文體分類練(四)說明文之研究報(bào)告類Passage1(2025河北張家口二模)主題:人工智能影響購買意愿 詞數(shù):342難度:★★★★☆ 限時(shí):8分鐘AstudypublishedintheJournalofHospitalityMarketing&Managementfoundthatdescribingaproductas“AIpowered”lowersacustomer’sintentiontobuyit.Researcherssampledparticipantsacrossvariousagegroupsandshowedthemthesameproducts—theonlydifferencebetweenthemwasthatonewasdescribedas“hightech”andtheotheras“AIpowered”.“Ineverysinglecase,theintentiontobuyorusetheproductorservicewasgreatlylowerwheneverwementionedAIintheproductdescription,”saidDoganGursoy,oneofthestudy’sauthors.Thestudysaystwokindsoftrustplayapartinconsumers’lessthanrosyperceptionofproductsthatdescribethemselvesas“AIpowered”.Thefirstkind,cognitive(認(rèn)知的error.Soruined.ForwiththehigherstandardthatpeopleholdAItoasamachinetheyexpecttobefreefromhumanerror.So,whenAIdoesslipup,thattrustcanbequicklyruined.Forexample,peoplecriticizedGooglelastyearforprovidingconfusingandevenfalseinformation,pressuringthepanytowalkbacksomeofthefeatures’capabilities.Inaddition,limitedknowledgeandunderstandingabouttheinnerworkingsofAIforceconsumerstofallbackonemotionaltrustandmaketheirownsubjectivejudgmentsaboutthetechnology.“Oneofthereasonsisfearoftheunknown,”Gursoysaid.“BeforeChatGPTwasintroduced,notmanypeoplehadanyideasaboutAI.”AndthewayAIispresentedinpopculture,likeHollywoodsciencefictionfilmswhererobotsappearasvillains(反派主角AI.AnotherggerimpactonshapingpublicperceptiontowardsAI.AnotheristheperceivedriskaroundAI—particularlywithhowithandlesusers’personaldata,accordingtoGursoy.Therefore,Gursoywarnspaniesagainstaddingthe“AI”labelasanappealingwordwithoutdetailsonitscapabilities.“Themostadvisablethingforthemtodoistoeupwiththerightmessaging,”hesaid.“Ratherthansimplyputting‘AIpowered’or‘runbyAI’,tellingpeoplehowthiscanhelpthemwilleaseconsumers’fear.”1.Whatdiscoverywasmadebythestudy?A.ConsumerspreferAIproducts.B.Hightechproductsarelesspopular.C.AIdescribedproductsattractfewercustomers.D.AIlabeledproductssellbetterwithhightechones.2.WhydoescognitivetrustinAIbreakdowneasily?A.AIoftenfailsbasictasks.B.PeoplethinkAIislessefficient.C.AIistooplextounderstand.D.PeopleexpectperfectionfromAI.3.Whataffectsconsumers’emotionaltrustinAI?A.Highserviceprices.B.Limitedproductfunctions.C.Slowtechnologydevelopment.D.InsufficientAIoperationknowledge.4.Whatarepaniesadvisedtodo?A.ExplainthebenefitsofAI.B.KeepawayfromAIusage.C.Detailtheproductionprocess.D.Simplify“AIpowered”labels.Passage2(2025湖北十堰三模)主題:冰川退縮加劇 詞數(shù):364難度:★★★★☆ 限時(shí):8分鐘Anewstudyhasrevealedthealarmingextentglaciershaveshrunkoverthepast40yearsinaglobalwarminghotspotforthefirsttime,andthebiggestretreat(退縮)hasoccurredinrecentyears.shrinking.FindingsytheUniversityofBristol,showsthatthevastmajorityofglaciersacrossSvalbardintheArctichavebeensignificantlyshrinking.Findingsrevealedanarealossofmorethan800km21985.TheglacierboundariesinthisNorwegiangroupofislandssince1985.Thestudyalsofoundthatmorethanhalfofglaciersgothroughseasonalcyclesinglaciercalving(崩解)whenlargeblocksoficebreakawayduetohigheroceanandairtemperatures.CoauthorJonathanBamber,ProfessorofGlaciologyattheUniversityofBristol,said,“Glaciercalvingisapoorlymodelledandunderstoodprocessthatplaysacrucialglacier.Ourhealthoftheglacier.Ourstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintowhatcontrolscalvingandhowitrespondstoclimateforcinginanareaatthefrontlineofglobalwarming.”Dr.LiSvalbard.ThisDr.Li,SeniorResearchAssociateattheUniversity’sGlaciologyCentre,said,“Thescaleofglacierretreatoverthepastfewdecadesisastonishing,withicelossnowaffectingalmosttheentireSvalbard.Thishighlightstheweaknessofglacierstoclimatechange,especiallyinSvalbard,aregionexperiencingrapidwarminguptoseventimesfasterthantheglobalaverage.”UsinganovelAImodel,theresearchteamanalysedmillionsofsatelliteimagescapturingtheendpositionsofglaciersacrosstheentireSvalbard.Thefindingsprovideanunprecedentedlevelofdetailintothescaleandnatureofglacierlossinthisregion.Thebiggestpeakinglacierretreatwasdetectedin2016,whenthecalvingratesweredoubletheaveragebetween2010and2015,inresponsetoextremewarmingevents.“Thiswaslikelycausedbyalargescaleweatherpatterncalledatmosphericblockingthatcaninfluenceatmosphericpressures,”saidDr.Li.“Withtheincreasingfrequencyofatmosphericblockingandongoingregionalwarming,futureretreatofglaciersisexpectedtoaccelerate,resultingingreaterglaciermassloss.ThiswouldchangetheoceancirculationandmarinelifeenvironmentsintheArctic.”5.Whatistheauthor’sintentioninwritingparagraph1?A.Todiscusstheretreatoftheglacier.B.Topresenttheauthor’sopinion.C.Toexplaintheeffectofhotspots.D.Tointroducethestudy’smainfindings.6.Whatisscientists’currentunderstandingofglaciercalving?A.Precise. B.Extensive.C.Limited. Dprehensive.7.WhatdoesDr.Li’sstatementimplyabouttheglaciers?A.Theywillcalveatatopspeed.B.Theymayexperiencefasterretreat.C.Theywillremainatafixedrateofretreat.D.Theymaydecreasebecauseoflittlesnow.8.Whatisthetext?A.Aresearchpaperonglaciercalvingmechanics.B.AnewsreportonglacierretreatinSvalbard.C.Asummaryofaclimatechangeconference.D.Anarticleaboutthehistoryofglaciology.Passage3(2025安徽合肥二模)主題:表達(dá)感激的方式差異 詞數(shù):318難度:★★★★☆ 限時(shí):7分鐘Amongworldlanguages,Englishplacesperhapsthehighestvalueontheexpressionsofthanks,especiallyinformalandbusinesssettings.Soit’slogicalthatEnglishspeakerstendtoconflatetheexpressionofthankfulnesswiththefeelingofthankfulness.Ifsomebodydidn’tsay“thanks”,weoftenthinktheymustnothavebeenverygrateful.Andyet,inEnglish,“thankyou”getsusedsofrequentlythatitcaneasilystarttofeelhabitual.Butdowesayitasmuchaswethinkinourcasualinteractionswithfamilyandfriends?AnewresearchpapertitledUniversalsandCulturalDiversityintheExpressionofThankfulnesssuggeststhatno,wedonot.Theresearchteambehindthepaperlookedforexpressionsofthankfulnessindailyinformalinteractionsacrosseightlanguages:English,Italian,Polish,Russian,Lao,Cha’palaa,Murrinhpatha,andSiwu.Thefindingssuggesttheuniversalwayinwhichthankfulnessisexpressedisnotthroughgivingthanks,butratherthroughparticipationinasocialagreementinwhichmutual(相互的)assistanceandworkingtogetherarethenorm.Infact,thepracticeofgivingthanksseemstohavelittleimpactonthepracticeofmutualexchange.Thepracticeofgivingthanksalsovariesculturally.InIndia,forexample,people—especiallywhentheyareyourelders,relatives,orclosefriends—tendtofeelthatbythankingthem,you’reweakeningyourclosenesswiththemandcreatingformalityanddistancethatshouldn’texist!Incontrast,inEngland,expressingthankfulnessthroughwordsisseenasapositivestrengtheningofrelationships,promotinggoodwillandconnection.NickEnfield,leadresearcherofthestudy,suggeststhatmostofthe6,000to7,000worldlanguagesdon’thaveawordfor“thankyou”.“Whenweconsiderthenegativeeffectsofthankingcloserelationsalongsidethefactthatmanylanguagesarespokeninverysmallmunitieswherespeakersarelikelytoknoweachother,thatclaimstartstofeelquitereasonable.”9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conflate”inparagraph1mean?Apare. B.Replace.C.Figureout. D.Mixup.10.Howdopeopleexpressthankfulnessuniversallyaccordingtothestudy?A.Bysayingthanksdirectly.B.Bymakingsocialagreements.C.Byusingbodylanguage.D.Byhelpingandcooperating.11.HowdoIndiansviewthepracticeofgivingthankstorelatives?A.Itweakenstheirbond.B.Itreducestheirsocialdistance.C.Itenhancestheirconnection.D.Itpromotestheirmutualtrust.12.WhatdoesNickEnfieldimplyinthelastparagraph?A.Manyculturesdonotemphasizethankfulness.B.Thankfulnessmightnotbeexpressedinwords.C.Smallmunitiesprefertothankclosefriends.D.Thenegativeeffectsofthankingshouldbeavoided.

答案：Passage1【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在產(chǎn)品描述中提及人工智能(AI)會(huì)顯著降低消費(fèi)者的購買意愿,并分析了消費(fèi)者對(duì)AI產(chǎn)品信任度較低的原因,以及專家對(duì)企業(yè)的建議。1.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“AstudypublishedintheJournalofHospitalityMarketing&Managementfoundthatdescribingaproductas‘AIpowered’lowersacustomer’sintentiontobuyit.”可知,這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)被描述為人工智能的產(chǎn)品吸引的顧客更少。2.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Thefirstkind,cognitive(認(rèn)知的)trust,hastodowiththehigherstandardthatpeopleholdAItoasamachinetheyexpecttobefreefromhumanerror.So,whenAIdoesslipup,thattrustcanbequicklyruined.”可推知,人們對(duì)人工智能的認(rèn)知信任容易破裂是因?yàn)槿藗儗?duì)人工智能的期望很高。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:本題易錯(cuò)選C項(xiàng)。雖然第四段中提到消費(fèi)者對(duì)AI的內(nèi)部運(yùn)作缺乏了解(“l(fā)imitedknowledgeandunderstandingabouttheinnerworkingsofAI”),但這屬于情感信任(emotionaltrust)的范疇,而非認(rèn)知信任(cognitivetrust)。認(rèn)知信任的崩潰是因?yàn)槿藗儗?duì)AI的完美性期望(“higherstandard...freefromhumanerror”)與實(shí)際錯(cuò)誤之間的矛盾,與“復(fù)雜性”無關(guān)。3.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Inaddition,limitedknowledgeandunderstandingabouttheinnerworkingsofAIforceconsumerstofallbackonemotionaltrustandmaketheirownsubjectivejudgmentsaboutthetechnology.”可知,消費(fèi)者對(duì)人工智能操作知識(shí)的不足影響了他們對(duì)人工智能的情感信任。4.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“tellingpeoplehowthiscanhelpthemwilleaseconsumers’fear”可知,企業(yè)被建議解釋人工智能帶來的好處。提分干貨高頻詞匯1.intentionn.意圖2.ruinvt.毀壞3.confusingadj.令人困惑的 4.falseadj.虛假的5.subjectiveadj.主觀的熟詞生義sample(生)v.對(duì)……作抽樣調(diào)查(熟)n.樣本重點(diǎn)短語1.describe...as...把……描述成……2.forcesbtodosth迫使某人做某事3.warnsbagainstdoingsth警告某人不要做某事eupwith提出,想出難句分析Thefirstkind,cognitive(認(rèn)知的)trust,hastodowiththehigherstandardthatpeopleholdAItoasamachinetheyexpecttobefreefromhumanerror.分析:本句為主從復(fù)合句。thatpeopleholdAIto為that引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾先行詞standard;theyexpecttobefreefromhumanerror為省略關(guān)系詞that/which的定語從句,修飾先行詞machine。譯文:第一種是認(rèn)知信任,源于人們以更高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求AI——作為一種機(jī)器,它理應(yīng)避免人類錯(cuò)誤。Passage2【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。一項(xiàng)新研究揭示了斯瓦爾巴群島的冰川在過去40年里顯著退縮,近年退縮加劇,未來或加速,影響深遠(yuǎn)。5.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Anewstudyhasrevealedthealarmingextentglaciershaveshrunk(縮小)overthepast40yearsinaglobalwarminghotspotforthefirsttime,andthebiggestretreat(退縮)hasoccurredinrecentyears.”可知,第一段主要介紹了這項(xiàng)研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn),即冰川在過去40年縮小的程度以及近年來退縮最為嚴(yán)重。6.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Glaciercalvingisapoorlymodelledandunderstoodprocessthatplaysacrucialroleinthehealthoftheglacier.”可知,科學(xué)家們目前對(duì)冰川崩解的理解是有限的。7.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Withtheincreasingfrequencyofatmosphericblockingandongoingregionalwarming,futureretreatofglaciersisexpectedtoaccelerate,resultingingreaterglaciermassloss.”可知,李博士的話暗示了冰川可能會(huì)經(jīng)歷更快的退縮。8.B推理判斷題。通讀全文可知,文章主要講述了一項(xiàng)由布里斯托大學(xué)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究,揭示了北極地區(qū)斯瓦爾巴群島的冰川在過去40年里的退縮情況,包括退縮的程度、冰川崩解的情況以及未來的趨勢(shì)等。所以B項(xiàng)“AnewsreportonglacierretreatinSvalbard”符合文章內(nèi)容。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)撥:本題易錯(cuò)選A項(xiàng)。雖然文中提到冰川崩解(glaciercalving)及其與氣候的關(guān)系(如第三段),但這只是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的一部分內(nèi)容,而非全文核心。文章主體是報(bào)道斯瓦爾巴群島冰川退縮的整體情況(如面積減少、退縮速度、氣候影響等),并引用多位研究人員的觀點(diǎn),符合新聞報(bào)告(newsreport)的特征。A項(xiàng)過于聚焦局部細(xì)節(jié),忽略了文章的綜合性。提分干貨高頻詞匯1.alarmingadj.令人恐慌的;令人擔(dān)憂的2.extentn.程度3.shrinkv.縮小4.crucialadj.至關(guān)重要的;關(guān)鍵性的5.acceleratevi.加速重點(diǎn)短語1.gothrough經(jīng)歷;遭受2.breakaway脫離3.inresponseto作為對(duì)……的回應(yīng)4.resultin導(dǎo)致難句分析Thestudyalsofoundthatmorethanhalfofglaciersgothroughseasonalcyclesinglaciercalving(崩解)whenlargeblocksoficebreakawayduetohigheroceanandairtemperatures.分析:本句為主從復(fù)合句,that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句,whenlargeblocksoficebreakaway為when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。譯文:該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)大塊的冰由于海洋和空氣溫度升高而崩解時(shí)超過一半的冰川在冰川崩解中經(jīng)歷了季節(jié)性循環(huán)。Passage3【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同文化表達(dá)感激的方式有差異,很多語言甚至無“謝謝”一詞,且普遍靠互助合作表達(dá)感激。9.D詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Soit’slogicalthatEnglishspeakerstendtoconflatetheexpressionofthankfulnesswiththefeelingofthankfulness.”以及下一句“Ifsomebodydidn’tsay‘thanks’,weoftenthinktheymustnothavebeenverygrateful.”可知,英語使用者常把說“謝謝”這種表達(dá)感激的方式和內(nèi)心真正的感激之情弄混了。conflate的意思是“混淆;混為一談