustry'strendofattractingmorefemalecustomersalignswiththebroaderdemographicbalance,reflectingthemaletofemaleratioofthegeneralpopulation.However,termproductsremainmorepopularwithmalecustomers,suggestingthatdifferentproductsmayappealtodifferentgendersbasedontheirspecificfinancialgoalsandriskpreferences.

Figure4.1.3-NewBusinessMix-ByGender&ProductType

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

WholeLife

Endowment

UniversalLife

Unit-linked

Term

Annuity

Male

Female

4.2NewBusinessbyAgeBand

Youngfamiliescontinuetobeanimportantsegmenttotheindustry,with35%ofnewbusinesscomingfromthe30-49agegroupand18%fromthe0-17agegroup.

0-1718-2930-4950-6465+

18%15%35%27%5%

Figure4.2.1-NewBusinessMix-ByAgeGroup

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

12

4.3NewBusinessbyResidency

Thebusinesslandscapehasindeedexperiencedsignificantfluctuationsduringthisstudyperiod.TheoverallproportionofbusinessfromMainlandChineseVisitors(MCV)stoodat18%.Whiletherewasanotablegrowthtoover20%inyears2016to2018,itplummetedtonearlyzeroduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.Interestingly,nearlyhalfofthenewbusinessfromyoungchildrenoriginatedfromtheMCVsegment,highlightingauniquemarkettrendwithintheHongKongindustry.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Figure4.3.1-NewBusinessMix-ByResidency&CalendarYear

20142015201620172018

HongKongMCVOthers

201920202021

Figure4.3.2-NewBusinessMix-ByResidency&AgeGroup

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

0-17

18-2930-49

HongKongMCV

50-6465+

Others

13

4.4NewBusinessbySumAssuredBands

ItisobservedthatasignificantportionofnewbusinessestendtohaveasumassuredofHKD1millionorbelow.Thistrendsuggeststhatthereisastrongmarketforpolicieswithlowercoverageamounts,cateringtoawiderrangeofcustomersseekingfinancialprotection.Conversely,theMCVsegmentoftenoptsforhighercoveragelevels,indicatingadifferentriskprofileandfinancialneedsamongthisgroup.

Figure4.4.1-NewBusinessMix-BySumAssuredBands

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Figure4.4.2-NewBusinessMix-BySumAssuredBands&Residency

3%

15%

82%

≤HKD1mHKD1-5m>HKD5m

≤HKD1m

>HKD5m

(HKD1m,HKD5m]

HongKong

MCVOthers

4.5NewBusinessbyUnderwritingType

Theindustryhasseenasignificantshiftinrecentyears,withguaranteedissuepoliciesbecomingmoreprevalent.

Figure4.5.1-NewBusinessMix-ByUnderwritingType

Figure4.5.2-NewBusinessMix-

ByUnderwritingType&CalendarYear

23%

59%

19%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

FullUnderwriting

SimplifiedUnderwritingGuaranteedIssue

20142015201620172018201920202021

FullUnderwritingSimplifiedUnderwritingGuaranteedIssue

14

Thevariationinunderwritingstatusacrossdifferentproducttypesisindicativeoftheindustry'sadaptationtodiverseriskprofiles,aimingtobalanceaccessibilitywithfinancialsustainability.

Figure4.5.3-NewBusinessMix-ByUnderwritingType&ProductType

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

WholeLife

UniversalLife

GuaranteedIssue

TermUnit-linked

SimplifiedUnderwriting

AnnuityEndowment

FullUnderwriting

Ascanbeseenfromthechartbelow,theaverageissueageisoftenolderforguaranteedissuepolicies,reflectingamovetowardsmoreinclusiveinsurancepractices,allowingindividualswhomaynotqualifyfortraditionalunderwritingtoobtaincoverage.

Figure4.5.4-AverageIssueAgebyProductGroup&UnderwritingType

60

49.847.7

49.342.1

50

40

42.9

48.743.344.3

39.4

38.137.537.9

35.8

32.934.735.5

34.7

36.2

30

20

10

0

WholeLife

UniversalLife

Unit-linked

Annuity

Term

Endowment

SimplifiedUnderwritingGuaranteedIssue

FullUnderwriting

15

5ExposureAnalysis

5.1AgeMixofExposureData

Age40to59representthemostsignificantquinquennialagegroups,witheachcomprisingover10%ofourdataforbothgenders.ThispatternissimilartoHKA18,althoughHKA22showsaslightlyhigherproportionofolderages,indicatingthematurityofourportfolio.Thisagedistributionisquitedifferentfromthegeneralpopulation

4

(hereweusetheaverageof2014-2021,thesameperiodasHKA22),whichismoreevenlydistributedcomparedwiththeinsuredpopulation.

Age

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

Figure5.1.1-AgeDistributionComparison-Male

Band

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

HKA22ExposureHKA18ExposureHKPopulation(2014-2021)

Figure5.1.2-AgeDistributionComparison-Female

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

Age

Band

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

HKA22ExposureHKA18ExposureeeeeeeHKPopulation(2014-2021)

4

CensusandStatisticsDepartment,TheGovernmentoftheHongKongSAR-PopulationbySexandAgeGroup

16

6ClaimAnalysis

6.1AgeDistributionofDeathClaims

Inthisstudy,themajorityofdeathclaimsarefrommalesaged50-80andfemales50-90.Comparedwiththepreviousstudy,HKA18,weobserveahigherproportionofdeathsatmoreadvancedages.Thiscontrastswiththegeneralpopulation

5

,wheremostdeathsoccuratage80andabove.

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

Figure6.1.1-AgeDistributionComparison-Male

Age

Band

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

HKA22ExposureHKA18ExposureHKPopulation(2014-2021)

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Figure6.1.2-AgeDistributionComparison-Female

Age

Band

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

HKA22ExposureHKA18ExposureeeeeeeHKPopulation(2014-2021)

5

CensusandStatisticsDepartment,TheGovernmentoftheHongKongSAR-DeathsbySexandAgeGroup

17

6.2CauseofDeath

Cancerremainedthetopcauseofdeathinthisstudy,at44.8%,followedbyrespiratorydiseasesandcardiovasculardiseases,at16.1%and12.8%respectively.DespitetheglobalattentiononCOVID-19,itscontributiontomortalityinthecontextofthisstudywasminimal.

Table6.2.1-CauseofDeath-ByProportionofClaims

Group

CauseofDeath

ProportionofClaims

A

·Accidents,PoisoningsandViolence

2.1%

B

AIDSandRelatedSymptoms

0.0%

C

DiseasesoftheCirculatorySystem-Cardiovascular

12.8%

D

DiseasesoftheCirculatorySystem-Cerebrovascular

4.9%

E

DiseasesoftheDigestiveSystem

3.1%

F

DiseasesoftheGenito-UrinarySystem

3.0%

G

DiseasesoftheRespiratorySystem

16.1%

H

Neoplasms(Malignancies)andCancerRelatedDiseases

44.8%

I

Suicide

3.0%

K

Others

10.3%

6.3CauseofDeathbyAgeBands

Theprogressionofcausesofdeathacrossdifferentagegroupsreflectsacomplexinterplayofbiological,environmental,andsocietalfactors.Accidentstendtoaffectyoungerindividualsmore.Suicide,tragically,hasahigherincidenceinteenagersandyoungadults,oftenlinkedtomentalhealthissuesandstressorsuniquetothislifestage.Asageincreases,theprevalenceofchronicconditionssuchascancerandrespiratorydiseases(towardsmoreadvancedages)becomemorepronounced.

Figure6.3.1-CauseofDeath-ByAgeBand

CauseofDeathbyAgeBands

100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%

0-910-1920-2930-3940-4950-5960-69

70-79

80-89

90-99

ABCDEFGHIK

18

6.4ComparisonwithPreviousStudies

Thetablesbelowshowproportionofthecauseofdeathbyagegroupascomparedwithpreviousstudies.Theobservationofsuicideratesbeinghigherintheunder25agegroupascomparedtopreviousstudiesisaconcerningtrend.Ithighlightstheneedfortargetedmentalhealthsupportandinterventionsforyoungerpopulations.

AgeGroupunder25yearsold:

Figure6.4.1-CauseofDeath-AgeGroup<25yearsold

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

HKA01

HKA18HKA22HKA01ASHK03ASHK08

Female

HKA18HKA22

ASHK03ASHK08

Male

22%

9%

15%

6%

7%

38%

13%

15%

17%

6%

4%

8%

36%

20%

20%

15%

4%

4%

33%

27%

15%

22%

8%

7%

18%

15%

25%

20%

7%

22%

9%

15%

6%

7%

38%

18%

22%

24%

20%

15%

4%

5%

25%

16%

24%

12%

17%

23%

21%

5%

23%

11%

3%

10%

12%

4%

9%

17%

3%

9%

18%

7%

23%

3%

6%

14%

A

BCDEFGHIK

Table6.4.2CauseofDeath-AgeGroup<25yearsold

Maleunder25yearsold

Femaleunder25yearsold

Group

CauseofDeath

HKA

01

ASHK

03

ASHK

08

HKA

18

HKA

22

HKA

01

ASHK

03

ASHK

08

HKA

18

HKA

22

A

Accidents,PoisoningsandViolence

38%

36%

33%

18%

17%

38%

18%

23%

14%

12%

B

AIDSandRelatedSymptom

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

C

DiseasesoftheCirculatorySystem-Car