Unit

NinePublicServiceLead-inA.Readthefollowingpassageforinformationaboutpublicservice.Publicserviceisaservicewhichisprovidedbygovernmenttopeoplelivingwithinitsjurisdiction,eitherdirectly(throughthepublicsector)orbyfinancingprovisionofservices.Publicpolicywhenmadeinthepublic'sinterestandmotivationscanprovidepublicservices.Examplesofpublicservicesarethefirebrigade,police,airforce,andparamedics.jurisdiction[,d???r?s?d?k?(?)n]n.司法權(quán)sector[?sekt?]n.部門financing[f??n?ns??]n.融資motivation[m??t??ve??(?)n]n.動機paramedic[,p?r??med?k]n.護理人員Apublicservicemaysometimeshavethecharacteristicsofapublicgood(beingnon-rivalrousandnon-excludable),butmostareserviceswhichmay(accordingtoprevailingsocialnorms)beunder-providedbythemarket.Inmostcasespublicservicesareservices,i.e.theydonotinvolvemanufacturingofgoods.Theymaybeprovidedbylocalornationalmonopolies,especiallyinsectorswhicharenaturalmonopolies.Theyoftenrequirehighlevelsoftrainingandeducation.Theymayattractpeoplewithapublicserviceethoswhowishtogivesomethingtothewiderpublicorcommunitythroughtheirwork.characteristics[,k?r?kt??r?st?ks]n.特征prevailing[pr??ve?l??]a.盛行的manufacture[m?nj??f?kt??]v.制造ethos[?i?θ?s]n.理念B.Trytoanswerthefollowingquestionsaboutpublicservicebriefly.1.Whatisthedefinitionofpublicservice?2.Illustratesomeexamplesofpublicservice.Key:Publicserviceisaservicewhichisprovidedbygovernmenttopeoplelivingwithinitsjurisdiction,eitherdirectly(throughthepublicsector)orbyfinancingprovisionofservices.Key:Examplesofpublicservicesarethefirebrigade,police,airforce,andparamedics.3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofpublicserviceaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthepassage?

4.Whatdopublicservicesoftenrequire?

5.Whoarelikelytoworkforpublicservices?Key:Apublicservicemaysometimeshavethecharacteristicsofapublicgoodanddoesn’tinvolvemanufacturingofgoods.Key:Publicservicesoftenrequirehighlevelsoftrainingandeducation.Key:Peoplewhowishtogivesomethingtothewiderpublicorcommunitythroughtheirworkmaybeattractedbypublicservices.

IntensiveReadingSocialPolicyintheUKStart-upquestionSocialpolicycanrefertoguidelines,principles,legislationandactivitiesthataffectthelivingconditionsconducivetohumanwelfare,suchasaperson'squalityoflife.WhatdoyouknowaboutthesocialpolicyintheUK?Paragraph1[1]TheUnitedKingdomisaunitarystateinwhichcentralgovernmentsubstantiallydirectsmostgovernmentactivity.However,thestructureofservicesinScotland,WalesandNorthernIrelanddiffersincertainrespects.EachregionhasbothaSecretaryofStateandadministrativedepartmentsituatedincentralgovernment,anditsownassemblyandexecutive,whichtakeontheroleintheregionofcertaincentralgovernmentministries.ThelawswhichapplyinScotlandandNorthernIrelandaredifferentfromthoseinEnglandandWales.TheScottishParliamenthasinconsequenceverymuchmoreinfluencethanitsWelshcounterpart,andtheScottishGovernment(anameconfusinglyusedforbothgovernmentandexecutive)hastheroleofacivilserviceforScotland,withasocialpolicyinitsownright.TheadministrativestructureinNorthernIrelandissignificantlydifferent:personalsocialservicesaretheresponsibilityoftheHealthBoard(astheyareintheRepublicofIreland)andsocialsecurityandhousingfallundertheDepartmentforSocialDevelopment.unitary[?ju?n?t(?)r?]a.統(tǒng)一的substantially[s?b?st?n?(?)l?]adv.很大程度地administrative[?d?m?n?str?t?v]a.行政的assembly[??sembl?]n.議會counterpart[?ka?nt?pɑ?t]n.對應(yīng)的人或物CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.1.TheUnitedKingdomisa___a___（統(tǒng)一的）stateinwhichcentralgovernment___b___（很大程度地）directsmostgovernmentactivity.key:a.unitaryb.substantiallyCompletethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.However,thestructureofservicesinScotland,WalesandNorthernIrelanddiffers_____certainrespects.EachregionhasbothaSecretaryofStateandadministrativedepartmentsituatedincentralgovernment,anditsownassemblyandexecutive,whichtake_____theroleintheregionofcertaincentralgovernmentministries.key:inkey:onCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.EachregionhasbothaSecretaryofStateandadministrativedepartmentsituatedincentralgovernment,and______(它自己的議會和行政部門),whichtakeontheroleintheregionofcertaincentralgovernmentministries.Key：

itsownassemblyandexecutiveThelawswhichapplyinScotlandandNorthernIreland______(與英格蘭和威爾士的法律制度是不同的).Key：

aredifferentfromthoseinEnglandandWalesTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.英國是一個統(tǒng)一的國家，主要由中央政府組織政治活動。Key：TheUnitedKingdomisaunitarystateinwhichcentralgovernmentsubstantiallydirectsmostgovernmentactivity.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.TheUnitedKingdomisaunitarystateinwhichcentralgovernmentsubstantiallydirectsmostgovernmentactivity.However,thestructureofservicesinScotland,WalesandNorthernIrelanddiffersincertainrespects.EachregionhasbothaSecretaryofStateandadministrativedepartmentsituatedincentralgovernment,anditsownassemblyandexecutive,whichtakeontheroleintheregionofcertaincentralgovernmentministries.ThelawswhichapplyinScotlandandNorthernIrelandaredifferentfromthoseinEnglandandWales.TheScottishParliamenthasinconsequenceverymuchmoreinfluencethanitsWelshcounterpart,andtheScottishGovernment(anameconfusinglyusedforbothgovernmentandexecutive)hastheroleofacivilserviceforScotland,withasocialpolicyinitsownright.TheadministrativestructureinNorthernIrelandissignificantlydifferent:personalsocialservicesaretheresponsibilityoftheHealthBoard(astheyareintheRepublicofIreland)andsocialsecurityandhousingfallundertheDepartmentforSocialDevelopment.英國是一個統(tǒng)一的國家，主要由中央政府組織政治活動。然而，蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭的服務(wù)體系在某些方面存在差異。每個區(qū)域的中央政府，有部長和行政部門，也有自己的議會和執(zhí)行委員會，在某些中央政府部門中發(fā)揮著作用。蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭的法律與英格蘭和威爾士的法律也有不同點。蘇格蘭的議會比威爾士的議會影響更大，蘇格蘭政府有對公民服務(wù)的義務(wù)，也有（制定）社會政策的權(quán)利。與之相比，北愛爾蘭的政治制度有顯著差異：個人的社會服務(wù)由健康委員會（其屬于愛爾蘭共和國）負(fù)責(zé)，社會安全和住房由社會發(fā)展部負(fù)責(zé)。Paragraph2

Thisframeworkchangesfrequently.ThemostimportantchangesinrecentyearshavebeenthereformationoftheDepartmentofSocialSecurityintotheDepartmentofWorkandPensions,thesignificanttransferofincomemaintenancetotheInlandRevenue(nowHMRC,forHerMajesty'sRevenueandCustoms),andthedemolitionoftheDepartmentofTransport,theRegionsandLocalGovernment,whosekeysocialpolicyresponsibilitieswereplacedintheOfficeoftheDeputyPrimeMinisterandhavenowbeenrelocatedmainlyintoCommunitiesandLocalGovernment.AtDepartmentallevel,thereisawiderangeofnational'agencies'-notlistedinthetablewhichfollows-whichhavespecialistfunctionsinrelationtoissueslikeprocurement,ITandfinance;somehaveexpertoradvisoryroles.reformation[ref??me??(?)n]n.革新pension[?pen?(?)n]n.養(yǎng)老金revenue[?rev?nju?]n.稅收demolition[dem??l??n]n.廢除relocate[ri?l?(?)?ke?t]v.重新安置procurement[pr??kj??m?nt]n.獲得(軍需品等的)行為advisory[?d?va?z(?)r?]a.

咨詢的Paragraph3

Theadministrationofthewelfarestatehasundergonetwomajorreformssinceitsinception.Thefirstphase,coveringthe1960sand1970s,sawcentralgovernmentreformedinordertoallowtheplanningandcontrolofpublicexpenditurebytheTreasury.Theaimsofthisreformweremanagerialefficiencyandeconomicplanning.TheeffectwastocreateasysteminwhichtheTreasuryallocatedresourcestodepartments,anddepartmentstoservices.inception[?n?sep?(?)n]n.開始expenditure[?k?spend?t??]n.支出managerial[m?n??d?i?r??l]a.管理上的allocate[??l?ke?t]v.分配CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Thefirstphase,coveringthe1960sand1970s,sawcentralgovernmentreformedinordertoallowtheplanningandcontrolofpublic___a___（支出）bytheTreasury.Theaimsofthisreformwere___b___（管理上的）efficiencyandeconomicplanning.key:a.expenditureb.managerialCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Theeffectwastocreateasysteminwhichthe______(財政部給各個部門分配資源),anddepartmentstoservices.key:

theTreasuryallocatedresourcestodepartmentsTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.國家福利從開始實施主要有兩次改革。第一階段是從20世紀(jì)60年代到20世紀(jì)70年代，中央政府進行了改革，由財政部計劃和控制公共支出。Key：Theadministrationofthewelfarestatehasundergonetwomajorreformssinceitsinception.Thefirstphase,coveringthe1960sand1970s,sawcentralgovernmentreformedinordertoallowtheplanningandcontrolofpublicexpenditurebytheTreasury.Paragraph4Thesecondphase,whichhasledinthe1980sand1990storestructuringofthecivilserviceandtheadministrationofwelfare,wascalledthe"newpublicmanagement".Ithasthreemainelements:thebreakupoftheadministrationintoagencies,sothattheefficiencyofeachpartoftheadministrationcanbeassessedindividually.ExamplesareNHStrustsandtheadministrativeagenciesresponsibleforSocialSecurity.?theintroductionof'management',withmanagersbeingresponsibleforrunningagenciesinabusiness-likefashion;thisiswidespreadinhealthandpersonalsocialservices.quasimarkets.Publicservicesarerequiredtoactmorelikeeconomicmarkets,withtheseparationofpurchasingandprovisionofservicesandtheintroductionofcompetition.Thetrendisstrongestinhealthandsocialcare.Completethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Publicservicesarerequiredtoactmorelikeeconomicmarkets,_____theseparationofpurchasingandprovisionofservicesandtheintroductionofcompetition.key:withParagraph5Inrecentyears,theworkofmanycentralgovernmentagenciesservinggovernment,liketheDWP'sinformationtechnologyservicesortheDoH'slaboratories,havebeenprivatisedorcontractedout;themainroleoftheagenciesthatremainisdirectserviceprovisiontothepublic.TheNationalHealthServiceinEnglandwasreformedin2012topermitahigherlevelof'commissioning',orpurchaseofexternalservices.privatise[?pra?v??ta?z]v.使私有化commission[k??m??(?)n]v.委托Paragraph6ThepowersoftheScottishGovernmentaredevolvedfromWestminster.Therearedevolvedpowers,whicharedelegatedtotheScottishGovernment,andreservedpowers,whichareretainedbyWestminster.Devolvedpowersincludehealth,housing,socialcare,education,localgovernmentandcivillaw.Reservedpowersincludesocialsecurityandnearlyalltaxation.devolve[d??v?lv]v.(權(quán)力、責(zé)任)下放delegatev.[?d?l??ge?t]v.委托reserveda.[r??z??vd]a.保留的retainv.[r??te?n]v.保留CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Therearedevolvedpowers,whicharedelegatedtothe___a___（蘇格蘭的）Government,and___b___（保留的）powers,whichareretainedbyWestminster.key:a.Scottishb.reservedTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.議會的權(quán)利被下放到蘇格蘭政府。蘇格蘭政府有一定的權(quán)利（下放的權(quán)利），議會保留（一部分）權(quán)利。Key：ThepowersoftheScottishGovernmentaredevolvedfromWestminster.Therearedevolvedpowers,whicharedelegatedtotheScottishGovernment,andreservedpowers,whichareretainedbyWestminster.Paragraph7CurrentlytheresponsibilitiesofScottishMinistersaredividedbetweenTheOfficeoftheFirstMinisterFinanceandsustainablegrowthEducationandlifelonglearningHealthandwell-beingJustice,and?Ruralaffairsandtheenvironment.sustainable[s??ste?n?b(?)l]a.可持續(xù)的Paragraph8Thecivilservice-also,confusingly,knownastheScottishGovernment-hasbeenreorganisedinto"directorates"whichdonotcorrespondcloselytothesebriefs.reorganise[,ri:??:g?naiz]v.重組directorate[d??rekt(?)r?t]n.(政府的)專門部門Paragraph9Despitethenominaldivisionoflabour,policyinScotlandisstillstronglyinfluencedbyWestminster.EconomicdevelopmentistheresponsibilityoftheScottishgovernment,butindividualisedemployabilityprovisionscurrentlybeingintroducedbytheDepartmentforWorkandPensionshavebeendonewithoutengagingtheScottishGovernment.AlthougheducationhasbeenindependentthroughoutthehistoryoftheUnion,ScotlandnowhasanationalcurriculumdirectlycomparabletotheEnglishsystem.Inmanyinstances,suchastheintroductionofcivilpartnerships,theScottishParliamenthasreferreddecisionstoWestminstertolegislateundertheprovisionsofthe"Sewelconvention".nominal[?n?m?n(?)l]a.名義上的curriculum[k??r?kj?l?m]n.課程legislate[?led??sle?t]v.立法provision[pr??v??(?)n]n.條款Completethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Inmanyinstances,suchastheintroductionofcivilpartnerships,theScottishParliamenthasreferreddecisionstoWestminstertolegislate_____theprovisionsofthe"Sewelconvention".key:underCompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Althougheducationhasbeen___a___（獨立的）throughoutthehistoryoftheUnion,Scotlandnowhasanational___b___（課程）directlycomparabletotheEnglishsystem.key:a.independentb.curriculumParagraph10Localgovernmentgrew,inEnglandandWales,fromtheadministrationofthePoorLaws.Whenlocalservicesforhealth,socialassistanceandeducationwereestablishedduringthe19thcentury,someonehadtoberesponsiblefortheirdelivery;thepowersweregiventothePoorLawguardians,andsubsequentlythisbecamethecoreofareformedlocalgovernmentsystem.InScotland,thelocaladministrationwasmoredeveloped,beingbasedonthepoliceburghs,butmanyofthereformsinthe19thand20thcenturiesweredrivenbyEnglishapproaches.burgh[?b?r?]n.(蘇格蘭)自治市TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.在英格蘭和威爾士，地方政府是從濟貧法開始實施，逐步發(fā)展起來的。key：Localgovernmentgrew,inEnglandandWales,fromtheadministrationofthePoorLaws.Completethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.InScotland,thelocaladministrationwasmoredeveloped,beingbased_____thepoliceburghs,butmanyofthereformsinthe19thand20thcenturiesweredrivenbyEnglishapproaches.key:onParagraph11Localgovernmentlostmanyofitspowersafterthewar-includingresponsibilityforhealth,socialsecurityandpublicutilities-andhasprogressivelydeclinedininfluencesince.Thestructureoflocalgovernmentwasreformedinthe1970s,toformtwomaintiers(countyanddistrict)inmostofBritain;in1996localgovernmentwasfocusedinasingleadministrativetier,thoughsometwo-tierauthoritieshavebeenretained.utility[ju??t?l?t?]n.公用事業(yè)decline[d??kla?n]v.下降CompletethefollowingpassagebyfillingeachofthemarkedblankswithoneortwocontentwordsusingChineseequivalentsinthebracketsasthereference.Localgovernmentlostmanyofitspowersafterthewar-including___a___（責(zé)任）forhealth,socialsecurityandpublicutilities-andhasprogressively___b___（下降）ininfluencesince.key:a.responsibilityb.declinedParagraph12TheUKhasahighlycentralisedsystemofgovernment,andthepowersoflocalgovernmentareverylimited.Centralgovernmentexercisesconsiderablecontrolsoverlocalaction:theyincludelegalrestraints.LocalauthoritieshavelongbeenforbiddenbylawtodoanythingwhichisnotexpresslypermittedbyParliament;localauthoritieswhichwantedtoundertakeanyspecialinitiativeoutsidetheirexistingpowers('ultravires')hadtopromoteaprivateActofParliament.RecentlybothEnglandandScotlandhaveintroducedageneralpowerforlocalauthoritiestofurtherthewelfareofthepopulation,butthisisanewprovisionandithasnotyetledtoradicalchange.advice-theworkoflocalgovernmentisincreasinglyregimentedbycentralgovernmentinstructions;inspectionandaudit-councillorscanbepersonallyfinedforbreachingauditrules,asituationwhichwouldnotbetoleratedbynationalpoliticians;and?financialcontrols.Despitetheexistenceofa"counciltax",localgovernmenthasverylimiteddiscretioninitsabilitytoraisemoney,anditisnotpermittedtoexceedcentralgovernmentlimits.Loanscannotbetakenwithoutexpresssanction.Centralgovernmentscanmaketheavailabilityofgrantsconditionaloncompliancewiththeirpolicy.restraint[r??stre?nt]n.限制undertake[?nd??te?k]v.承擔(dān)initiative[??n????t?v]n.(重要的)法案radical[?r?d?k(?)l]a.徹底的regiment[?red??m(?)nt]v.嚴(yán)格地管制audit[???d?t]n.審計discretion[d??skre?(?)n]n.處理權(quán)TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.英國政府實行中央集權(quán)制度，地方政府的權(quán)利受到限制。Key：TheUKhasahighlycentralisedsystemofgovernment,andthepowersoflocalgovernmentareverylimited.key:ithasnotyetledtoradicalchangeCompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.RecentlybothEnglandandScotlandhaveintroducedageneralpowerforlocalauthoritiestofurtherthewelfareofthepopulation,butthisisanewprovisionand______(它還沒有帶來徹底的改變).Paragraph13Themainpowerlocalgovernmenthasisoneofconservativeresistance,usuallyintheformofafailuretoputcentralgovernmentpoliciesimmediatelyintoeffect.Politicalscientistsrefertothiskindofinstitutionalobstacleas'vetopoints'.Completethefollowingsentenceswithonefunctionword.Themainpowerlocalgovernmenthasisoneofconservativeresistance,usuallyintheformofafailuretoputcentralgovernmentpoliciesimmediately_____effect.Key:intoCheckYourUnderstandingA.

MatchthefollowingmaingovernmentdepartmentsintheUKwiththecorrespondingresponsibilitiesaccordingtothetext.ParliamentEconomicpolicy;GovernmentfinanceMinistryofJusticeNationalInsurance;SocialAssistance;EmploymentTheTreasuryEducationCabinetOfficeHealthcare;SocialServicesDepartmentforWorkandPensionsLawDepartmentofHealthPublicservicereformHomeOfficePrimarylegislationDepartmentforEducationPublicorderExtendedReadingHowLocalGovernmentCanBecomeMoreTransparentandAccountabletothePublicinanEraofGovernanceFragmentation？ExplainingtheCaseofLocalDevelopmentCorporationsintheStateofNewYorkDeanParker&GinaScutelnicuDeanParkerisanMPACandidateatPaceUniversity.HisresearchexamineslocaldevelopmentcorporationsinthestateofNewYork.GinaScutelnicuisanAssistantProfessoratPaceUniversitywhoseresearchareasarespecial-purposeentitiesandcommunityandeconomicdevelopment.A.Questionsfordiscussion.1.Whatisthepurposeofthecreationoflocaldevelopmentcorporations(LDCs)?

2.Whatarethefeaturesoflocaldevelopmentcorporations(LDCs)?3.WhyareLDCsattractiveinstitutionalchoices?Listthereasonsbriefly.4.Withpublicauthoritystatus,whataretherequirementsofLDCsintermsofaccountabilityissues?5.WhatistheexplanationforthedisclosureissuesforLDCs?B.Preparea10-minutepresentationon“TheBenefitsandChallengesofLocalDevelopmentCorporationsintheStateofNewYork”anddeliveritintheclass.ListeningA.Listentothefirsttwoparagraphsofthenewsaboutapplicationofrobotsinpublicservice,andwriteyouranswersinprovidedspace.RapidadvancesinartificialintelligencearefearedbymanyinEuropeandtheUS,withscientistswarningofmass__________________.ButinSingapore,whererestrictionsonforeignworkershaveleftmany______________strugglingforstaff,servicesectorbusinessesare_______________findingautomatedsolutionstotheirworkforcecrunch.Robotsarecloselyconnectedwithpublicservice.Fromrestaurantstohospitals,_________arebeingrolledoutinagovernment-backedpushtohelpbusinessessurviveatight_________market.LouisTan,chiefoperatingofficerofSingapore’sMountElizabethNovenahospital,said:“Thegovernmentisclampingdownonforeignworkers—thereisdifficultyinhiringevenskilledworkers.Technologyhasturnedouttobeoneofthesolutions.”Robotshavebeenappliedindifferentkindsofpublicservices.unemployment

companies

increasingly

robots

labour

B.Listentotheparagraphthreeandparagraphfourofthenews,andfillintheblanksbelow.Place

FunctionofrobotsInthehospital

IntherestaurantRobotscanmonitorpatients’vitalsignsintheintensivecareunit.Robotscangatherdirtydisheswiththehelpofcustomers.C.Listentothelastthreeparagraphsofthenewsandanswerthefollowingtwoquestions.1.Whatisthedeterrentoftheuseofrobotsinserviceindustry?Howdoesthegovernmentdealwithit?2.Whatistheanalysts’expectationforthetrendofrobotapplicationinserviceindustry?Thedeterrentiscost.Robotsaretooexpensivetobuy.Thegovernmentprovidesthesubsidyandfinancialsupportintherestauranttrial.Analystspredictthattheworldwidemarketforserviceindustryrobotsispoisedtotakeoff,astechnicaladvancesallowrobotstoperformmorecomplextasksandworkinmoreunpredictableenvironments.SpeakingA.ReadtheabstractofthespeechbytheQueenoftheUnitedKingdomin2016belowanddiscusswithyourpartnersbeforeansweringthequestions.MyLordsandMembersoftheHouseofCommons,Mygovernmentwillusetheopportunityofastrengtheningeconomytodeliversecurityforworkingpeople,toincreaselifechancesforthemostdisadvantagedandtostrengthennationaldefences.MyministerswillcontinuetobringthepublicfinancesundercontrolsothatBritainliveswithinitsmeans,andtomovetoahigherwageandlowerwelfareeconomywhereworkisrewarded.Tosupporttheeconomicrecovery,andtocreatejobsandmoreapprenticeships,legislationwillbeintroducedtoensureBritainhastheinfrastructurethatbusinessesneedtogrow.Measureswillbebroughtforwardtocreatetherightforeveryhouseholdtoaccesshighspeedbroadband.LegislationwillbeintroducedtoimproveBritain'scompetitivenessandmaketheUnitedKingdomaworldleaderinthedigitaleconomy.MyministerswillensuretheUnitedKingdomisattheforefrontoftechnologyfornewformsoftransport,includingautonomousandelectricvehicles.Tospreadeconomicprosperity,mygovernmentwillcontinuetosupportthedevelopmentofaNorthernPowerhouse.

InEngland,furtherpowerswillbedevolvedtodirectlyelectedmayors,includingpowersgoverninglocalbusservices.Legislationwillalsoallowlocalauthoritiestoretainbusinessrates,givingthemmorefreedomtoinvestinlocalcommunities.Mygovernmentwillsupportaspirationandpromotehomeownershipthroughitscommitmenttobuildamillionnewhomes.Followinglastweek'sAnti-CorruptionSummitinLondon,legislationwillbeintroducedtotacklecorruption,moneylaunderingandtaxevasion.MygovernmentwillcontinueworktodeliverNHSservicesover7daysoftheweekinEngland.Legislationwillbeintroducedtoensurethatoverseasvisitorspayforthehealthtreatmenttheyreceiveatpublicexpense.Newlegislationwillbeintroducedtotacklesomeofthedeepestsocialproblemsinsociety,andimprovelifechances.ABillwillbeintroducedtoensurethatchildrencanbeadoptedbynewfamilieswithoutdelay,improvingthestandardofsocialworkandopportunitiesforyoungpeopleincareinEngland.Totacklepovertyandthecausesofdeprivation,includingfamilyinstability,addictionanddebt,mygovernmentwillintroducenewindicatorsformeasuringlifechances.Legislationwillbeintroducedtoestablishasoftdrinksindustrylevytohelptacklechildhoodobesity.Measureswillbeintroducedtohelpthelowest-incomefamiliessave,throughanewHelptoSavescheme,andtocreateaLifetimeISAtohelpyoungpeoplesaveforthelong-term.Mygovernmentwillcontinuetoreformpublicservicessotheyhelpthehardest-to-reach.ABillwillbebroughtforwardtolayfoundationsforeducationalexcellenceinallschools,givingeverychildthebeststartinlife.Therewillalsobeafairerbalancebetweenschools,throughtheNationalFundingFormula.Toensurethatmorepeoplehavetheopportunitytofurthertheireducation,legislationwillbeintroducedtosupporttheestablishmentofnewuniversitiesandtopromotechoiceandcompetitionacrossthehighereducationsector.……MembersoftheHouseofCommons:Estimatesforthepublicserviceswillbelaidbeforeyou.MyLordsandMembersoftheHouseofCommons:Othermeasureswillbelaidbeforeyou.IpraythattheblessingofAlmightyGodmayrestuponyourcounsels.Discussion:1.Whatmeasuresareconcernedwithpublicservicesinthespeech?2.WhatmeasureswouldbetakeninEngland?Whatarethepurposesofthesemeasures?B.SurftheInternetandfindsomeinformationaboutpublicserviceinChina.Thendiscussingroupsandpreparea10-minuteoralpresentation.Whilepreparingthepresentation,youneedtonarrowdowntopicareaandfocusonemajorpoint.Writing

總結(jié)報告對于不同組織機構(gòu)來說,總結(jié)報告形式因目的的不同而多種多樣,如調(diào)查報告、商業(yè)報告、產(chǎn)品報告、年度報告、部門工作總結(jié)、個人工作總結(jié)等等。這些總結(jié)報告有的簡短隨意,有的則篇幅較長,比較正式。報告的最終目的是為即將做出的決定或即將采取的行動提供依據(jù)。有些報告只是簡單地記錄某個事件、某次訪問、某些情況以及所采取的相應(yīng)行動。另外一些報告則包括對時間的詳盡解釋和結(jié)論,也許還包含行動建議。撰寫較為詳盡的報告需要進行大量的研究,包括采訪、走訪、問卷和調(diào)研。所得到的信息可以整理成文字、表格或圖表的形式,同時作者需要提供明確的結(jié)論和建議。不同報告因種類和內(nèi)容不同,具體寫作形式也存在差異。總的來說,總結(jié)報告首先要有一個明確的總標(biāo)題,