2018年江西財經(jīng)大學(xué)考博英語真題一、Vocabulary1.Humansdifferfromotherspecies______wepossesshistoryaswellasprehistory,hundredsandhundredsofdiverseculturesandsubcultures,andthepossibilityofinformed,consciouschoice.

A.grantedthat

B.suchas

C.inasmuchas

D.inthat

√2.Ican’tworkwithyou______allthetime.Goaway.

A.steppingonmytoes

B.breathingdownmyneck

√

C.standinginthegap

D.comingintoyourown3.TherehavebeenmanyupsanddownsforAirCanada,butthecompanycontinuestocontrolthemajorityofthedomesticmarket.Theunderlinedpartmeans______.

A.strengthsandweaknesses

B.fortunesandmisfortunes

√

C.assetsandliabilities

D.boltsandnuts4.Someorganizationsfindthemselvesfacedwithnewproductopportunities,orwithprojectsthathavea______startingandendingpoint.

A.definite

√

B.definitive

C.defined

D.defining5.Someoftheideasareverysimpleandsoundintuitivelyplausible.Theunderlinedpartmeans______.

A.directly

B.reasonably

C.frankly

D.instinctively

√6.Theoldman’sfaceis______thelinesofpressureandexhaustionthathaveaccumulatedovertheyears.

A.brandedwith

√

B.blendedwith

C.complimentedby

D.complementedby7.Johnwill______ifthefirmneedsanITengineerbecausehecanencodeprogramsforthefirm.

A.comeintohisown

√

B.comeintobeing

C.keeptohimself

D.holdthestage8.There’salwaysintensemediacoverageofairplanecrashesandthatcanreallyplayintopeople’sfearsandskewtheirperceptionsofhowsafeitistofly.Theunderlinedpartmeans______.

A.misconceive

B.distort

√

C.change

D.preoccupy9.Theroadoutsidetheschoolisamenacetothechildren’ssafety.Theunderlinedpartmeans______.

A.trouble

B.headache

C.barrier

D.threat

√10.Abletogoalmostanywhere,evenoverthemountainousAlleghenybarrier,therailroad______terrainandweather.

A.defied

√

B.resisted

C.counterpoised

D.suppressed二、ReadingComprehension11.It

is

all

very

well

to

blame

traffic

jams,

the

cost

of

petrol

and

the

quick

pace

of

modern

lite,

but

manners

on

the

roads

are

becoming

horrible.

Everybody

knows

that

the

nicest

men

become

monsters

behind

the

wheel.

It

is

very

well,

again,

to

have

a

tiger

in

the

tank,

but

to

have

one

in

the

driver’s

seat

is

another

matter

altogether.

You

might

tolerate

the

odd

road-hog,

the

rude

and

inconsiderate

driver,

but

nowadays

the

well-mannered

motorist

is

the

exception

to

the

rule.

Perhaps

the

situation

calls

for

a

“Be

Kind

to

Other

Drivers”

campaign,

otherwise

it

may

get

completely

out

of

hand.

Road

politeness

is

not

only

good

manners,

but

good

sense

too.

It

takes

the

most

cool-headed

and

good-tempered

of

drivers

to

resist

the

temptation

to

revenge

when

subjected

to

uncivilized

behavior.

On

the

other

hand,

a

little

politeness

goes

a

long

way

towards

relieving

the

tensions

of

motoring.

A

friendly

nod

or

a

wave

of

acknowledgement

in

response

to

an

act

of

politeness

helps

to

create

an

atmosphere

of

goodwill

and

tolerance

so

necessary

in

modern

traffic

conditions.

But

such

acknowledgements

of

politeness

are

all

too

rare

today.

Many

drivers

nowadays

don’t

even

seem

able

to

recognize

politeness

when

they

see

it.

However,

misplaced

politeness

can

also

be

dangerous.

Typical

examples

are

the

driver

who

brakes

violently

to

allow

a

car

to

emerge

from

a

side

street

at

some

hazard

to

following

traffic,

when

a

few

seconds

later

the

road

would

be

clear

anyway;

or

the

man

who

waves

a

child

across

a

zebra

crossing

into

the

path

of

oncoming

vehicles

that

may

be

unable

to

stop

in

time.

The

same

goes

for

encouraging

old

ladies

to

cross

the

road

wherever

and

whenever

they

care

to.

It

always

amazes

me

that

the

highways

are

not

covered

with

the

dead

bodies

of

these

grannies.

A

veteran

driver

whose

manners

are

faultless,

told

me

it

would

help

if

motorists

learnt

to

filter

correctly

into

traffic

streams

one

at

a

time

without

causing

the

total

blockages

that

give

rise

to

bad

temper.

Unfortunately,

modern

motorists

can’t

even

learn

to

drive,

let

alone

master

the

subtler

aspects

of

boatmanship.

Years

ago

the

experts

warned

us

that

the

car-ownership

explosion

would

demand

a

lot

more

give-and-take

from

all

road

users.

It

is

high

time

for

all

of

us

to

take

this

message

to

heart.

（1）.Accordingtothispassage,troublesontheroadareprimarilycausedby______.

A.people’sattitudetowardstheroad-hog

B.therhythmofmodernlife

C.thebehaviorofthedriver

D.trafficconditions

√（2）.Thesentence“Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog...therule.”（Paragraph1）impliesthat______.

A.oursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredmotorists

B.rudedriverscanbemetonlyoccasionally

C.thewell-manneredmotoristcannottoleratetheroad-hog

D.nowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofmotorists

√（3）.By“goodsense”（Paragraph2）,thewritermeans______.

A.thedriver’sabilitytounderstandandreactreasonably

√

B.thedriver’spromptresponsetodifficultandsevereconditions

C.thedriver’stoleranceofrudeorevensavagebehavior

D.thedriver’sacknowledgementofpolitenessandregulations（4）.Expertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownershipexplosion,______.

A.roadusersshouldmakemoresacrifice

B.driversshouldbereadytoyieldtoeachother

√

C.driversshouldhavemorecommunicationamongthemselves

D.driverswillsuffergreatlossiftheypaynorespecttoothers（5）.Inthewriter’sopinion,______.

A.stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneeded

B.driversshouldapplyroadpolitenessproperly

√

C.rudedriversshouldbepunished

D.driversshouldavoidtrafficjams12.Fordecades,peoplehadcontinuedtopaydownmortgagesuntiltheirlastcentwasspent.Now,

increasingnumbersweregivinguptheirhomesevenastheycontinuedtoserviceotherdebts.Faced

withaplungeinhousepricesacrosstheUS—somethingthathasnothappenedsincetheGreat

Depressionofthe1930s—themortgageindustryisalreadydealingwithasurgeinthenumbersof

peopledefaultingontheirpayments.

Theconcernisthatthelossesonriskysubprimemortgagescouldsoonswellfurtheraspeoplewith

goodcredithistorydecideitisnotworthcontinuingtomakepaymentsonhousesworthlessthatthe

loan.HousepricesintheUSarealready20percentfromthe2006highsandareforecasttokeep

falling.Formany,especiallythosewhohaveputlittleoftheirownmoneyintoahouse,sendingback

thekeyscouldbeperfectlyrational.Thepracticehasgivenanameintheindustry—“jinglemail”

—andthereareevencompaniesspecializinginhelpingpeoplewiththedecision.Y,

onesuchservice,almostmakesitsoundanalluringprospect,“whatifyoucouldlivepayment-free

foruptoeightmonthsormoreandwalkawaywithoutowingapenny?”thewebsiteasks.

LarryRosenberger,arguablyoneofthemostexperiencedcrunchersofconsumerdebtstatistics

around,wasmeetingtheconsortiumofmortgagelenderstotalkaboutanalyzingtheirdatafrom

cluesaboutwhichpeopleinnegativeequitycouldbeexpectedtokeeppayingdowntheirmortgages.

Theysaid,“we’regettingkilledwithlosses,canwefigureoutmoreaccuratelywhowilldowhat,so

wecanbemoreaccommodatingwithsomeborrowersbutnotwithothers,”Mr.Rosenbergersays.

TheaccuracyofthemodelsusedbythelikesofMr.Rosenbergertoflaggoodandbadcustomers

couldmakeahugedifferencetothelossesthatlenderseventuallyhavetoabsorb—lossesthatwill,

inturn,determinetheavailabilityoffreshfundsfornewloans.Hisapproachwastoseekcluesto

people’sfutureactionsintheirpastbehaviors.Forexample,peoplewithchildrenatlocalschools

maybelesslikelytowalkawaythanpeoplewithoutschool-agechildren.Peoplewithmortgageson

secondhomesmaybemorelikelytogiveuptheinvestment.

（1）.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtoParagraph1?

A.Thepatternthatpeoplepaydownmortgageshaschangedrecently.

B.ThelasttimethathousepricesdroppedsorapidlywastheGreatDepression.

C.Peoplestoppayingmortgagesfornotonlyhousesbutalsoeverythingels正確答案:E

D.Themortgageindustryisfacingabigchallengebecausepeoplecannolongerpaytheirdebts.（2）.Peoplestoppayinghousemortgagesbecause______.

A.theyfindthattheirhousesareworthlessthantheloan

√

B.theircreditcardsareclosedandtheyhavegonebankruptcy

C.theydonothaveagoodcredithistoryandfailtogettheloan

D.theycanliveinthehousewithoutpayinganything（3）.Theworryingsituationinmortgageindustry______.

A.isaccompaniedbyanewmailingservicecalled“jinglemail”

√

B.isworsenedbythenewbusinesssuchasY

C.iscausedbythosepeoplewhohaveinvestedlittleinhousing

D.canbechangedifpeoplebecomemorerationalandlaw-abiding（4）.WhatdoyouthinkLarryRosenbergerdoes?

A.Hecrunchesconsumerssothattheywillpaytheirdebts.

B.Heprovidesborrower’sfinancialinformationtomortgagelenders.

C.Heanalysesthelenders’datatopredictwhatcustomerswilldo.

√

D.Heuseshisexperiencetohelpthelendersavoidrisks.（5）.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“flag”meaninParagraph4?

A.asymbol

B.asignal

C.toidentify

D.toattract

√13.Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywould

submittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’

namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthe

commentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrested

withthejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribe

tothejournal.

Nolonger.Theinternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercial

publishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit,ismaking

accesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment

（OECD）hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,by

JohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavy

readingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.It

signalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,upon

widedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishing

marketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,

TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwide

specializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000

journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenow

online.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’s

authors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollection

ofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typically

supportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,there

areopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratories

supportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayed

open-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,before

makingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalform

ofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

（1）.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses______.

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

B.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

C.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

D.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

√（2）.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?

A.Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.

C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.

√

D.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.（3）.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat______.

A.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.

√

B.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.

C.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.

D.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.（4）.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto______.

A.coverthecostofitspublication.

√

B.subscribetothejournalpublishingit.

C.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.

D.completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.（5）.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?

A.TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.

B.Anewmodeofpublicationisemergin正確答案:G

C.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.

D.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.14.In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,was

nearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw,havingextractedthem

fromthemouthsofhisslaves.

That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheir

historybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthe

livesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein

1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslave

SallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.

Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthe

fragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFounding

Fathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit.

Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.

WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatit

waspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.

Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“l(fā)ikehavinga

largebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,

andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithout

protectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofa

manforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedon

slavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof

1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,Jefferson

extendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,

includingthreeslavestates.

Still,JeffersonfreedHemings’schildren,thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150other

slaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthe

braveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhis

relativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhave

requiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.

（1）.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto

A.showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.

B.demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.

C.stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.

D.revealsomeunknownaspectofhislif正確答案:E（2）.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat

A.DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.

B.initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.

√

C.historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson’slife.

D.politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.（3）.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?

A.Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.

B.Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.

C.Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.

√

D.Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.（4）.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

A.SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.

√

B.Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.

C.Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.

D.Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.（5）.Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis

A.moralconsiderations.

B.militaryexperienc正確答案:E

C.financialconditions.

D.politicalstand.三、Cloze15.Thereare10blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C

andD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.

Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliation,inallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumbling

blocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers.“Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof【A1】______ofvariouskinds,”

saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnion（IPU）,aGeneva-basedorganization【A2】______139parliaments,

includingthelackoftime,training,information,self-confidence,money,support,motivation,

women’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen.

Ineveryculture,prejudiceandstereotypes【A3】______hard.Thebeliefstillholds【A4】______thatwomenbelongin

thekitchenandwiththechildren,notatelection【A5】______orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoften

reinforcetraditionalimagesofwomen,whouponenteringpolitics,alsobearthebrunt（正面沖擊）of

verbalandphysical【A6】______.

Inimpoverished（貧窮的）countriesrackedbycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocial

conditions,womenare【A7】______bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies.

TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often【A8】______aprivilegedfew—the

reluctanceofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbacking

womenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupport,whichis【A9】______aswellasfinancial,isallthemore

vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized【A10】______imagesofthemselvessincethedawnoftimeandoften

sufferfromlowself-confidence.

（1）.【A1】______

A.deficiencies

√

B.deficits

C.defects

D.flaws（2）.【A2】______

A.embracing

B.composing

C.comprising

√

D.constituting（3）.【A3】______

A.persist

B.vanish

C.revive

D.die

√（4）.【A4】______

A.sway

√

B.water

C.truth

D.proof（5）.【A5】______

A.assemblies

B.conventions

C.associations

D.rallies

√（6）.【A6】______

A.penalties

B.attacks

√

C.tortures

D.abuses（7）.【A7】______

A.strapped

√

B.bandaged

C.restrained

D.inhibited（8）.【A8】______

A.allowedfor

B.putinfor

C.reservedfor

√

D.compensatedfor（9）.【A9】______

A.moral

√

B.mortal

C.orthodox

D.sensible（10）.【A10】______

A.negative

√

B.obsolete

C.undesirable

D.vice四、Translate16.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.USbusinessesrespondedwithalarmtoPresidentDonaldTrump’sannouncementofwide-ranging

tariffsonimportsfromChina,warningthattheywouldraisecostsforAmericanconsumersand

riskedprovokingadamagingtradewar.Businessgroupsfroma