C-ETranslationofPublicSignsinScenicSpotsinNanchangfromthePerspectiveofFunctionalistTranslationTheory功能翻譯理論視角下南昌景區(qū)公示語英譯研究iNo-Smoking!(禁止吸煙)NoPetsAllowed(禁止寵物)MindYourHead(小心碰頭)NoHunting(禁止狩獵)2.3FunctionsofPublicSignsinScenicSpotsTherearethreemajorfunctionsofpublicsignsinscenicspots:togiveintroductionorexplanationofthefeature,historyandconnotationofscenicspots;toprovidebasicinformationandguidingservicetothepublic;tospreadmoreusefulknowledgeandeducatepeoplesothattouristscanachievemoretravelvalues(LvHefa&JiangLu,2011:25).Thesefunctionscanbeclassifiedintofourtypes:guiding,reminding,compellingandrestricting.Thefirstoneisguiding.Itisthebasicfunctionofscenicsigns,whichrepresentstheconsiderateanddetailedinformationservice.Thepurposeistoprovideinformationtotourists,tohelpthemknowtheirsurroundingsbetter,ortoremindtheplacewheretheyare.Forexample:游客中心TouristCenter臨時出口TemporaryExit問詢服務Information存包處CloakroomThesecondoneisreminding.Itonlyinformspeoplesomerelevantinformation,aimingtotelltouriststopayattentiontotheiractionstoavoidtroubles.Thetoneofthiskindofsignsisgentleandsoft,whichsoundscomfortableandeasytobeaccepted.Herearesomeexamples:小心臺階MindTheStep小心地滑Cation:WetFloor系好安全帶FastenSafetyBelt前方彎路慢行BendAhead.SlowDownThethirdoneiscompelling.Scenicsignsofthisfunctionaretocompeltouriststodoornottodosomething,ortakeactions.Thesesignsalwayshaveaforcefultonethathasnopossibilitytomakeacompromise.Lookattheexamplesbelow:禁止垂釣NoFishing禁止觸摸NoTouching嚴禁靠近ApproachingProhibitedThelastoneisrestricting.Scenicsignsofrestrictingaretocontrolpeople’sbehaviorsormotivations.Thetouristsareexpectedtoobeysomeruleswhentheygotoscenicspots.Thesesignsalwaysusethedirect,straight-forwardtonguethattouristsarepleasedtoaccept.Forexample:憑票進入TicketsOnly在此排隊LineHere1.2米以下兒童免票FreeforChildrenunder1.2metersTosumup,scenicsignsbearfourdifferentfunctions.Eachfunctionhasdifferentfeaturesandrolesinrealsituations.Thepurposeofthesescenicsignsistoprovideconvenienceforforeigntourists,andtosetupagoodimageofourcountry,aswellasspreadChinesehistoryandculture.3FunctionalApproachtoTranslationExplained3.1KathariaReissandHerTextTypologyTheoryIn1971,inthebookPossibilitiesandLimitsofTranslationCriticism,Reissdevelopedamodeloftranslationcriticism.Shethinksthatthetargettextshouldbeequivalenttothesourcetextintermsofconceptualcontent,linguisticformandcommunicativefunction.Fromthiswecanseethatshestilltakeequivalenceasherbasis.However,inpractice“sheknewthatreallifepresentssituationswhereequivalenceisnotpossibleandinsomecases,notevendesired”(Nord,2001:9).“Insuchasituation,shethinksthatthefunctionalperspectivetakesprecedenceoverthenormalstandardsofequivalence;thenthetranslationcriticcannolongerrelyonfeaturesderivedfromsource-textanalysisbuthastojudgewhetherthetargettextisfunctionalintermsofthetranslationtext”(Nord,2001:9).Reissfurtherdividestextintothreemaintypes:content-focusedtext,form-focusedtextandappeal-focusedtext.Shegeneralizeshertypologytheoryinthefollowingform(Reiss,2000:26).languagefunctionrepresentationexpressionpersuasionlanguagedimensionlogicestheticdialoguetexttypecontent-focused(informative)form-focused(expressive)appeal-focused(operative)Asaforeignpublicitymaterial,publicsignscanbeclassifiedasboththeinformativeandoperativetexts.Reiss’stypologytheoryissuchvaluableforthetranslationofscenicsigns.Theyareencouragedtoshiftfromthelockingchainsimposedbythesourcetext.Thetranslatorscanhaveabalancewhenselectingappropriatestrategiestocopewithvarioustranslationproblems.3.2HansJ.VermeerandHisSkopostheorieHansJ.Vermeer,thestudentofReiss,furtheredthestudybyproposingSkopostherie.Hestatedthatlinguisticalonewon’thelptranslationpracticebecausetranslatingwasnotonlyalinguisticprocess,sohetriedtobreakwithlinguistictranslationtheoryandconsideredtranslationasatypeoftranslationactionbasedonST.“SkoposisaGreekwordfor‘purpose’;accordingtoSkopostheorie,theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(skopos)oftheoveralltranslationaction”(Nord,2001:27).Skopostheriefirstassumesthattranslationmustbeapurposefulhumanactivity.Thetranslationprocessisdecidedbythepurposes.TherearethreemajorrulesderivedfromSkopostheorie,namelythe“skoposrule",the“coherencerule”andthe“fidelityrule”.Skoposisthecoreofthesethreerules,itisintendedtosolvetheeternaldilemmasbetweenfreeandfaithfultranslation.Coherencerulemeansthatthetargettexthasitsreadabilityandacceptabilityandcanbeunderstoodbytargetreaders.Forfidelityrule,itmeansthatthesourcetextcannotcrossoverthetargettext,andthetargettextmustbeinaccordancewiththesourcetext.SkopostheriebearsonC-Etranslationofscenicsigns.Nordpointedoutthat“atextismademeaningfulbyitsreceiverandforitsreceiver”(Nord,2001:31).Thetargetreaders’reactionshouldbetakenintoprimeaccount.3.3ChristianeNordandHer“FunctionsplusLoyalty”Nord’sconceptof“functionplusloyalty”wasfirstproposedinherbookTextAnalysisinTranslation.Nordindicatesthat“Functionsreferstothefactorsthatmakeatargettextworkintheintendedwayinthetargetsituation;loyaltyreferstotheinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenthetranslator,thesource-textsender,thetarget-textaddressesandtheinitiator”(Nord,2001:126).Thenotionofloyaltynotonlymeansconveyingthecontentandstyleofthesourcetext,butalsoproposingnecessaryadaptiontoachievetheintendedfunctionofthetargettext.ThecombinationoffunctionplusloyaltyfurtherimprovedthetheSkopostherie.Itgivesthetranslatorssomelibertyintheprocessoftranslationtoachievetheintendedfunction.Meanwhileitalsopreventsthemfromgoingfarawayfromtheoriginalauthor’sintention.Moreover,Nordalsoproposesherdocumentaryandinstrumentaltranslation.Thecriterionforjudgingwhetheritisdocumentaryorinstrumentaltranslationisthat“thetargetaudienceissupposedtobeawareornottheyarereadingatranslation”(Nord,2001:50).AccordingtoNord’stheory,translatorsshouldalwayskeepinmindthepriorityoftargettextreaders.Publicsignsshouldbetranslatedaccordingtothespecifictargetfunctions.Howevertranslatorscannotchangethefunctionsoftextsatwill.Anytranslation,regardlessofdifferentspecificpurposes,shouldbebasedonsourcetexts.4AnalysisonC-ETranslationErrorsofPublicSignsinScenicSpotsinNanchangFunctionalismdefinestranslationerrorsinthisway:Ifthepurposeofatranslationistoachieveaparticularfunctionforthetargetaddresses,anythingthatobstructstheachievementofthispurposeisatranslationerror(Nord,2001:74).Meanwhile,Nordarguesthat“translationerrorscanbeclassifiedintofourcategorieswhicharelinguistic,pragmatic,culturalandtext-specifictranslationerrors”(Nord,2001:75).Onthebasisoftheabovedefinitions,thischapterdividesthetranslationerrorsintothreemaintypes,linguistic,pragmaticandculturalerrors.Eachtypeoferrorisstudiedindetailthroughabundantfirst-handmaterials.Thewriteranalyzedthecausesfortheseerrorsandofferedherownsuggestedtranslationversions.4.1LinguisticErrorsLinguistictranslationproblemsarisefromstructuraldifferencesinthevocabularyandsyntaxfeaturesofthesourcelanguageandtargetlanguage(Nord,2001:66).Linguisticerrorsareoftenduetodeficienciesinthetranslator’ssourceortargetlanguagecompetence(Nord,2001:77).Thefollowingpartdwellsonthreepartsoflinguisticerrorsthataremostfrequentlyseeninscenicspots.4.1.1LexicalErrorsLexicalerrorsmainlyincludethreeparts,includingspellingerrors,misuseofcapitalizationandwrongdiction.Theanalysisareasfollows.Thefirstisspellingerrors,whicharemainlycausedbythecarelessnessandnegligenceoftranslatorsandsign-makers,whichwouldleaveanegativeimpressiononreadersandcauseinfusion.PublicsignswithspellingerrorshavefailedtorealizetheexpectedpurposeandwillbedetrimentaltotheimageofNanchang.Herearesomeexamples:“泮溪新村PanXiNewVillage”iswronglywrittenas“BanXiNewVillage”(App1)“八大山人何園涉事遙屬BadaShanren,He-Yuan,Shen-Shi,Yao-Shu”isincorrectlywrittenas“BadaShanren,He-Yuan,She-Shi,Yao-Shu”(BadaShanrenMemorialHall,App2)“褒揚先烈繼往開來CarryonthePastHeritageandOpenuptheFuture”iswronglytranslatedinto“CarryonthePastHeritaeandOpenuptheFuture”(江西革命烈士紀念堂App3)Thesecondtypeoflexicalerroriscapitalization.ThereisnocapitalizationinChinese,butcapitalizationisaninternationalstandardforEnglishpublicsigns.InEnglish,capitallettersareusedinsuchcaseslike:theinitialletterofthefirstwordinasentence;highlightedkeywords;propernames;everyletterofasingle-wordpublicsign.Forexample:繩金塔Shengjintower(ShengjinTower,App4)南昌之星Nanchangstar(NanchangStarFerrisWheel,App5)露營基地Campingbase(MeilingNationalScenicSpot,App6)江西名人雕塑園Jiangxicelebritysculpturepark(BadaShanrenMemorialHall,App7)建筑奇葩藝術瑰寶Wonderfulbuildingandarttreasures(WangshanHousing,App8)Thesephrasesaboveareallpropernames,butallthetargettextshavemadethesamemistakeofinconsistentcapitalization.Thecorrectonesshouldbe“ShengjinTower”,“NanchangStar”,“CompingBase”,“JiangxiCelebritySculpturePark”,“WonderfulBuildingandArtTreasures”.Besidesspellingerrorsandcapitalization,wrongdictionisalsoverycommon.Itmeansinaccuratechoiceofwords.Itmainlyresultsfromthetranslators’incorrectcomprehensionofthesourcetextsorwrongdecisionsinchoosingrightwords.Wrongdictionmayconfusetargetreadersandaffectcomprehension.Italsoviolatestheskoposrules.Forexample:喜慶禮堂TheCeremoniousHall(NanchangAugust1stMemorialHall)Inthisexample,“喜慶禮堂”istranslatedinto“TheCeremoniousHall”,whichisaratherinappropriatetranslation.Accordingtothedictionary,“ceremonious”meansbehavingorperformedinanextremelyformalway.Buthere,inthissituation,“喜慶禮堂”isaplacethatusedtocelebratevariousfestiveeventsoractivities.Sothesuggestedtranslationis“HallforFestivals”.望獅澗LionWangjian(LionPeak,App9)ThistranslationisanintroductionofLionPeakScenicArea,and“望獅澗”isapartofthisarea.However,itiswronglytranslatedinto“LionWangshi”.“望獅澗”literallymeansavalleywherepeoplecanseethesplendidLionPeakfromfaraway.Thegiventranslationdidnottranslatethemeaning,itjustuseapinyin“jian”toreplace“valley”.Foreignerswillnotunderstandwhat“jian”means,thusthetranslationgoesagainstthetargetreader-orientedrule.4.1.2SyntacticErrorsInsyntacticallevel,grammaticalerrorsoccurfrequently,whichresultfromeitherlowproficiencyorpoorresponsibilityoftranslators.Thiskindoferrorsmaydiscounttheeffectivenessofthetargettextandcannotrealizeofthesourcetext’sfunction.您所在的的位置YourHere(Meiling,App10)Thecorrectversionshouldbe“YouAreHere”or“YourLocation”.他們的身軀被筑成了一座座歷史豐碑；他們的英雄業(yè)績，永遠受到人民景仰。仰望這座豐碑，我們倍感勝利成果來之不易，再造輝煌重任在肩。（江西革命烈士紀念堂,App11）Translatedversion:Theirbodybuiltintoahistoricalmonumentandtheirheroicdeedsalwaysrespectedbyus.Thesightofthismonumentremindsussuchahard-wonvictoryandalsomakesusawareofthefactthatwehavethegreattaskofbrilliancetoaccomplish.Suggestedversion:Theirbodieswerebuiltintoahistoricalmonumentandtheirheroicdeedswillalwaysberespectedbyus.Thesightofthismonumentremindsusofsuchahard-wonvictoryandalsomakesusawareofthefactthatwehavethegreattaskofbrilliancetoaccomplish.4.1.3TextualErrorsNordholdstheviewthat“text-specifictranslationerrors,canusuallybeevaluatedfromafunctionalorpragmaticpointofview”(Nord,2001:76).Sometextualerrorsarefoundintheintroductionsofscenicspots,forinstance:南昌市地處長江南岸贛江下游濱臨鄱陽湖。市區(qū)包括東湖、西湖、青云譜、灣里、郊區(qū)五個區(qū)，市轄南昌縣、新建縣、進賢縣、安義縣四縣。總面積7.400平方公里，人口385萬。Translatedversion:WiththelocationoflowerreachesoftheGanjiangriver,thegeographicpositionofsouthernpartoftheYangtzeRiverandborderingonthePoyang,Qingyunpu,WanlidistrictsandJinXian,XinJian,Nanchangcounties.Thetotalareaof7400km,theresidentpopulationof3780thousand.Suggestedversion:Nanchang,situatedatthelowerreachesoftheGanriveronthesouthernbankoftheYangzeRiver,borderingLakePoyang,coversanareaof7,400squarekilometerswithapopulationof3,850,000.ItsurbanareaincludestheEastLake,WestLake,Qingyunpu,WanliandSuburbsDistricts.Besides,thereare4outlyingcounties:Nanchang,Xin-jian.,JinxianandAnyi,directlyundertheNanchangMunicipalGovernment.4.2PragmaticErrorsApragmaticfailurereferstotheinabilitytounderstandthemeaning.Pragmatictranslationerrorsarecausedbyinadequatesolutionstopragmatictranslationproblemssuchasalackofreceiverorientation(Nord,2001:75).PragmatictranslationerrorsgoagainsttheSkopostheorieastheywouldwearawaytheintendedfunctionsandthecommunicativeeffectcannotbeachieved.4.2.1Word-for-wordTranslationWord-for-wordtranslationisincorrecttermsofsentencestructureorgrammar,andevenifitisright,itstillcannottransfertherealinformationoforiginaltext.Insomesituationstranslatorsusethecorrespondingtranslation,resultinginpragmaticfailure.Forexample:中國公民國內(nèi)旅游文明行為公約ChineseCitizenDomesticTravelCivilizedBehaviorConventionThispublicsignisquitetypicalaword-for-wordtranslation.ThetranslatorhastranslatedthepublicsignintoEnglishinamechanicalway.Thesigncouldberevisedas“EtiquetteRulesforChineseTourists”.4.2.2ChinglishJoanPinkhamdefinesChinglishinthisway:“Chinglish,ofcourse,isthatmisshapenorhybridlanguagethatisneitherEnglishnorChinesebutthatmightbedescribedasEnglishwithChinesecharacteristics”(Pinkham,2000:1).Shealsopointsoutthat,tosomeextent,almostnativeChinesespeakers,eventhesemosthighlytrainedandexperiencedEnglishlearnerswillinevitablymakeerrorsinChinglish.Thiskindoferrorsiseasilyfoundinscenicspots,forexample:1)ChineseVersion:游客止步TranslatedVersion:TOURISTSSTOPSuggestedVersion:STAFFONLY2)ChineseVersion:當心落水TranslatedVersion:WarningFallingintoWaterSuggestedVersion:DangerWater4.2.3InconsistencyAccordingtothewriter’sinvestigation,shefoundthatinthesamescenicspot,thereexistinconsistenttranslationsforthesamepublicsign.SomearewritteninEnglishandChinese,whilesomeinChinesepinyin.Inconsistencywillconfusetheforeigntouristsbecausetheyarenotsurewhetheritreferstothesameplaceornot.Translatorsandauthoritiesshouldunifythetranslationversionstomeettourists’demands.Herearesomeinconsistenttranslationexamples:江西名人雕塑園(App12,App7)Jiangxicelebritysculpturepark;JiangxiCelebritySculptureGarden八大山人紀念館(App13,App14,App15)BadaShanrenMemorial;BadaShanrenMemorialHall;BadaShanrenMemorialMuseum墨香街(App16,App17)MoxiangStreet;ChineseInkFragranceStreet南昌漢代?；韬顕脊懦晒?JiangxiProvincialMuseum,App18,App19)TheArchaeologicalExcavationsattheRoyalCemeteryofHaihunhouKingdominHanDynasty;ArchaeologicalFindsoftheMarquisofHaihunStateinHanDynasty4.3CulturalErrorsTranslatingisaninterculturalactivity.ChristianeNordclaimsthat“Translatingmeanscomparingcultures;translatorsinterpretsource-culturephenomenainthelightoftheirculturespecificknowledgeofthatculture”(Nord2001:34).Culturalerrorsarise“duetoaninadequatedecisionwithregardtoreproductionoradaptationofculture-specificconventions”(Nord,2001:75).Inthispart,theculturalerrorsareclassifiedintoharshmoodandpooracceptability.4.3.1HarshToneInChinese,wordslike“嚴禁”,“勿”arefrequentlyseen.Chinesepeopledonotthinkthesesignsoffensive,suchas“嚴禁跨越”,“禁止亂扔垃圾”.WhileinEnglish,publicsignstendtobeexpressedinamildandtenderway.Exceptforsomefixedsignslike“NoSmoking”,“NoLittering”,foreigntouristsareratherusedtoamildsignthanaharshone.Herearetwoexamples:不踩踏綠地Don’ttrampleonthegreenfield.InEnglishpublicsigns,thesentencesseldombeginwith“don’t”becauseofitsstifftone.Englishnativespeakersthinkitalittlerude.Abetterversionis“Keepoffthegrass,please.”殘疾人衛(wèi)生間ToiletforDisabledItisimpolitetouse“disabled”torefertothehandicappedperson.Usinganeutralword“accessible”canavoidthisimpoliteness.Asuggestedversionis“AccessibleToilet”.4.3.2PoorAcceptabilitySincetranslationisakindofcross-culturalcommunication,onlyifwetakereaders’differentcustomsandtraditionsintoconsideration,canweachievethebesteffectoftranslationandfulfillthefunctionsoftargettexts.Foreigntouristsarenotfamiliarwiththeculture-specificexpressionsandassociationsofdifferentlanguages.Iftranslatorsdonotdealwiththemwell,translationacceptabilitywillbereducedandthefunctionoftargettextwillnotbeachievedsuccessfully.繩金塔始建于唐天佑年間，塔高50.86米，明七層暗八層，塔基為八角形，亦為八卦形。其與滕王閣相望，共鎮(zhèn)江越，是人們心中的“風水寶塔”。(ShengjinTower,App4)ShengJintowerwasbuiltintheTangtianyouyears,50.86metershigh,with7brightlayersand8darklayers.Thetowerisoctagonal.ShengJintowerandthePavilionofPrinceTengstandouttoholdthewholecity.Itisalsoaluckytowerinourmind.AncientChinesenamedtheyearsaccordingtotheemperor’sreign.Itisdifferentfromwhatwenametoday.Peoplemayhavenoideaaboutwhatthe“Tangtianyouyears”wasinsolarcalendar.Besides,themeaningof“八卦”ismissedinthetranslatedversion,sothetargetreadersdonotunderstanditsmeaning.Itisnecessarytoaddtheexplanationof“八卦”andtransferthisyearintosolarcalendar.Asuggestedversionis:ShengJinTowerwasbuiltduringthereignofEmperorLiZhu(AD904-907)intheTangDynasty.Itis50.86metershigh,with7brightlayersand8darklayers.Thetowerisoctagon,alsocalledtheshapeof“Bagua”(Bagua,theEightDiagrams,eightcombinationsofthreewholeorbrokenlinesformerlyusedindivination).ShengJinTowerstandouttoholdthewholecity.Itisalsoa“FengShuiPagoda”,whichbringsgoodluckinpeople’smind.5StrategiesforC-ETranslationofPublicSignsinScenicSpots5.1LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationkeepsthecontent,style,andculturalinformationoftheoriginal.Besides,thefigureofspeechormainsentencestructurescouldberemainedaswell.Itiswidelyusedinthetranslationofinformativepublicsigns.Reisspointsoutthat“content-focusedtextrequires...demandsthatthelinguisticformofthetranslationbeadaptedwithoutreservationtotheidiomofthetargetlanguage;inotherwords,theformofthetranslationshouldbeessentiallyorientedtotheusageofthetargetlanguage”(Reiss,2000:30).Thefollowingaretwoexamples:1)滕王建筑群，坐落在南昌市撫河路贛江與撫河故道交匯處，占地4.16公頃，依城臨江，濱鄰南浦，距唐代閣址僅百余米，是一座大型仿宋式古建筑。(TengwangPavilion,App20)ThecomplexofTengwangPavilionislocatedinthejunctionofFuheroadandtheoldcourseofFuheRiver,covering4.16hectares.FacingGanjiangRiverandneighboringthecity,adjacenttoNanpu,TengwangPavilionisagreatbuildingimitatingthearchitecturalstyleoftheSongDynasty,whichisonlyonehundredsmilsawayfromitsoldsiteofTangDynasty.2)“南昌之星”掛有60個轎廂，每個轎廂可載客6-8人，可同時承載480人參觀游覽，旋轉(zhuǎn)一周約需30分鐘。(NanchangStar,App5)NanchangStarferriswheeliscurrentlytheworld’shighestfulltrussferriswheel.NanchangStarhas60cabins,eachofwhichcanhold480visitors.Ittakesabout30minutestorotateonecircle.1)and2)aretypicalliteraltranslation.Informationofthesourcetextsaremaintained.Sentenceordersremainunchangedinthetranslations.Thetargettextsandthesourcetextsaresimilarinstyle.Theyaresimpleandconcise,aimingatprovidingadequateinformationtotargetreaders.Thecorrecttranslationofcontentmustbegiventopriority.Literaltranslationisthebestwaytoreservetheoriginalcontentininformativetexts.5.2LiberalTranslationLiberaltranslationmainlyconveysthemeaning,emotionandspiritoftheoriginaltextwithoutremainingthesentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech.Itisagoodstrategyintranslatingevocativepublicsigns.Reissindicatedthat“appeal-focustextshouldobserve...whethertheversioninthetargetlanguageconveysthesameappealorevokesthesameresultastheauthorexpressedintheoriginaltext”(Reiss,2000:43).Inevocativepublicsigns,thefocusesofChinesereadersandEnglishreadersarequitedifferent.Inthiscase,aliberaltranslationispreferred.Forexample:1)狻猊偷下人間，見望獅澗青竹幽幽，泉瀑凜凜，不禁悠然坐忘(QingniPavilion,App21)SuanNisecretlywentdowntoearth.WhenitsawthebeautifulgreenbamboosandrunningstreamsinWangshiPavilion,itcouldhelptoenjoyandforgottoleave.Literallytranslated,“幽幽”canbe“faint”or“subtle”,and“凜凜”canbe“cold”or“stern”.Thetargettextissupposedtoarousetheinterestoftargetreaders,sothetranslatormakesomechangestothesourcetexttofulfillthefunction.Inthistext,thetwowordsaretranslatedinto“beautiful”and“running”,whichisextremelyreasonable.2)古木疏枝斜影，盤石危如累卵，益增險仄之勢，頗有滄?？菁胖小ｋp鷹休憩于盤石之上，神情靜默凝重，筆墨蒼勁圓秀。借古木、怪石，輔以孤傲的雙鷹，在荒寒寂寥中暗示頑強、蓬勃的生命力。(BadaShanrenMemorialHall,App2)Theagedtreeissparseandtilted,therockisonarazor’sedge.Thereisquiteasenseofaddedangerandafeelingofdullandlonely.Twoeaglesrestontherock,lookingsilentandsolemn.Linesarepowerfulandmellow.Itimpliesthetenaciousandvigorousvitalityinthebleaknessbyusingtheancienttree,thejaggedrockandtwosolitaryeagles.Thesourcetextisanevocativeone,whichusessomerhetoricdeviceslikeantithesisandpersonificationtodescribeBadaShanren’spainting.Itaimsatmakingtargetreadersfeelhisuniquestyleandwonderfulskills.Althoughthetranslationisdifferentfromthesourcetextinsentencepatterns,itrealizethepurposeofconveyinginformationandevokereaders’feelings.5.3AdaptionAdaptation,tosometranslators,isnottranslation.ButNordsuggests“Theadjustmentoradaptationofthesourcetexttotarget-culturestandardsisaprocedurethatispartofthedailyroutineofeveryprofessionaltranslator;Iwouldprefertoincludethefeaturesofadaptationintotheconceptoftranslationinordertomakepeopleunderstandwhattranslationisreallyabout”(Nord,1991:25).Adaptationinthispaperreferstoaddition,omissionandrewriting.Atranslatorwilladdsomeculture-loadedinformationforbetterunderstanding,oromitsomethingthatisunnecessarytorender.Rewritemeanstherearrangementofsentenceorpassageorder.5.3.1Addition1)篳篥(JiangxiProvincialMuseum,App22)BiLi(aCylindricalDoubleReedWindInstrument)2)笙(JiangxiProvincialMuseum,App23)Sheng(aReedPipaWindInstrument)3)清朝選秀女有嚴格規(guī)定，每三年選秀女一次，由戶部主辦，滿、蒙、漢八族官員的女子，年齡在十三歲至十七歲都要送選。(TengwangPavilion,App24)AccordingtotheQingcourtregulations,selectionofxiunvweremadeeverythreeyearstofindconcubinesfortheemperororwivesfoeprinces.Officialsofthe“EightBanners”(militaryadministrativeorganizations)oftheMangchu,MongolianandHannationalitieswereobligedtosendtheirdaughtersbetween13and17ascandidates.Example1)and2)isthetranslationofancientChineseinstruments.Inthetargettexts,theyaretranslatedinChinesePinyin,followswiththeirexplanation.Thetranslatoraddsomeculturalinformationinthetranslation,whichmakestargetreadersunderstandthisinstrumentbetter,andtheymayhavegreatinterestinChineseculture.Inexample3),theauthordoesn’ttellwhat“EightBanners”isinthesourcetext.However,explanationof“EightBanners”shouldbeaddedinthetargettext.Inaddition,“xiunv”isalsoaChinesename,whichmeans“beauty”.Whileinthetargettext,itdoesn’tgiveaexplanation.Becauseforeigntouristsarenotfamiliarwiththesespecificnames,andtheymayhaveconfusionsafterreadingit,thereforeitisnecessarytomaketheaddition.5.3.2Omission1)人民軍隊由小到大、由弱到強，歷盡千辛萬苦，戰(zhàn)勝千難萬險……(NanchangAugust1stMemorialHall,App25)Thepeople’sarmyhasgrownincreasinglystrongerbyovercomingnumerousdifficultiesandunfoldhardships.(App26)2)文獻對其“荒淫無度”的表現(xiàn)有多處記載。(JiangxiProvincialMuseum,App27）Wecanfindmanyrecordsabouthisdissolutionintheliterature.Inthetargettext“由小到大、由弱到強”istranslateditinto“increasinglystronger”,omittingthemeaningofsmallandweak.“荒淫無度”istranslatedas“dissolution”,makingachangeof“l(fā)ascivious”and“noabstention”.“小”,“弱”and“荒淫無度”canmeanbadinEnglish,whichisnottheinformationthatthesourcetextwantstofocuson,anditwouldalsogivetargets’abadimpressionofthepeople’sarmy.Asforsomethingthatisnotgoodinthesourcetext,translatorscanjustleaveitout.Onlythemostimportantinformationshouldbetransferred.5.3.3Rewriting獅子峰景區(qū)位于梅嶺國家級風景名勝區(qū)北部，距南昌市中心35公里，由獅子峰、望獅澗、泮溪湖三大部分組成，景區(qū)規(guī)劃面積7.76平方公里。(MeilingNationalScenicSpot,App9)LionPeakScenicSpotislocatedinthenorthofMeilingNationalScenicSpot,35kilometersfromNanchangCityCenter.ItiscomposedoftheLionPeak,WangshiPavilionandPanxiLake.Theplanningareaofthescenicspotsis7.76squarekilometers.InEnglish,keyinformationisusuallyputatthebeginningofaparagraphorpassage.Here,theconstituentofLionPeakismoreimportant,thenitslocation.Thepassagewouldreadmoreappealingifthispartishighlighted.Sothesentenceordercanberearrangedasfollows:LionPeakScenicSpotiscomposedofthreeparts:theLionPeak,WangshiPavilionandPanxiLake,withaplanningareaof7.76squarekilometers.ItislocatedinthenorthpartofMeilingNationalScenicSpot,35kilometersawayfromNanchangCityCenter.Nomatterw