核心素養(yǎng)測評(30分鐘32.5分)二十一選擇性必修第一冊Unit5WorkingtheLandⅠ.閱讀理解(共8小題;每小題2.5分,滿分20分)A(2025·廣東模擬)Here’saquickquiz.PersonAdoesafavorforyou.PersonBasksyoutodoafavorforhim.Whodoyoutendtolikemore?Surprisingly,theanswerisPersonB.Thisquirk(怪癖)ofhumannatureisknownastheBenFranklinEffect.BenjaminFranklincameacrossthephenomenonin1736whenservingasaclerktothePennsylvaniaAssembly.Apowerfulmemberdidn’tcareforFranklinandthreatenedtomakelifemiserableforhim.Whattodo?Insteadofwinninghimoverwithsweettalk,Franklinaskedifhecouldborrowarareandvaluablebookthemanowned.Thisrequestalteredtheman’sattitudeandpavedthewayfortheirfriendship.Franklin’stakeaway:“Hethathasoncedoneyouakindnesswillbereadytodoyouanother,thanhewhomyouyourselfhaveobliged.”Severalstudieshaveconfirmedthis.ButhowcanweexplntheBenFranklinEffect?Somepsychologistsrefertocognitivedissonance(失調(diào)).It’sdifficulttoholdtwocontradictorythoughtsatthesametime.Itmakesusuncomfortable.Weresolvethistensionbychangingourmind.“Idon’tlikeJoe,butIamdoinghimafavor,”wemightthink.“SomaybeIdolikehim.”Whilecognitivedissonanceexplnsalot,italonedoesn’texplntheBenFranklinEffect.One2015studyfoundthatitwas,rather,theaffiliative(親和的)motivethattherequestsconvey.Thatis,wehumanswanttomntngoodrelationswithotherhumans,andonewaytoachievethisisbydoingfavorsforothers.Thisexplnsalotaboutaltruisticbehavior.Welikebeingusefuland,byextension,welikethosewhogiveustheopportunitytodoso.It’sinourgenes.Yetthereismuchwestilldon’tknowabouttheBenFranklinEffect.Doesitapplyequallyacrosscultures?Isthereapointbeyondwhichaskingafavormakesyouless,notmorelikable?Askingtoborrowabookisonething;askingtoborrowacarisanother.【語篇屬性】語篇類型說明文主題語境人與社會(良好的人際關(guān)系與社會交往)語篇內(nèi)容本文介紹了富蘭克林效應(yīng)語篇結(jié)構(gòu)Para.1IntroductiontoBenFranklinEffectPara.2TheoriginofBenFranklinEffectPara.3StudyandConfirmationofBenFranklinEffectPara.4ExplanationsofBenFranklinEffectPara.5DoubtaboutBenFranklinEffect【命題意圖】1.WhydoestheauthormentionBenjaminFranklin’sexperience?第二段主要通過BenjaminFranklin的經(jīng)歷說明富蘭克林效應(yīng)的起源。本題的命制旨在考查考生對說明文中舉例子作用的把握2.Whatisareasonforpeople’stendencytolikethoseaskingforfavors?第三段主要講述了人們對富蘭克林效應(yīng)的研究和確認,發(fā)現(xiàn)了其中的緣由并稱之為cognitivedissonance。本題主要考查考生對這個緣由的理解3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“altruistic”probablymeaninParagraph4?畫線詞是對上文的解釋,同時在下句中用具體實例對畫線詞進行進一步闡釋。命題者利用上下句之間的邏輯聯(lián)系命制試題,很好地考查了考生對大意群的理解4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheBenFranklinEffect?最后一段體現(xiàn)了作者對富蘭克林效應(yīng)的質(zhì)疑,有些情況下,富蘭克林效應(yīng)可能失效。本題主要考查考生從字里行間揣摩作者觀點態(tài)度的能力1.WhydoestheauthormentionBenjaminFranklin’sexperience?A.Toillustrateadilemmainmakingchoices.B.Tosuggestawayofstrikingupfriendships.C.Tostresstheimportanceofstrategicrequests.D.TointroducetheoriginoftheBenFranklinEffect.【解析】選D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“Surprisingly,theanswerisPersonB.ThisquirkofhumannatureisknownastheBenFranklinEffect.”和第二段內(nèi)容可推斷,作者提到本杰明·富蘭克林的經(jīng)歷是為了介紹富蘭克林效應(yīng)的起源。故選D。2.Whatisareasonforpeople’stendencytolikethoseaskingforfavors?A.Reducingthetensioncausedbysocialcontact.B.Increasingthechanceofgettinghelpinreturn.C.Avoidingthediscomfortfromconflictingthoughts.D.Establishingacooperativecommunityofsharedtrust.【解析】選C。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Somepsychologistsrefertocognitivedissonance.It’sdifficulttoholdtwocontradictorythoughtsatthesametime.Itmakesusuncomfortable.”可知,人們傾向于喜歡尋求幫助的人是因為認知失調(diào),即避免持有矛盾的想法帶來的不適。故選C。3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“altruistic”probablymeaninParagraph4?A.Selfless. B.Impolite.C.Aggressive. D.Responsible.【解析】選A。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前文“One2015studyfoundthatitwas,rather,theaffiliativemotivethattherequestsconvey.Thatis,wehumanswanttomntngoodrelationswithotherhumans,andonewaytoachievethisisbydoingfavorsforothers.”以及下文“Welikebeingusefuland,byextension,welikethosewhogiveustheopportunitytodoso.It’sinourgenes.”可推斷,畫線詞所在句說明人們希望通過幫助他人來保持良好的關(guān)系,這解釋了無私的行為,因此推斷畫線詞與selfless“無私的”意思相近。故選A。4.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheBenFranklinEffect?A.Itmakeslittlesense.B.Itappliestomostcultures.C.Ithassituationallimitations.D.Ithasgreatpracticalsignificance.【解析】選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段內(nèi)容可知,作者認為富蘭克林效應(yīng)有情境限制。故選C?！臼Х制饰觥康?題容易誤選A。因為第一段中提到你可能更喜歡你幫助過的人,而不是幫助過你的人。這是一種“quirkofhumannature”,考生可能把這種怪癖理解成一種dilemma,從而造成誤選。B(2024·湖北武昌檢測)Manyculturesaroundtheworldhaveagrnthatisnotgrownorevenknownoutsideitshomearea.Now,astaplegrnnativetoEthiopia,Teff,isappearingongroceryshelvesinAmerica.TeffhasbeenanimportantpartoftheEthiopiandietforthousandsofyears.Likericeandwheat,itisacerealgrass.Teffisknownforitsfinegrnandusedmnlytomakeflour.Teffflouristhekeyingredientininjera,thelarge,spongypancakesthatmakeupalargeportionoftheEthiopiandiet.TeffwasintroducedtotheUnitedStatesbyamannamedWayneCarlson,wholearnedaboutteffwhiledoingpublichealthworkinAfricainthemid-1970s.“IcametoknowteffbecauseIwaseatingitallthetimeandhostedbytefffarmers,”hesd.Inthelate1970s,CarlsonreturnedtotheU.S.,marriedandsettledinsouthwestIdaho.Thenhecameupwithanideatointroduceteffgrasstohishomestate.“Geologically,itisverysimilartoEthiopia.”WayneandhiswifeElisabetharenotfarmersnordotheywanttobe.SotheyconvincedactualfarmersinIdahotogrowteffoncontractforthem.TheCarlsonsmilleditthemselves.WaynewentthroughtheWashington,D.C.telephonebookandlookedforthenamesthatwereEthiopian.Andthatishowthebusinessslowlygrew.Overtime,theTeffCompanyhasoutgrownfourdifferentmills.RichRosebergisafoodresearcheratOregonStateUniversity.HesaysteffproductionhasexplodedoverthepastdecadeintheU.S.HesaysmostteffgrownintheU.S.isfedtofarmanimals.InIdaho,however,wheretheCarlsonsarebased,Rosebergbelievesmoreoftheteffproductionisforhumanfood.Teffcontnslotsofcalcium,iron,proteinandfiber.RosebergcreditsWayneCarlsonforbeingaheadofhistime.【文章大意】本文是一篇新聞報道。文章詳細地介紹了苔麩這種原產(chǎn)于埃塞俄比亞的谷物如何被引入美國,并在美國市場上逐漸受到歡迎的過程。5.HowdotheEthiopiansmnlyuseteff?A.Byeatingthecerealgrass.B.Byaddingitsgrnintoinjera.C.Bymixingitwithriceandwheat.D.Byusingtheflourmadefromit.【解析】選D。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Teffisknownforitsfinegrnandusedmnlytomakeflour.Teffflouristhekeyingredientininjera,thelarge,spongypancakesthatmakeupalargeportionoftheEthiopiandiet.”可知苔麩以其細粒而聞名,主要用于制作面粉。埃塞俄比亞人主要使用苔麩粉來做食物,尤其是英吉拉,故選D項。6.AccordingtoWayne,whycanteffgrowwellinIdaho?A.IdahoislocatedclosetoEthiopia.B.Teffiseasytosurviveonitsown.C.IdahohasgeographicfeaturessimilartoEthiopia.D.TeffwasoriginallyintroducedtoEthiopiafromIdaho.【解析】選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Inthelate1970s,CarlsonreturnedtotheU.S.,marriedandsettledinsouthwestIdaho.Thenhecameupwithanideatointroduceteffgrasstohishomestate.‘Geologically,itisverysimilartoEthiopia.’”可知,Wayne選擇在Idaho種植苔麩是因為那里的地質(zhì)特征與埃塞俄比亞相似,故選C項。7.WhatcanweinferfromParagraph5?A.WaynesenttefftohisEthiopianfriends.B.Wayne’steffdidnotsellwellatfirst.C.Wayne’steffwassoldonlytoEthiopians.D.WaynelostcontrolofhisTeffCompany.【解析】選B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“WaynewentthroughtheWashington,D.C.telephonebookandlookedforthenamesthatwereEthiopian.Andthatishowthebusinessslowlygrew.Overtime,theTeffCompanyhasoutgrownfourdifferentmills.”可知,Wayne最初通過華盛頓特區(qū)的電話簿尋找埃塞俄比亞人的名字來推銷他的產(chǎn)品,這說明了他最初銷售并不順利。故選B項。8.WhatisRichRoseberg’sattitudetoWayneintroducingteffintoAmerica?A.Favorable. B.Pessimistic.C.Concerned. D.Disapproving.【解析】選A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“RosebergcreditsWayneCarlsonforbeingaheadofhistime.”可知,Roseberg認為Wayne引進苔麩到美國是走在時代前列的,他對Wayne的做法持肯定態(tài)度。故選A項。Ⅱ.七選五(共5小題;每小題2.5分,滿分12.5分)Whileit’ssimpletonamemanyfamousmaleinventors,peoplemightbehard-pressedtonamesomefemaleinventors.9

10Backonafreezingwinter’sdayin1902,MaryAndersonwastravelingbytramthroughNewYorkCity.Snowwasfalling,forcingthedrivertostoprepeatedlyandgetouttoclearit.Eachtimethedooropened,Marysufferedagustofwind.Shehadasuddengoodidea:whynotmakesomekindofarubberblade(刮片)thatcouldbeoperatedfrominsidethevehicle?11

What’smore,thedishwasherdatesbackevenearliertothe19thcenturyandtothedinnerpartiesheldbyaladycalledJosephineCochrane.Asafrequenthostess,shewantedamachinethatcouldwashdishesfasterthanhumans.12Andfinally,shedevelopedwhatwastobecomethefirstcommerciallysuccessfuldishwasher.Interestingly,innovationwasinherblood:hergrandfatherhadinventedthesteamboat.

Lastly,oneofthemostimportantinventionsofthe20thcenturymustsurelybethecomputerprogram.Intoday’sworldofprogramming,menvastlyoutnumberwomen.13GraceHopperiscreditedwithinventingthefirstcompiler(編譯程序)in1952.

A