易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)12閱讀理解推理判斷題

目錄

01易錯(cuò)陷阱（3大陷阱）

02舉一反三

【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒一】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒二】文章出處和讀者對(duì)象易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒三】寫作目的和意圖易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

03易錯(cuò)題通關(guān)

易錯(cuò)陷阱1：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。

【分析】

1.選項(xiàng)中的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類詞意辨析不清；

2.原文中表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的形容詞和副詞詞義；

3.未能從所列舉的例子中理解作者真正表達(dá)的意思；

易錯(cuò)陷阱2：文章出處和讀者對(duì)象易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。

【分析】讀者需要具備一定的生活常識(shí)，對(duì)報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、科普、小說、廣告、說明書、旅游指南等

有基本的了解，才能根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)對(duì)號(hào)入座，選出正確的答案。有時(shí)命題者為了增加試題的難度，特殊

的格式或日期可能不出現(xiàn)，這時(shí)需要根據(jù)文章的題材內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷。

易錯(cuò)陷阱3：寫作目的和意圖易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。

【分析】考生應(yīng)根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測(cè)作者的寫作意圖和寫作手法。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而

是通過文章所提供的事實(shí)，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，

而且要具備對(duì)作者闡述問題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。

【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒一】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

【例1】（2024·山東·一模）Aself-drivingtaxioperatedbyaChinesetechgiantrecentlyhitapasser-by

crossingagainstatrafficlightinWuhan,capitalofHubeiProvince,sparkingheateddiscussionsonthechallenges

andlimitationsfacingautonomousdrivingtechnology,especiallyincomplexcircumstances.

ZhangXiang,anautosectorresearcheratNorthChinaUniversityofTechnology,saidthattheincidentin

Wuhanindicatesthatself-drivingtechnologyhasprogressedsignificantlyoverthepastfewyears,butitstill

encountersdifficultiesunderever-changingroadconditionsandhassomelimitationswhendealingwith

unconventionalbehavior,suchasmotoristsorpassers-byviolatingtrafficrules.Therearestillsomeobstaclesto

integratingtheself-drivingvehiclesintotheexistingroadtrafficsafetymanagementsystem,asthelegal

obligationsofrelevantsubjectsinvolvingautonomousvehicleshavenotbeenclarifiedundercurrentlawsand

regulations.

Meanwhile,thecommercialapplicationofrobotaxisinmorecitiesacrossthecountryhasraisedconcerns

aboutemployment,astaxidriversareworriedaboutlosingtheirjobsduetointensecompetitionfromdriverless

ride-hailingvehicles,industryexpertssaid.Sofar,morethan20citiesnationwidehaveintroducedpolicies

supportingautonomousdrivingtests,withmorethan60enterpriseshavingobtainedself-drivingtestlicenses.

Nevertheless,somebelievethatpeopleonlyprefertoexperiencethisemergingtechnology,andthenumber

ofrobotaxisontheroadisstillfarsmallerthanthoseoftaxis.Itisalsonotedthatthepressureontaxidrivers

mainlycomesfromfiercecompetitionbetweenprivateride-hailingcarsandtraditionaltaxis,andthatthe

autonomousdrivingvehicleswillnothaveaseriousimpactonthejobmarketorreplacehumandriversinthe

shortterm.

Despitethechallenges,thedevelopmentofself-drivingindustrywillstrengthentheintelligent

transformationofautoindustryandspeedtheconstructionofvehicle-roadcoordinationsystems,whichsupport

thetransferofinformationfromvehiclestoroadwaynetworksasawaytoimprovetrafficefficiency.

AccordingtoresearchcompanyBloombergNEF's“ElectricVehicleOutlook”report,Chinawilloperatethe

world'slargestrobotaxifleetofabout12millionself-drivingvehiclesby2040,followedbytheUnitedStateswith

around7millionsuchvehicles.

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsself-drivingindustry?

A．Partial.B．Favorable.C．Skeptical.D．Dismissive.

【變式1】（24-25高三上·河南·階段練習(xí)）Manypeoplearebusyexperimentingwithchatbots,hopinggenerative

artificialintelligence(AI)canimprovetheirdailylives.Scientistsareseveralstepsahead.Asreported,10%or

moreofabstractsforpapersinscientificjournalsnowarewritteninpartbylargelanguagemodels(LLMs).In

fieldssuchascomputerscience,thatfigurerisesto20%.

Scientistsarenotjustdevotedtolaboratoryworkorthinkingbigthoughts.Theyfacegreatdemands,from

writingpapersandteachingtofillingoutendlessgrant(撥款)applications.LLMshelpbyspeedingupthewriting

ofpapers,thusfreeinguptimeforscientiststodevelopnewideasorcheckformistakesintheirwork.

Thetechnologycanalsohelplevelaplaying-fieldthatfavoursnativeEnglishspeakers,becausemany

importantjournalsareintheirtongue.LLMscanhelpthosewhodonotspeakthelanguagewelltranslateandedit

theirtext.Therefore,scientistseverywherecanspreadtheirfindingsmoreeasilyandbejudgedbythebrillianceof

theirideasratherthantheirlanguageskills.

Aswithanytechnology,thereareworries.Sciencereceived10,444submissionslastyear,ofwhich

83%wererejectedbeforepeer(同行)review.SomeofthesemusthavebeenAI-generated．

LLMs’lackofimaginationmayleadtoplagiarism,inwhichtheydirectlycopypastworkbyhumans.

“Hallucinations”thatareobviouslywrongtoexperts,butverybelievabletoeveryoneelse,couldalsomaketheir

wayintothetext.Andmostworryingofall,writingcanbeanessentialpartoftheresearchprocess,byhelping

researchersclarifyandproducetheirownideas.ToomuchrelianceonLLMscouldmakesciencepoorer.

TryingtorestricttheuseofLLMsisnotthewaytodealwiththeseproblems.Peerreviewwillbecome

moreimportant.Payreviewersforthetimetheysacrifice(犧牲)tocheckpapers.Motivateresearcherstodo

repeatedexperimentsbeforewritingapaper.Hiringandpromotioncommitteesatuniversitiesshouldensurethat

scientistsarerewardedbasedonthequalityoftheirworkandthequantityofnewinsightstheygenerate.

What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsLLMs?

A．Doubtful.B．Tolerant.C．Objective.D．Conservative.

【變式2】（2024·廣東·一模）TheRenaissanceofCreativeThoughtisburgeoning,perhapseven

burgeoning.Ifyouattemptedtoabsorballthewisdomavailabletoday,youwouldneedmorethan180million

yearstodoso.Butyouaremistakentoassumethatallthiswisdomwouldstimulateasurgeofinnovationto

matchtheabundanceofknowledge.Indeed,thelasttimewefoundourselvesinaperiodofsignificantinnovation,

pursuingtheideaswiththemostprofoundimpact,wasmorethan120yearsago,inaperiodcalledthe

RenaissanceofInsight.

Innovations,bothgrandandmodest,originatefromanewidea.Often,theseideasemergeasamomentof

insight—theoutcomeofanovelconnectioninourmindsmadebetweenexistingandnewknowledge.Studies

revealinsightsinvolvequietsignalsdeepinthebrain,justunderthesurfaceofawareness.Anythingthataidsusin

noticingquietsignals,suchastakingbreaksbetweenengagements,adoptingessentiallearningapproaches,or

steeringclearofdistractionslikesocialmedia,canenhancethelikelihoodofinsights.However,itisbecoming

increasinglychallengingtofindthosequietsignalswiththeescalatinguseoftechnology,fillingeverymoment

withemergenciesandanendlesssupplyofcontent.

Moreover,wealsoaspiretoelevatethequalityofthem—tobeabletosiftthroughgrandnewideasand

identifytheonesthatholdgenuinevalue,whichcanbedifficulttomeasure.Launchedin2015,theInsightMeter

(洞察力計(jì)量器)permitsustoevaluatethepotencyofourinsightexperiencesonafive-pointscale,whichis

markedbyintenseemotions,motivation,memoryadvantage,aftershocks,andsubsequentideas.TheMeter

consolidatesthesefivevariablesintoasolitaryvalueandenablesustodefinethesignificanceofanewidea.The

level-5insight,involvingtherichestemotion,motivation,andlastingimpact,holdstheutmostsignificance.

Sinceinsightsareoneofthemosteffectivewaystostimulateengagement,innovation,andbehavioral

change,theInsightMeterhasextensiveapplicationsforgaugingandenhancingindividualandorganizational

performance.Moreimportantly,itcanbeemployedtomeasuretheimpactofdifferenttypesofwork

environmentsandlearningapproachesonparticipants’development—bothinthemomentorafterward.

Fororganizationstoreapthebenefitsofanotherageofinsight,itisnotsufficienttoattempttoaccessmore

dataoraugmentthenumberofinsightswegenerate.Instead,itisaboutcreatingspaceforthemostsignificant

ideastoemergefromalltheknowledge.UtilizingthesharedlanguageoftheInsightMeterasameanstomeasure

howimportantideasare,relativetoeachother,willenablesuperiordecision-makingtowardpracticaland

competitiveoutcomes.Andifwearetoenteranewageofinsight,wemustdesignourenvironmentstoallowfor

themostexceptionalinsightpossibletosurface.

Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthecurrentenvironmentforinnovations?

A．Uncertain.B．Optimistic.C．Unconcerned.D．Dissatisfied.

【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒二】文章出處和讀者對(duì)象易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

【例2】（湖南師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2023-2024學(xué)年高三摸底考試）

Doyouhavefrighteningdreamswhilesleeping?Accordingtoanemailinterviewbyclinicalpsychologist

andsleepexpertDr.MichaelBreus,roughly5percentofthegeneralpopulationhasatleastonebaddreamper

week.NightmarestypicallyhappenduringREMsleep,duringthemiddleandlaterpartsofthenight.

Thereisnoexactexplanationfornightmares,butBreussaysit’spossiblethattheyhelpthebrainpractise,

prepareforandevenpredictdifficultordangerousexperiencesinwakinglife.Ofcourse,it’spossiblethat

nightmares,likedreamsingeneral,don’thaveaprimaryfunction—thatthey’reaby-productofotheractivities

inthebody.Butmostsleepscientiststhinkthatdreamsandnightmaresexistforsomepurposes.

Onestudyfoundthemostcommonnightmarewasfalling,followedbydreamsofbeingchased,feelinglost,

andfeelingtrapped.Thenwhydonightmareshappen?

“Certaincircumstancesandcharacteristicsmakesomepeoplemorelikelytohavenightmaresthanothers,”

sayssleepmedicinespecialistDr.BarryKrakow.Hethinkspeoplewho’vebeentraumatized(使受精神創(chuàng)傷)are

certainlyatahigherriskofnightmaresExamplesareofferedofthosewhohavesufferedcriminalattacks,orwho

havebeeninlife-threateningaccidents.Peoplewithsomedegreeofsensitivityintheirbiologicalmake-uparealso

morelikelytohavebaddreams,sothey’remorecommoninpeoplewhosufferfromanxietyordepression,orwho

useexcessdrugsoralcohol.Thetraditionalbeliefoftenhasitthatnightmaresaretheresultofeatingtoomuch

richfoodbeforebedtime,butitisstilluncertainwhetherthisistrue.Onestudyfrom2015didfindalinkbetween

eatingdairyorhotfoodsbeforebedtimeandhavingdisturbingdreams,butthestudyauthorsnotedthatthis

couldn’tbeprovendefinitelybecausethedatawasself-reportedandtherewerealotofotherfactorstoconsider.

However,researchinrecentdecadeshasshownthatpeoplewhosufferfromsleepdisordersarealsomore

likelytohavenightmares.

Fromwhichsectionofawebsiteisthetextprobablytaken?

A．Mentalhealth.

B．Lifeexperiences.

C．Eatinghabits.

D．Popularculture.

【變式1】（江蘇省2024-2025學(xué)年高三名校聯(lián)考檢測(cè)試題）

Twenty-fourtrains,ninecountries,13,500miles.Theyarethenumbersbehindtheheroicroundtripone

mantookfromSouthamptonintheUKtoeasternChina.

RogerTyers,37,usedover$2,500,whichwasalmosttwicemorethanthecostofareturnflight,totravel

totheChineseportcityNingboforacademicresearchinMay,2019.Themanspentamonthonboard15trains

duringthefirstlegofhisroundtrip.Itwastheclimatecrisis,notaloveoftrains,thatdrovethesociologistto

choosethiscomplicatedrouteoverareturnflight.HestoppedflyingwhenUNclimateexpertswarnedthatthe

worldhadlessthan11yearstoavoidterriblelevelsofglobalwarming.Tyerscalculatedthathistrainjourneyto

Chinaproducedalmost90%lessemissionsthanareturnflight.

Tyersisnottheonlypersontoavoidairtravelinresponsetoclimatechange.Thousandsofpeople

worldwidehavepubliclypromisedtostopflying.ActivistMajaRosenlaunchedthe“FlightFree”campaignin

Swedenwiththegoalofencouraging100,000peoplenottoflyforoneyear.Althoughonlyaround14,000people

signedtheonline“#flightfree2019”pledge(保證),Rosen,whostoppedflying12yearsago,saysthatthe

campaignhadmademorepeopleworryabouttheclimatecrisisandawareofharmoftravelbyairandmotivated

themtotrynewwaysoftravelling.

AccordingtoasurveyreleasedinMay2019bySwedishRailways(SJ),37%ofrespondentschosetotravel

bytraininsteadofbyplanewherepossible,comparedto20%atthestartof2018.AnSJspokespersonsaid:“Rail

travelhasbeenaugmentedduetotheworries.”DomesticpassengernumbersinJulyfellby12%comparedtothe

previousyear,accordingtoSwedavia,acompanywhichoperatesSweden’s10busiestAirports.

“Thecollectivepledgehelpsfightthesenseofhopelessnessmanypeoplefeelwhenitcomestotackling

climatechange”,Rosensaid.“Oneoftheproblemsisthatpeoplefeelthere’snopointinwhatyoudoasan

individual.Thecampaignisaboutmakingpeopleawarethatifwedothistogether,wecanactuallybring

changes.”

Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?

A．Travel.

B．Environment.

C．Education.

D．Lifestyle.

【變式2】（江蘇省前黃高級(jí)中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測(cè)）

WheretoShopinLondon

JamesSmith&Sons

Haveyoueverseenanoblemanwithafinewalkingstickorafashionablewomanwithanumbrellathat's

definitelynotoneofthosefive-dollarbargainsfromNewYorkCitystreet?Well；youcouldbethatpersontoo.

ButyouhavetogotoJameSmith&Sons.Theyspecializeinallkindsofhigh-qualitywalkingsticksand

umbrellas.

Harvie&Hudson

UKandItalyaretwoleadingcountrieswhenitcomestoclothingformen.Andyouknowthatit’llcostyou

yourwagesofseveralmonthstobuyasuitofclothesthere.ButHarvie&Hudsonisfairlyaccessible,

especiallyforthekindofqualityyouget.Aworthyalternative!Youcan’tgowrongwithtwosportjacketsfor

around￡200.That'sagooddeal.

Hatchards

HatchardsinPiccadilly,whichopenedin1797,canclaimtobetheoldestbookstoreintheUKwitharound

100,000books,andhasaspecialsectionforsignedfirsteditions,andchildren'sbooks.Beyondthat,itoffers

personalizedbooksubscriptionservicesforaveryreasonablesum—you'lljustneedtopayadditionalpostagefor

shipmenttoAmerica.

TheWhiskyExchange

Forthosewholovewhiskyandbrandy,thisisthebestchoice,sinceifsoneofthecity'simportantliquor

stores.It’spossibletoorderbottlestobeshippedtoAmerica.You'reboundtofindsomethingyou'llneverseeat

home.IfsliketheWillyWonkafactoryforScotchdrinkersandcollectors.

Whoarethetargetreadersofthetext?

A．Thenatives.

B．Britishvisitors.

C．Foreignstudents.

D．Americantravelers.

【變式3】（廣東省東莞實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三下學(xué)期開學(xué)“收心”試題）

SpecialFoodPlacestoTryInSingapore

It’sanunpleasantfactthatlocalfoodplacesareusuallymeanttocatertomeat-eaters.Itcanbedifficulttofinda

tastyfoodplacethatcaterstomeat-freediet.Herearesomeoptionstoshowyoudon’tneedmeatforasatisfactory

treat.

VeganBurg

VeganBurghasasurprisinglydiverserangeofplant-basedburgers.FromHawaiianTeriyakito

Char-GrilledSatay,themenupromisestotempteventhemosthardcoremeatlovers.Andthat’snotevengetting

intotheadd-onsandsidesitoffers,suchasmushroomfriesandbarbecuepotatoes.

WoodsSquareTower,#01-06,Singapore737737

GenesisRestaurant

Thiseateryprovesthatmeat-freedishescanbeasheartyandflavorfulastheirmeat-basedcounterparts.

GenesisRestaurantisespeciallyknownforitsjuicydumplings,springrolls,pork-freenoodlesandtofu

cheesecake.

HavelockRoad,#B1-01,Singapore059763

WellSmoochtCollective

WellSmoochtisacafeanddessertbarwhichspecializesinplant-basedicecream.Madefrombrownrice,

sugarcanejuiceandfruitsornutbutters,Smoocht’sricecream,astheycallit,comesinawidevarietyof

deliciousflavorssuchasEarlGreyLavender,RoseCoconutandGulaMelaka.

SinMingCentre,#01-03,Singapore575628

GreenCommon

Thisone-stopplant-basedeateryandmarketplacehasadeliciousmenuofmouth-wateringmeat-freedishes,

fromJapanesecuisinelikesushiandmisoglazedfillettoWesterndisheslikefishlesstacosandpasta,aswellas

localfavouritessuchasseafoodlaksaandevenbuahkeluakrice.

HarbourFrontWalk,#169-170,Singapore098585

Whoisthepassageintendedfor?

A．Thosewhowanttoloseweight.

B．Thosewhodon’teatmeat.

C．Thosewhocan’tgowithoutmeat.

D．Thosewhopreferhome-madefood.

【易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)提醒三】寫作目的和意圖易混易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)

【例3】（2025屆河北省百師聯(lián)盟高三聯(lián)考）

Areyoulookingforteenvolunteeropportunitiesfor2024thatprovidearewardingexperiencethatwillstay

withyouforlife?EveryyearthousandsofteenschoosetovolunteerabroadwithInternationalVolunteer

HQ(IVHQ)-theworld’smosttrustedproviderofsafeandaffordablevolunteerprogramsforteens.

Servicetripsforteensareavailableinmorethan50destinationsandthereare17teenvolunteerprograms

for16to18year-olds.Someofthebestprogramsin2024includeTurtleConservationinBali,AnimalCarein

CostaRicaandChildcareinTanzania.Or,ifyou’rewantingtovolunteerwithagroupofstudentsfromyourhigh

school,IVHQcantailoraprogramforyourgrouptoo!

Benefitsforvolunteers:

Thereisnodoubtthatvolunteeringasateenagerisameaningfulwaytobroadenyoureducationandadd

experiencesthatwillstandoutonyourcollegeapplication.

Crossingboundariestoworkwithpartnersfromdifferentpartsoftheworldfostersglobalunderstanding.

Livinginacountrydifferenttoyourownmeansthatyouwillbeinvolvedinanewculture,cuisine,and

wayofthinking.

Guaranteedsupport:

ChancesareyourparentswillalsowanttolearnmoreaboutIVHQ,whetherornottheywillgoabroadwith

you.Havingplacedmorethan130,000volunteersabroad,we’realwayshappytospeakwithparentstoensureall

theirquestionsarefielded.Throughouronlinesafetytraining,comprehensiveinformationbrochures,on-going

supportfromexperiencedprogrammanagersandround-the-clocksupportfromourlocalteams,IVHQvolunteers

arewellsupportedtomakethemostofthetimeabroad.

Ifyou’rereadytopackyourbagsandexperienceacompletelydifferentlifestyleandwidenyourglobal

perspective,pleasecontactus.IVHQwillbemorethanhappytoofferaservice.

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto_____.

A．a(chǎn)dvocatevolunteering

B．introducerequirements

C．a(chǎn)dvertiseaservice

D．suggestalifestyle

易錯(cuò)分析：不能從引述話語中理解作者意圖、推斷作者深層含義。

【變式1】（江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江第一中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測(cè)）

Thestreetsandroofsofcitiesallabsorbheat,makingsomeurbanareashotterthanruralones.These“urban

heatislands”canalsodevelopundergroundascityheatspreadsdownward,andsubwaytracksandother

subsurfaceinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)alsoconstantlyradiatewarmthintothesurroundingearth.

AnewstudyofdowntownChicagoshowsundergroundhotspotsmaythreatentheverysamestructuresthat

giveofftheheatinthefirstplace.“Withoutanyonerealizingit,thecityofChicago’sdowntownwasdeforming,”

saysstudyauthorRottaLoria,anenvironmentalengineer.

Humansaren’ttheonlypotentiallyaffected.“Foralotofthingsinthesubsurface,it’skindof‘outofsight,

outofmind’,”saysGrantFerguson,ageologist.Buttheundergroundworldisfullofcreaturesthathaveadapted

tosubsurfaceexistencesuchasinsectsandsnails.Asthetemperaturerisesbecauseofclimatechangeand

undergroundurbandevelopment,scientistsarekeepingeyesonthepotentialimplicationsforunderground

ecosystems.

Butthequestionofhowundergroundhotspotscouldaffectinfrastructurehasgonelargelyunstudied.

Becausematerialsexpandandcontractwithtemperaturechange,Rottasuspectedthatheatcomingfrom

undergroundcouldbecontributingtowearandtearonvariousstructures.Tounderstandhowunderground

temperaturedifferencehasaffectedtheground’sphysicalproperties,heusedacomputermodeltosimulate(模擬)

theundergroundenvironmentfromthe1950stonow—andthento2050.Hefoundthatbythemiddleofthis

century,someareasmayliftupwardbyasmuchas0.50inchorsettlebyasmuchas0.32inch,dependingonthe

soilmakeupoftheareainvolved.Thoughthesemaysoundlikesmalldisplacements,Rottasaystheycouldcause

cracksinthefoundationsofsomebuildings,causingbuildingstofall.

KathrinMenberg,ageoscientistinGermany,saysthesedisplacementpredictionsarefarbeyondher

guessesandcouldbelinkedtothesoft,clay-heavysoils.“Claymaterialisparticularlysensitive,”shesays,“It

wouldbeabigissueinallcitiesworldwidethatarebuiltonsuchmaterial.”

Likeclimatechangeabovethesurface,undergroundchangesoccurgradually.“Theseeffectstookdecades

todevelop,”Fergusonsays,addingthatincreasedundergroundtemperatureswouldlikewisetakealongtimeto

dissipateontheirown.“Wecouldbasicallyturneverythingoff,andit’sgoingtoremainthere,thetemperature

signal,forquiteawhile.”

ButFergusonsaysthiswastedheatenergycouldalsobereused,presentinganopportunitytobothcoolthe

subsurfaceandsaveonenergycosts.Still,thisassumptioncouldfailasabovegroundclimatechangecontinuesto

boostundergroundwarming.Howeverslowly,thisheatwillgatherbeneathourfeet.“It’slikeclimatechange,”

RottaLoriasays.“Maybewedon’tseeitalways,butit’shappening.”

Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?

A．Undergroundclimatechangeisasilentdanger.

B．Humansfailtonoticethedramaticclimatechange.

C．Coolingthesubsurfacehelpscontrolurbanheatrises.

D．Researchingundergroundheathelpssaveonenergycosts.

【變式2】（安徽省合肥第一中學(xué)2024-2025學(xué)年高三學(xué)情檢測(cè)）

Ashopkeeper’ssonbreaksawindow,causingacrowdtogather.Theytelltheshopkeepernottobeangry:

actually,thebrokenwindowisareasontocelebrate,sinceitwillcreateworkfortheglazier(裝玻璃的工人).In

thestory,writtenbya19th-centuryeconomist,thecrowdenvisionstheworkinvolvedinrepairingthewindow,

butnotthatinvolvedineverythingelseonwhichtheshopkeepercouldhavespenthismoney—unseen

possibilitiesthatwouldhavebroughthimgreaterhappiness.

Ifthatwindowweretobebrokenthesedays,peoplemighthaveadifferentreaction,especiallyiftheywere

NIMBYs(NotInMyBackYard)whoopposeanylocalconstructionthataffectstheirqualityoflife.Their

concernmightbewiththe“embodiedcarbon”.Theproductionofapieceofglasswouldcarryasizeablecarbon

cost.Similarly,thebricksandconcreteinabuildingarerelicsofpastemissions.Theyare,thelogicgoes,

embodiedcarbon.

Conservingwhatalreadyexists,ratherthanaddingtothebuildingstock,willavoidincreasingthese

embodiedemissions—orsoNIMBYsoftensuggest.Atitsworst,thisideaisbasedonawarpedlogic.

Greenhousegasesreleasedbytheconstructionofanexistingbuildingwillheattheplanetwhetherthebuildingis

repairedorknockeddown.Theemissionshavebeentakenoutoftheworld’s“carbonbudget”,sotreatingthemas

anewdebitmeansdoublecounting.Therightquestiontoaskiswhetheritisworthusingtheremainingcarbon

budgettorepairabuildingoritisbettertoknockitdown.

Choosingbetweenthesepossibilitiesrequiresthinkingabouttheunseen.Itusedtobesaidthatconstruction

emittedtwotypesofemissions.Besidestheembodiedsort,therewereoperationalonesfromcooling,heatingand

providingelectricitytoresidents.Aroundtheworld,buildingsaccountfor39%ofannualemissions,accordingto

theWorldGreenBuildingCouncil,ofwhich28%comefromoperationalcarbon.

Thesetwotypesofemissionsmightbeenoughforthearchitectsdesigninganindividualbuilding.But

whenitcomestobroaderquestions,economistsoughtalsotoconsiderhowtheplacementofbuildingsaffectsthe

mannerinwhichpeoplework,shopandtravel.Density(密度)lowerstheper-personcostofpublictransport,and

thisreducescaruse.ResearchbyGreenAlliance,apressuregroup,suggeststhatinBritainapolicyof“demolish

(拆除)anddensify”—replacingsemi-detachedhousingnearpublictransportwithblocksofflats—wouldsave

substantialemissions.Withoutsuchdemolition,potentialresidentswouldtypicallyhavetomovetothesuburbs

instead,savingmoneyonrentbutconsumingmoreenergy.

Targetedsubsidies(補(bǔ)貼),especiallyforresearchanddevelopmentintoconstructionmaterials,couldspeed

upthepaceatwhichthebuiltenvironmentdecarbonises.Whatwillneverwork,however,isallowingtheloudest

voicestodecidehowtouselandandignoringthecarbonemissionsoftheirwould-beneighboursoncetheyare

outofsight.

Thefirsttwoparagraphsarewrittento________.

A．exemplifyanoutlookonenergyconservation

B．presentanewwayofrelievingenergycrisis

C．explainpeople’sreactiontoabrokenwindow

D．introduceanargumentoncarbonemission

【變式3】

Researchspanningseveraldecadesdemonstratesthatyouaremorelikelytothinktheinformationthatis

repeatedtobetruethantheinformationyouhearonlyonce.Youusuallyassumethatifpeopleputineffortto

repeatastatement,thisreflectsthetruthofthestatement.Thistendency-alsocalledthetrutheffect-isabias(偏見)

thatcanleadyoutodrawincorrectconclusions.

Towhatdegreearepeopleawareofthetrutheffect?Thisquestionwasaddressedinapaperinthejournal

Cognitionearlythisyear.

Inthecriticalstudyinthispaper,participantsdidtwosessions.Inonesession,theyreadabouta

hypothetical(虛構(gòu)的)studyinwhichtheywereexposedtosomestatementsandthenwereaskedwhetherboth

statementstheyhadheardbeforeaswellasthesenewstatementsweretrue.Theywereaskedtopredictthe

proportion(比例)ofeachstatementthatwouldbejudgedastrue.Theydidthisbothasapredictionofother

people’sperformanceaswellasapredictionofhowtheywoulddointhisstudy.

Atanothersessionafewdayslater,participantsactuallyperformedthisstudy,readingasetof20

statementsinthehypotheticalstudyagainandthenjudgingthetruthofaltogether40statements,halfofwhich

werefromthehypotheticalstudyandtheotherhalfofwhichwerenew.

Thisstudydidreplicatethewellknowntrutheffect.Peopleweremorelikelytojudgestatementstheyhad

seenbeforeastruethanstatementsthatwerenew.Twointerestingfindingsemergedfro