全國碩士碩士入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試

英語（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

ontheANSWERSHEET.(1()points)

?Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout

1%ofgenes.②Thalis]astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYale

UniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.

?Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31,932uniquesubjectswhich_4

pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.?Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.

?While1%mayseem6.itisnotsotoageneticist.②AsJamesFowler,professorof

medicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says."Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbut

somehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.”

①Thestudy9foundihat(hegenesforsmellweresome.hingsharedinfriendsbutnot

genesforimmunity.②Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.③

10.astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.?There

couldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends

13"functionalkinship5'ofbeingfriendswith14!

?Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving

15thano(hcrgenes.②Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumaievolutionpickedpaceinthe

last30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.

?Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19

backgrounds,sayrheresearchers.②Thoughall(hesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationof

Europeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretaken

fromthesamepopulation.③Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.

I.[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]

when

2.[A]defended[B|concluded[C]withdrawn[DJadvised

3.lAJfor[BJwith[C]by[Ol

on

4.[A]separated[B]sought[C]compared[D]connected

5.(A]tests|B|objects[C]samples|D|

examples

6.[?\]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[BJmiss[C]know[D]

seek

8.[A]surpass[B]influence[CJfavor[D]resemble

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead(D]thus

10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furihcnnore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]aboutIBlto[C]from[D]like

12.[A]limit[B]observe[C]confuse[D]drive

13.[A]accordingto|B]ratherthan(C]regardlessof(D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits(DImissions

15.[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]

earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember(CJexpress[DJunderstand

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributor[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18.[Altendency|B]decision[C]arrangement(D|endeavor

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove(DJtell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B.Cor

D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.(40points)

Text1

①KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep/'②

ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-clcclions

haveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.@So,doesheSpanishcrisissuggestthat

monarchyisseeingitslastdays?④DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropean

royals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?

?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.②Whenpublic

opinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscan

riseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.

①Ilisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs'continuingpopularity

asheadsofstates.@Andso,IheMiddleEastexcepted.Europeisthemostmonarch-infested

regionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityar.dAndorra).③Butunliketheir

absolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallow

voterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanoncontroversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

①Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.?Symbolicofnationalunityas

theyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodies

outdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.③AlatimewhenThomasPikettyandother

economistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itis

bizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocratic

states.

?Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.②

Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).(3)Evcnso,

thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesit

increasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtostriveforsometimetocome,it

istheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

?ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspresenedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherratherordinary

(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.②ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensive

tasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.③Hehasfailedtounderstandthat

monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideasenice—asnon-controversialandnon-

politicalheadsofstate.?CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,not

republicans,whoarcthemonarchy'sworstenemies.

21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain.

[AJusedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

|C)easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly.

[AJowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

|B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupio

|D)duetoIheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats'excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

[D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges.

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofeaf'becauseCharles.

|AJtakesatoughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

JC]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[DIfailstoadapthimselftchisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

|C]Carlos,aLessonforAHEuropeanMonarchs

[D)Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

Text2

(l)JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?②TheSupremeCourtwill

nowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthe

phoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

(DCaliforniahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethat

upsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthe

timeof(heirarrest.②Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewand

rapidlychangingtechnologies.

?ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.?Enoughofthe

implicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,so(hatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdated

guidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

①TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentihatexploringthecontentsofa

smartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,riflingthrougha

suspect'spurse.②Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhenthey

gothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.③Butexploringone's

smartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.?Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee's

readinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecent

correspondence.⑤Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmadethatexploration

somuchtheeasier.

(DAmericansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.②Buikeepingsensitive

informationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.?Citizensstillhavea

righttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibition

onunreasonablesearches.

①Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.②

Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawananttosearchthrough

phonecontents.③TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentpiotectionswhenfacingsevere,

urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarcnot

erasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.?Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfor

policetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

①ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.②New,disruptive

technologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.③OrinKerr,

alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenlury

with(heestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinihc20th:Thejusticeshad

tospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortout

howtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimate(o.

[A]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents

[B]searchforsuspects'mcbilephoneswithoutawarrant

[C]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized

JDlprohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones

27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof.

[A]disapproval

[B]indifference

(C]tolerance

[DJcautiousness

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto.

[A]gettingintoone'sresidence

[B]handlingone'shistoricalrecords

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences

[Djgoingthroughone'swallet

29.InParagraphs5and6,(heauthorshowshisconcern(hat.

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction

[C]citizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected

[DJphonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat.

|A1theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly

(B]newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution

[CJCalifbniia'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution

[DJprinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered

Text3

?ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatislicalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,

editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.②Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromother

journals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarccontributingtothe

irreproducibilityofmanypublis.iedresearchfindings.

①“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspub.ishedinourjournal,“writes

McNuttinaneditorial.②WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,(hejournalhas

appointedsevenexperts(oastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).@Manuscriptwillbe

fkiNeedupforadditionalscnitmybythejounial'sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardof

ReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.④TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternal

statisticiansioreviewthesemanuscripts.

①Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreation

ofthe'statisticsboard'wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsand

dataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibility

intheresearchwepublish.^^

?GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSch(x)lofPublicHealth,isamember

oftheSBoREgroup.②Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”③He

agreedtojoinbecausehe”(bundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,

uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.④Thisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublications

inScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodel

theirapproachafterScience.^

①Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis"a

mostwelcomestepfbrward"and“l(fā)ongoverdue.'*?"Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,

andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.(3)1think(hat,forthemajorityofscientific

papersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,hesays.④Buthenoted

thatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmerican

MedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

?Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsare

alarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.②

Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein,butjounialsshouldalsotakeatougher

line,^engagingreviewerswho￡restatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess”.③

VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticiansl1assomemerit,butaweakness

isthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify'thepapersthatneedscrutiny,inthe

firstplace^^.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthat.

(A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspccr-rcvicwprocess

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects

32.Thephrase“flaggedup''(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto.

[A]found

[D]marked

(C]revised

[DJstored

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay.

(A]poseathreattoallitspeers

|B]meetwithstrongopposition

(C]increaseScience'scirculation

[D|setanexampleforotherjournals

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow.

[A]addsloresearchers'workload

IB]diminishestheroleofreviewers

(C]hasroomforfurtherimprovement

[D]istofailintheforeseeablefuture

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

|B1ProfessionalStaiisliciansDeserveMoreRespect

[C]DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors'Desks

[DJStatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

①Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe"unsettlingdearthof

integrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.?Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa

collectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.

③But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.

①Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceof

purpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemost

dangerousgoalsfbrcapitalismandfrccdom.M②Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewas

woundingcompaniessuchasNewsIntemational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwould

loseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

?Asthehacking(rialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,

AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,

innocentofthesamecharge—thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstand.?Journalistsare

knowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5.500people.?Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,

aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldintobethe

pointpersonforphonehacking.?Othersawaittrial.⑤Thislongstorystillunfolds.

①Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespread

phonehackingbutthetermsor.whichthetrialtookplace.@Oneoftheastonishingrevelations

washowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughtto

askand(hefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.③Thecoreofhersuccessful

defencewasthatsheknewnothing.

①Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenonnalthatwell-padexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.?Perhapsweshouldnotbeso

surprised.@Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthat(hesortingmechanismof

societyshouldbeprofit.④Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholder

value,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.⑤

Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityand

accountability.

?ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,to

befairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.②Itwastoruinlivesin(hequest

forcirculationandimpact.③MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowher

journalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions—norreceived

traceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby.

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

[B]companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices

|C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues

|D|(hcwidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.

聞GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

|B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge

(D|phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions

38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdefence.

[AJrevealedacunningpersonality

[B]centeredontrivialissues

[C]washardlyconvincing

[D]waspartofaconspiracy

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows.

[A]generallydistortedvalues

|B]unfairwealthdistribution

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle

[D]arigidmoralcode

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

[B]Commonhumanityiscentralinnewsreporting.

[C]Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.

[DJJournalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost

suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereareiwoextrachoices,

whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifying

meaningstorindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyour

implicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)Youbeginto

inferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventis

involved:Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere?

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearcwithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshow

comprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbulofactiveengagementininference

andproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspby

presentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)

Conceivedinthisway.comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.

Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanbereadoff

andcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhowearc.(44)

Thisdoesn't,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecause

readersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbut

overlappingreadingsofthesamewordson(hepage—includingfortextsthatengagewith

fundamentalhumanconcerns—debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussion

ofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiven(cx(alsodependstosonicextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.

(45)Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest—asothersintroducedlaterin

thebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactof

reading.Itdoesn'tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedor

moreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactas

usefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereading

componentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagiven

course?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitfbrinformation?Waysofreadingona

trainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B|Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageand

socialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureor

evencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresented

inthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevanilater,youmakeamentalnote

ofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtryloreconstructIhelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,image

orreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Ybumakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,or

aboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatfonnthebasisofapersonalresponsefbrwhichtheauthor

willinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,not

necessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcall

textualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveina

text'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,

socialknowledge,beliefandauitudcthatwebringtothetext.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefallowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atide

ofemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)

Thismovenienl、drivenbypowerfulanddiversemoiivalions,buillanalionoulofawildernessand,

byitsnature,shapedihecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.

(47)TheUniledSlalesisiheDioduclofIwoDrincipalforces—theimniigralionofEuropean

DCODICSwithihcirvariedideas,cusloms,andnalionalcharaclcrislicsand(heimpaciofanew

countrywhichmodifiedtheseiraits.Cfnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.

AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,

Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyetherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothe

newworld.(48)BuitheforceofgeotraphicconditionspeculiarIKAmerica,iheinterplayofihe

variednationalgroupsupononeanother,andihesheerdifficultofmaintainingold-worldwa\$in

araw,newcontinenicausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcely

visible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyin

manyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.

(49)Thcfirs【shiploadsofimmigrantsboundforihe【crrilorywhichisnow【heUnitedStates

crossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-cenlurvexplonitionsof

NorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,the

WestIndies,