專題16閱讀理解說明類

I、2024年高考真題

（2024?新高考I卷?C篇）

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,the

skiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.Native

Americanshavetakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourseswisely.

Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafew

decadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl

（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly

cimbitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhouse

theever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat（棲息地）.

In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct（Act）,

anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionof

migratory（遷徙的）waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.Under

thisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchase

andcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesigned

byJ.N."Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoat

thattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectorofthe

BureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensure

thesurvivalofournaturalresources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratory

BirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusion

intotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem-afactthatensuresthislandwill

beprotectedandavailableforal1generationstocome.Since1934,betterthan

halfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5million

acresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalled

oneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.

1.WhatwasacauseoftnewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?

A.Lossofwetlands.B.Popularityofwatersports.

C.Pol1utionofrivers.D.ArrivalofotherwiIdanimals.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"decimate"meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

3.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?

A.Thestamppricehasgonedown.

B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.

C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.

1）.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.

4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TheFederalDuckStampStory

B.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem

C.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl

D.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting

【答案】ACDA

【解析】本文為說明文，講解并描述了美國為了愛護(hù)“水禽”頒布了一項(xiàng)政策，狩獵者須要

購買相關(guān)水禽類郵票，然后政府把售賣所得款撥給候鳥愛護(hù)基金組織。

1.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)題干信息NorthAmerica以及decline定位到第一段:Millicnsof

waterfowlwerekilledat…Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredried…greatly

reducingwaterfowlhabitat.分析可知，數(shù)百萬的水禽被獵人和野心過大的運(yùn)動員給殺害

了。而數(shù)百萬英畝的濕地被開墾以喂養(yǎng)和容納日益增長的人口，而這大大削減了水禽的棲息

地。可知，濕地流失是導(dǎo)致水禽數(shù)量削減的緣由。故選A。

2.詞義揣測題。依據(jù)題干信息firstparagraph定位到第一段:Unfortunately,ittookthe

explorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepart

oftheseresources.依據(jù)Unfortunately（不幸地是）可知，此處與前文“takencare

uf"形成對比，故此處應(yīng)表示〃損害、毀壞〃。原文譯為：不幸地是，這些探險(xiǎn)者和定居

者只花了幾十年的時(shí)間就毀掉了這些資源的很大一部分。故選Co

3.推理推斷題。依據(jù)題干信息in1934定位到其次、三段。分析可知，其次段是在說明在頒

布了這個(gè)法令之后，16歲或者超過16歲以上的水禽捕獵者必需每年購買并攜帶聯(lián)邦鴨票，而

第三段則提及了大約98%的鴨子郵票的錢都是干脆被用于購買愛護(hù)濕地。因此D選項(xiàng)，政府

可以籌集錢，符合題意。故選D。

4.主片大意題。依據(jù)原文分析可知，首先作者先提出了濕地的破壞導(dǎo)致了水禽數(shù)量的r降，

而后政府則通過發(fā)行聯(lián)邦鴨票籌集資金，用于愛護(hù)濕地，是史上最成功的愛護(hù)項(xiàng)目之一。因

此A選項(xiàng)，聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事符合題意。故選A。

（2024?全國甲卷?B篇）

PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding（繁育）programme,haswe1corned

thearrivalofarareblackrhinocalf（犀牛幼崽）.Whenthetinycreature

arrivedonJanuary31.shebecamethe40thblackrhinotobebornatthereserve.

AndofficialsatPortLympneweredelightedwitnthenewarrival,especially

asblackrhinosareknownforbeingdifficulttobreedincaptivity（圈養(yǎng)）.

PaulBeer,headofrhinosectionatPortLympne,said:"Obviouslywe're

allabsolutelydelightedtowelcomeanothercalftoourblackrhinofamily.

She*shealthy,strongandalreadyeagertoplayandexplore.Hermother,Solio,

isafirst-timemumandsheisdoingafantasticjob.It'sstillalittletoo

coldforthemtogooutintotheopen,butassoonastheweatherwarmsup,

Ihavenodoubtthatthe1ittleonewillbeoutandaboutexploringandplaying

everyday.”

Theadorablefemalecalfisthesecondblackrhinobornthisyearatthe

reserve,butitistooearlytotellifthecalveswillmakegoodcandidates

tobereturnedtoprotectedareasofthewild.Thefirstrhinotobebornat

PortLympnearrivedcnJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisimaandweighedabout

32kg.Hismother,grandmotherandgreatgrandmotherwereallbornatthereserve

andstilllivethere.

AccordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund,theglobalblackrhinopopulation

hasdroppedaslowas5500,givingtherhinosa"criticallyendangered^status.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebreedingprogramme?

A.Costly.B.Controversial.C.Ambitious.D.Successful.

2.WhatdoesPaulBeersayaboutthenew-bornrhino?

A.Shelovesstayingwithhermother.

B.Shedislikesoutdooractivities.

C.Sheisingoodcondition.

I）.Sheissensitivetoheat.

3.WhatsimilarexperiencedoSolioandKisimahave?

A.TheyhadtheirfirstborninJanuary.

B.Theyenjoyedexploringnewplaces.

C.Theylivedwiththeirgrandmothers.

D.Theywerebroughttothereserveyoung.

4.WhatcanbeinferredaboutPortLympneReserve?

A.Therhinosectionwi11beopentothepublic.

B.Itaimstocontrolthenumberoftheanimals.

C.ItwillcontinuetoworkwiththeWorldWildlifeFund.

D.Someofitsrhinosmaybesenttotheprotectedwildareas.

【答案】DCAD

【解析】本文是一篇說明乂，主要講解并描述肯特野生動物園慶祝一只可愛的稀有動物黑犀

牛幼崽的到來。

1.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞〃lhebreedingprogramme定位在原文第一段第一句

話PortLympneReserve,whichrunsabreeding（繁育）programme,haswelcomedthe

arrivalofarareblackrhinocalf（犀牛幼崽）.林普恩港愛護(hù)區(qū)（PortLympneReserve）

開展了一項(xiàng)繁殖安排，它迎來了一頭稀有的黑犀牛犢牛的到來。所以，應(yīng)當(dāng)是成功的.牧選D

項(xiàng)。

2.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"PaulBeersay〃定位在其次段他說的話，其中依據(jù)

“Obviouslywe'real1absolutelydelightedtowelcomeanothercalftoourblackrhino

family.She'shealthy,strongandalreadyeagertoplayandexplore.”明顯，我們

都特別興奮地歡迎另一頭小牛來到我們的黑犀牛家庭。她健康，強(qiáng)壯，并且已經(jīng)渴望玩耍和

探究。可知在這個(gè)新生的小犀牛狀況很好。故選C項(xiàng)。

3.推理推斷題。依據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"similarexperience,SolioandKisima”定位在原文其

次段“Hermother,Solio,isafirst-timemumandsheisdoingafantasticjcb.她

的母親，索里奧，是第一次當(dāng)媽媽，她做得很好。"和第三段"Thefirstrhinotobeborn

atPortLympnearrivedonJanuary5tofirst-timemotherKisimaandweighedabout

32kg.1月5日，在林普恩港誕生的第一頭犀牛來到了它的第一位母親基西馬身邊，體重約

32公斤。"可知Solio和Kisima相像點(diǎn)都是第一次當(dāng)媽媽。故選AJ貝。

4.推理推斷題。依據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"PortLympneReserve*定位在原文第一段"PortLympne

Reserve,whichrunsabreeding（繁育）programme”和第三段z，Hismother,grandmother

andgreatgrandmotherwereallbornatthereserveandstilllivethere.他的母親、

祖母和曾祖母都誕生在愛護(hù)區(qū)，至今仍住在那里。"可知林普恩港愛護(hù)區(qū)是負(fù)責(zé)?項(xiàng)繁殖安

排的項(xiàng)目，它的一些扉牛始終住在愛護(hù)區(qū)，所以一些犀?？赡軙凰偷揭吧鷲圩o(hù)區(qū)。故選D

項(xiàng)。

（2024?全國甲卷?D篇）

Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindfor

centuries.

Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius,llisfaceisalmostthe

internationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplore

thenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmore

intelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhite

men,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistory

iswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmission

tothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidethe

club—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledged

andrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girls

arelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender（性別）are“really,

reallysmart.，zEvenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Around

agesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,

reallysmart.*Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecome

discouragedandgivejp?Itdocsn，ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutely

not.

Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworld\vithconstantglobalcommunication,

we*reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthe

morewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors（因素）likegender,

race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,

futuregeniusescomefromthosewithuintelligence,creativity,perseverance

（毅力）,andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.

1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors*standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?

A.They,reunfair.B.They'reconservative.

C.They'r。objective.D.They'r。strict.

2.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?

A.Theythinkthemselvessmart.

B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.

C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.

D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs.

3.Whyaremoiegeniusesknownlothepublic?

A.Improvedglobalcommunication.

IkLessdiscriminationagainstwomen.

C.Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.

D.Changesinpeople*ssocialpositions.

4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlike

B.GeniusTakesManyForms

C.GeniusandIntelligence

I）.GeniusandLuck

【答案】ADAB

【解析】本文是一篇說明叉。主要講解并描述了天才的實(shí)質(zhì)，指責(zé)了天才種族輪和性別輪，

并指M其危害。

1.推理推斷題。依據(jù)題干"victors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub”定位到其

次段It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthe

standardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniuses

outsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywere

unacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.據(jù)說歷史是由成功者書寫的，而這些成功者為天

才俱樂部設(shè)定了準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)俱樂部外的天才一一女性、不同膚色或信仰的人一一做出貢獻(xiàn)

時(shí)，他們得不到認(rèn)可，也會被其他人拒絕），據(jù)此可以推斷出作者認(rèn)為成功者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不公允

的，所以選A項(xiàng)。

2.推理推斷題。依據(jù)題干girlsfromthestudyinScience定位到第三段Astudyrecently

publishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix.girlsarelesslikelythanboys

tosaythatmembersoftheirgender（'性另ij）are"really,reallysmart."Evenworse,

thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoid

activitiessaidtobeforchiIdrenwhoare"really,reallysmart.”《科學(xué)》雜志最

近發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)探討發(fā)覺，在6歲時(shí)，女孩比男孩更不行能說出自己性別的成員，更糟糕的是，

探討發(fā)覺女孩們的行為都是基于這樣的信念：在六歲左右，她們起先避開從事那些所謂“特

別聰慧”的孩子們的活動）。據(jù)此可推知女孩有可能被社會錯(cuò)誤信念所影響，故選D項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)題干"moregeniusesknowntothepublic”定位最終一段Inawired

worldwithconstantglobalcommunication,wcJreallpositionedtoseeflashesof

geniuswherevertheyappear在一個(gè)全球互聯(lián)世界里，我們都能看到天才的出現(xiàn)，無論它

們出現(xiàn)在哪里，可知更多的天才被公眾所知道的緣由在于改善的全球通信，故選A項(xiàng)。

4.主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)（天才的想法相同）文章沒有涉及；C項(xiàng)（天才和智力）只是文章的一個(gè)

細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)不能作為文章的主旨；D項(xiàng)（天才和運(yùn)氣）也只是在文章的最終略微提起，也只是

文章的一個(gè)小細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié).依據(jù)文章的最終一句Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefrom

thosewith^intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力），andsimplegoodfortune,

whoarcabletochangetheworld.M正如一位作家所說,將來的天才來自那些具有”才智、

創(chuàng)建力和毅力”的人和簡潔的好運(yùn)，那些能變更世界的人。縱觀全文可知，天成具有多樣性，

故選B項(xiàng)。

（2024?全國乙卷?B篇）

Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone,whyaremorethanhalfof

Australianhomesstillpayingforalandline（座機(jī)）?

Thesedaysyou,dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheage

of15whodoesn*townamobi1ephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveone

intheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,

anytime.

Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonly

justoveraquarter(29%)relyonlyontheirsmartphones,accordingtoasurvey

OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethat

it'snotreallynecessaryandthey*rekeepingitasasecurityblanket-19

percentsaytheyneveruseitwhi1eafurther13percentkeepitincaseof

emergencies.Ithinkmyhomefcillsintothatcategory.

MorethanhalfofAustralianhomesarestillchoosingtostickwiththeir

homephone.Ageisnaturallyafactor(因素)一only58percentofGeneration

Ysstilluselandlinesnowandthen,comparedto84percentofBabyBoomers

who'veperhapshadrhesamehomenumberfor50years.Ageisn'ttheonly

factor;rdsayit'salsotodowiththemakeupofyourhousehold.

GenerationXerswithyoungfamilies,likenywifeandI,canstillfind

itconvenienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobi1ephonefor

everyfamilymember.Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringour

homephoneareourBabyBoomersparents,tothepointwhereweplayagameand

guesswhoiscallingbeforewepickupthephone(usingCallerIDwouldtake

thefunoutofit).

Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlongunt.i1theygothewaynf

gasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?

1.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones?

A.Theirtargetusers.

B.Theirwidepopularity.

C.Theirmajorfunctions.

I).TheircompIexdesign.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"concede'inparagraph3mean?

A.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.

3.WhatcanwesayaboutBabyBoomers?

A.Theylikesmartphonegames.

B.Theyenjoyguessingcallers'identity.

C.Theykeepusingland!inephones.

D.Theyareattachedtotheirfamily.

4.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthelandlinefromthelastparagraph?

A.Itremainsafamilynecessity.

B.Itwillfalloutofusesomeday.

C.Itmayincreasedailyexpenses.

I）.11isasimportantasthegaslight.

【答案】BACB

【解析】本文是一篇說明文。當(dāng)今世界上幾乎全部人都有手機(jī)，但一半以上澳大利亞家庭仍

舊擁有座機(jī)，本文說明白現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的緣由。

1.主旨大意題。依據(jù)題干信息paragraph2,定位到文章其次段。分析可知，該段主要說明手

機(jī)在澳大利亞的運(yùn)用率特別高，手機(jī)運(yùn)用特別普及。故詵B。

2.詞義揣測題。依據(jù)題干信息concede,定位到第三段Still,55percentofAustralianshave

alandlinephoneathome??,OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealand!ine,athird

concedethatit'snotreallynecessary%分析可知,雖然55%的人的家中都還有座機(jī)，

但他們中的三分之一的人認(rèn)為座機(jī)其實(shí)并不特別必要。由此我們可以推想，這些人在說ifs

notnecessary的時(shí)候是在承認(rèn)這件事。故選A。

3.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)題干信息BabyBoomers,定位到第四段Ageisnaturallyafactor

（因素）一only58percentofGenerationYsstilluselandlinesnowandthen,coirparcd

to84percentofBabyBoomerswho,veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.

分析可知，84%的BabyBoomers仍用座機(jī)，而且他們可能已經(jīng)用同一個(gè)座機(jī)號碼5（）年了。由

此可知,BabyBoomers仍在用座機(jī)。故選知

4.推理推斷題。依據(jù)題干信息lastparagraph,定位到原文最終一段Howlonguntiltheygo

thewayofgasstieellampscindmuiningmiIkdeliveries?。分析可知，煤氣路燈和早

晨送牛奶服務(wù)都離我們現(xiàn)在的生活比較久遠(yuǎn)，它們基本已經(jīng)消逝了。作者發(fā)出疑問：多久以

后座機(jī)會走上煤氣路燈、旦晨送牛奶服務(wù)的老路呢？因此可以推想，座機(jī)有一天也會消逝。

選項(xiàng)B中的falloutofise意為起先不用、慢慢廢棄，符合文意。故選

（2024?全國乙卷?C篇）

You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheocean-between4.8and12.7

milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraw

orcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknow

thatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcing

viewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.

Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiece

called^Strawpocalypse,“apairof1O-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozen

mid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteer

beachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlace

shoppingcenterinlloChiMinhCity,Vietnam.

Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeans

thebiggestsource（夾源）ofplasticpol1ution,tulthey'v。recentlycomeunder

firebecausemostpeopledon'tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheir

smallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat，spartofVon

Wong'sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.

Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwi11takecenturiestodisappear.

Inapiecefrom2024,VonWongwantedtoillustrate（說明）aspecific

statistic:Every60seconds,atruckload*sworthofplasticenterstheocean.

Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,“VonWongandagroupof

volunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentied

togethertolooklikethey'dbeendumped（傾倒）fromatruckal1atonce.

VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreduce

theirplasticfootprint.

1.WhatareVonWong'sartworksintendedfor?

Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.

B.Introducingeco-friendlyproducts.

C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.

D.Reducinggarbageonthebeach.

2.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?

A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.

B.Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.

C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.

D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.

3.Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic"haveonviewers?

A.Calming.B.Disturbing.

C.Refreshing.I）.Chai1enging.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Artists'OpinionsonPlasticSafety

B.MediaInterestinContemporaryArt

C.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompanies

D.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures

【答案】CABD

【解析】本文為說明文。講解并描述了藝術(shù)家BenjaminVonWong用回收到的廢舊吸管創(chuàng)作

藝術(shù)作品“吸管末日”，目的是提示人們警惕所生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)的塑料垃圾，以及提高人們對改

善環(huán)境問題的參加意識。

1.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。由第一段最終?句可■知，該藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作的初衷是督促公眾重新諦視與??

次性塑料制品的關(guān)系“故選配

2.推理推斷題。第三段作者闡述了吸管由于體積小，重錄輕，很難回收。故選A。

3.推理推斷題。依據(jù)首段…forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshipto--及

尾段wi11alsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.…可

知，原文中的VonWong希望讓人們可以重新諦視他們對于塑料制品的處理方式。B選項(xiàng)

Disturbing的意思為“令人擔(dān)心的，引起恐慌的〃，符合文意。故選B。

4.主旨大意題。本文圍繞環(huán)保話題，介紹了位叫本杰明的藝術(shù)家，試圖用塑料垃圾創(chuàng)作哪

塑作品，喚起公眾對塑料垃圾的重視。故選D。

（2024?全國乙卷?D篇）

Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingI

stillthinkaboutoft2n.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction（干擾）inhisopen

office,hesaid,"That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacross

thestreet—soIcanfocus."Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,

coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout（布局）.ButIrecently

cameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.

Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipantsasthey

completedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofour

groupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground,fromtotalsilence

to50decibels（分貝），70decibels,and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetween

mostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipants

inthe70decibelsgroup-thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilarto

backgroundchatterinacoffeeshop—significantlyoutperformedtheother

groups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreative

thinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibels

ofbackgroundnoise.

Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyalso

suggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise-nottooloudandnottotal

silence—mayactuallyimproveone*screativethinkingabi1ity.Therightlevel

ofbackgroundnoisemayinterruptournormalpatternsofthinkingjustenough

toallowourimaginationstowander,withoutmakingitimpossibletofocus.

Thiskindof"distractedfocus“appearstobethebeststateforworkingon

creativetasks.

Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,

inouroffices,wecan*tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers,

conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthat

face-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,and

yetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhile

alsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.

1.Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?

A.Ithelpshimconcentrate.

B.Itblocksoutbackgroundnoise.

C.Ithasapleasantatmosphere.

I).11encouragesface-to-faceinteractions.

2.Whichlevelofbackgroundnoisemaypromotecreativethinkingability?

A.Totalsilence.B.50decibels.

C.70decibels.D.85decibels.

3.Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?

A.Personalprivacyunprotected.

B.Limitedworkingspace.

C.Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.

D.Constantinterruptions.

4.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?

A.He*sanewsreporter.

B.He'sanofficemanager.

C.He,saprofessionaldesigner.

I).He'sapublishedwriter.

【答案】ACDD

【解析】本文是一篇說明文，通過試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析了過分辦公室噪音對于辦公效率的影晌，但

合伙辦公有利于集中留意力，適量的聲音有利于創(chuàng)新思維。

1.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題°由第一段其次句“…soIcanfocus”可知，采訪者喜愛在公用工作場

所辦公，是因?yàn)樗梢约芯?。故選A。

2.細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。由其次段“th。participantsinthe70decibels

group…significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups”可知,在70分貝下采訪者的表

現(xiàn)最優(yōu)，說明該環(huán)境可以改善創(chuàng)建性思維實(shí)力。故選C。

3.推理推斷題。由最終一段其次句〃…can'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawninto

ulher,suunveisaliunswhilewe'reliyingtofocus”可知，開放式辦公環(huán)境中，常常有

其他事情分散人們的留意力。故選D。

4.推理推斷題。由第一段第一句可知，作者在為自己的書接受采訪，可推斷他是作家。故選D。

（2024?浙江卷?C篇）

Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"lell"whetheryoulook

contentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeableto

distinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy.

Researcherstrainedagroupof11clogstodistinguishbetweenimages（圖

像）ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthe

trainingstage,eachdogwasshownonIytheupperhaIforthelowerhalf【）「

theperson*sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguish

betweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson,s

faceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchers

foundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchinga

pictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.

Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredout.howtoappIywhattheylearned

abouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage."Wecan

ruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbusedonasimple

cue,suchasthesightofteeth,“saidstudyanthorCorsinMuller."Instead,

ourresultssuggestthatthesurcessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeans

thesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouth

havingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.”

“Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleast

somedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,MullertoldLive

Science.

Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwith