UNIT2

SPORTSANDFITNESSI

prefer

to

play

sports

with

friends

rather

than

exercise

by

myself.我更喜歡和朋友們一起進(jìn)行體育活動(dòng)而不是獨(dú)自鍛煉。prefer

vt.

更喜歡·Whichkindoftransportdoyouprefertouse,busortrain？你更愿意乘坐哪種交通工具，公共汽車還是火車？prefer(doing)sthto(doing)sth比起(做)某事更喜歡(做)某事prefer(sb)todosth更愿意(某人)做某事prefer＋that從句(從句中常用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”)更喜歡/希望……prefertodosthratherthandosth＝woulddosthratherthandosth＝wouldratherdosththandosth寧愿做某事而不愿做某事preferencen.偏愛；偏愛的事物have/showapreferencefor...對(duì)……偏愛prefer本身表示“更喜歡”，不能與比較級(jí)連用。balanced

adj.

均衡的I

think

I

have

a

healthy

and

balanced

diet.我認(rèn)為我的飲食健康且均衡。1.balancen.

平衡onbalance總的來說keepthebalanceofnature保持生態(tài)平衡keep/lose(one’s)balance保持/失去平衡offbalance不平穩(wěn)的，搖擺的2.balancev.

(使)保持平衡；權(quán)衡，比較balance...against權(quán)衡，比較·Lifeislikeridingabicycle.Tokeepbalance,youmustkeepgoingon.

生活就像騎自行車。只有不斷前行才能保持平衡。dietn.日常飲食I

think

I

have

a

healthy

and

balanced

diet.我認(rèn)為我的飲食健康且均衡?！ouneedtodosomeexerciseandkeepabalanceddiet.你需要鍛煉并保持均衡的飲食。beonadiet進(jìn)行規(guī)定飲食，節(jié)食goonadiet節(jié)食，控制飲食ahealthy/balanceddiet健康/均衡的飲食putsbonadiet使某人節(jié)食regularlyadv.

經(jīng)常；定期地I

should

try

to

exercise

regularly,just

like

you.我應(yīng)該努力像你一樣定期鍛煉。·Wemeetregularly,onceamonth.我們定期見面，每月一次。regularadj.

規(guī)則的，有規(guī)律的，定期的onaregularbasis定期地rather

than

而不是I

prefer

to

play

sports

with

friends

rather

than

exercise

by

myself.我更喜歡和朋友們一起進(jìn)行體育運(yùn)動(dòng)而不是獨(dú)自鍛煉?！ary,ratherthanyou,isresponsibleforthework.是瑪麗而不是你應(yīng)該對(duì)這項(xiàng)工作負(fù)責(zé)。1.ratherthan通常用在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，連接相同的句子成分，即ratherthan前后兩部分在成分和形式上應(yīng)當(dāng)一致。2.ratherthan連接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與ratherthan前面的名詞或代詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。3.woulddosthratherthandosth＝wouldratherdosththandosth＝prefertodosthratherthandosth寧愿做某事而不愿做某事·Iwouldratherclimbtothetopofthemountainthanstayhere.

我寧愿爬到山頂也不愿待在這兒。I

prefer

to

play

sports

with

friends

rather

than

exercise

by

myself.

我更喜歡和朋友們一起進(jìn)行體育運(yùn)動(dòng)而不是獨(dú)自鍛煉。prefertodoAratherthandoB是固定搭配，意為“比起做事情B,更喜歡做事情A”?！prefertospendtheweekendathomeratherthangooutside.與到外面去玩比起來，我更喜歡在家里度過周末。Everyone

knew

Paul

had

real

skills,and

was

someone

who

worked

really

hard

and

had

a

strong

desire

to

play

for

the

team.大家都知道保羅有真本事，他真的非常賣力，而且非常想為球隊(duì)效力。desire

n.渴望v.渴望；希望haveadesirefor.../todo...渴望……/渴望做……meet/satisfyone’sdesire滿足某人的愿望haveastrongdesiretodosth/forsth迫切想做某事/得到某物desiretodosth渴望做某事desiresbtodosth希望某人做某事desirethat...希望……(后接從句需用虛擬語氣)·MydaughterisnowinSeniorThree.Shedesiresthatsheshouldbeadmittedtoafamousuniversity.Besides,shehasastrongdesireformajoringinEnglishinuniversity.ButIdesirehertostudymedicineinthefuture.Undergreatpressure,shedesirestohave

apleasantholidayinthecominggoldenweek.

我的女兒現(xiàn)在讀高三了。她渴望考上一所名牌大學(xué)。而且，她非常想在大學(xué)主修英語專業(yè)。但我希望她以后學(xué)醫(yī)。在較大的壓力下，她希望在即將到來的“黃金周”里度過一個(gè)快樂的假期。gathervi.

&

vt.

聚集，聚合The

team

gathered

around,looking

worried.隊(duì)員們聚在一起，看上去都很擔(dān)心。gatherspeed加速gathertogether聚集在一起gatherup收集；整理gatherin聚集·Peoplegatheredtogethertolistentothebroadcastprogrammes.人們聚在一起收聽廣播節(jié)目。crowdn.人群He

made

shot

after

shot,and

the

crowd

couldn’t

stop

clapping

and

cheering.他一次又一次地投中，觀眾們情不自禁地?zé)崃夜恼疲瑲g呼雀躍。thecrowd群眾，民眾acrowdof＝crowdsof許多，大量的·MyfatherwarnedmeagainstgoingtotheWestCoastbecausetherewereacrowdoftourists.我父親警告我不要去西海岸，因?yàn)槟抢镉写罅康挠慰?。crowdedadj.

擁擠的becrowdedwith擠滿了·Theharbourwascrowdedwithvesselsofeverydescription.

港灣里擠滿了各式各樣的輪船。earnvt.

贏得；博得...you’ve

just

earned

your

place

on

the

team,big

guy！……你已經(jīng)為自己贏得了球隊(duì)中的位置，“大個(gè)子”！earnone’sliving謀生earnsbsth使某人得到某事/物·Heusedtoearnhislivingbyfishing.他過去靠打漁為生。earningsn.收入，工資；利潤(rùn)earn/win/get/gain詞語意義earn指經(jīng)過艱苦努力得到(報(bào)酬)，或因成就、行為等得到(應(yīng)得的事物)，意為“賺得”。win指因在戰(zhàn)斗、比賽、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中獲勝而得到，或指因努力或堅(jiān)持而得到。get普通用詞，指不一定需要努力就能“得到”。gain指付出很大努力而“獲得”，所得東西常有一定價(jià)值。如：gain

happiness/experience/a

prize/several

victories等。此外，gain還可以用來指表走得快(反義詞是lose)。Paul

had

to

try

out

many

times

just

for

making

the

team.保羅多次參加選拔，方才入選球隊(duì)。try

out

for

sth

爭(zhēng)取成為；參加……選拔·Allthestudentsintheclasstriedoutforthebasketballmatch.全班學(xué)生都參加了籃球選拔賽。tryon試穿；試用tryfor謀求，爭(zhēng)??；試圖獲得，力爭(zhēng)贏得tryout試用，測(cè)試；參加選拔tryone’sbesttodosth盡某人所能做某事pay

off

取得成功；奏效And

clearly,all

the

extra

hours

that

he’d

spent

practising

alone

paid

off.很明顯，他獨(dú)自進(jìn)行的所有額外訓(xùn)練都得到了回報(bào)?！andrawasdeterminedtobecomeadoctorandherpersistencepaidoff.桑德拉決心成為一名醫(yī)生，并且她的堅(jiān)持取得了成功。paysthoff全部?jī)斶€，償清(債務(wù))paysboff(給工資后)解雇，遣散payback償還(欠款)；報(bào)答，回報(bào)payforsth付某物的錢；為某事物付出代價(jià)paysbforsth因某事物給某人報(bào)酬，為某事物付錢給某人payavisitto參觀；拜訪payattentionto注意，留心·Itwouldtakehimtherestofhislifetopayoffthatloan.那筆貸款他要一輩子才能還清。payoff作“(努力、辛苦)取得好結(jié)果，得到回報(bào)”講時(shí)，為不及物動(dòng)詞短語，在句中用主動(dòng)語態(tài)。keep

up

with

跟上，保持同步The

other

team

just

couldn’t

keep

up

with

his

energy

and

speed.對(duì)方球隊(duì)根本無法跟上他的精力和速度?！anypeoplecannotkeepupwiththedevelopmentoftechnology.許多人跟不上技術(shù)的發(fā)展。keepup保持，維持keepback忍?。浑[瞞keepto(使)遵守/堅(jiān)持；不偏離；忠于keepon繼續(xù)keepoff不接近；避開

which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的整個(gè)句子，對(duì)主句起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，意為“這一點(diǎn)，這件事，這種情況”。which在定語從句中作主語，不能用that替代。·ShehasbeenadmittedtoPekingUniversity,whichmakesherparentsverypleased.她已經(jīng)被北京大學(xué)錄取，這一點(diǎn)讓她父母很滿意。

博格斯身高只有一米六，是NBA歷史上最矮的球員。It’sone’stimetodosth意為“是某人該做某事的時(shí)候了”。·It’syourtimetogotobed.到你睡覺的時(shí)候了。It’syourtimetoshine.

你發(fā)光發(fā)亮的時(shí)刻到了。It’stimeforsth該做某事了It’stimeforsbtodosth某人該做某事了It’s(about/high)timethatsbdid/shoulddosth某人該做某事了(此句中的that從句用虛擬語氣，謂語用一般過去時(shí)或should

do,should不能省略)·It’sabouttimethatwetook/shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.是我們?cè)摬扇〈胧┍Ｗo(hù)環(huán)境的時(shí)候了?！t’stimeforusstudentstostudyhardforthecomingexamination.為了即將到來的考試，是我們學(xué)生努力學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候了。Audiences

are

reminded

to

turn

off

the

phones

or

put

them

on

silence.觀眾們被提醒手機(jī)要關(guān)機(jī)或靜音。remind

vt.

使(某人)想起，提醒remindsbof/aboutsth使某人想起某事remindsbtodosth提醒某人做某事remindsb＋that/what/how從句提醒某人……/使某人想起……remindsbofdoingsth提醒某人已做過某事·Thatstoryremindsmeof/aboutanexperienceIhadlongago.那個(gè)故事使我想起很久以前的一次經(jīng)歷?！alwaysremindmyselfthattimeandtidewaitfornoman.我總是提醒自己歲月不待人。remindern.提醒人的事物prohibitvt.

禁止You’re

prohibited

from

hitting

the

other

person

with

your

head,shoulder

or

arm.禁止用你的頭、肩膀或胳膊撞擊另一個(gè)人。·Hispooreyesightprohibitedhimfrombecomingapilot.他因視力不好而不能當(dāng)飛行員。prohibitsb(from)doingsth禁止(阻止)某人做某事prohibitdoingsth禁止做某事prohibitionn.禁止；禁令“禁止/阻止某人做某事”的其他表達(dá)：discouragesbfromdoingsthbansbfromdoingsthkeepsbfrom(doing)sthforbidsb(from)doingsthpreventsb(from)doingsthstopsb(from)doingsth

quitvi.

&

vt.

停止(做某事)...had

to

quit

the

race

halfway.……不得不中途退賽。quitdoing...停止做……quitoffice/one’sjob離職quitschool輟學(xué)·Theboyquittedschoolandfoundajobtosupporthisfamily.那個(gè)男孩輟學(xué)了，找了份工作養(yǎng)家。occupyvt.

占用，占去(時(shí)間)I

know

you’ve

had

lots

to

occupy

your

time

...我知道你有很多事情占用你的時(shí)間……occupyoneselfwithsth/(in)doingsth忙于(做)某事keepsboccupied使某人忙碌beoccupiedwithsth/(in)doingsth忙于(做)某事·IhavebeensooccupiedwithworkthatIhaven’thadtimeforsocialactivities.我一直忙于工作，以至于沒有時(shí)間去參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)。occupationn.工作，職業(yè)；占領(lǐng)occupiedadj.已占用的；無空閑的in

case

以防萬一The

gloves

and

mouth

guards

also

help,in

case

anything

happens.手套和護(hù)齒也有幫助，以防發(fā)生意外?！twasconsiderateofMichaeltoinformusofhisdelayincasewegotworried.邁克爾真是體貼，他通知我們他會(huì)晚點(diǎn)來以防我們擔(dān)心。incaseof...假如……，在……情況下inanycase無論如何，不管怎樣innocase絕不，在任何情況下都不inthis/thatcase如果是這樣/那樣asisoftenthecase這是常有的事·Asisoftenthecase,firebreaksoutbecauseofcarelessness.

Inthatcase,remembertokeepcalm.

Innocasecanyoujumpfromthetopofahighbuilding,whichisdangerous.Youmaycall119or110incaseofemergencyandtrytotakesomeeffectivemeasuresbeforethearrivalofrescueincaseyougetburnt.由于粗心而引發(fā)火災(zāi)，這是常有的事。在那種情況下，記住要保持鎮(zhèn)靜。絕不能從高樓樓頂上跳下來，這是危險(xiǎn)的。在緊急情況下，你可以撥打119或110，在救援到來之前，盡量采取一些有效措施以防燒傷。

incase&incaseofincase后跟狀語從句時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來，有時(shí)可用“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”。incaseof后跟名詞，不跟從句。ought

to

應(yīng)該，應(yīng)當(dāng)And

I

suppose

I

ought

to

get

a

big

breakfast

before,right？我想跑之前我應(yīng)該吃一頓豐盛的早餐，對(duì)吧？·Yououghtnottohavetoldherthebadnews.你本不該把那個(gè)壞消息告訴她的。oughtto是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，意為“應(yīng)該”，強(qiáng)調(diào)義務(wù)或責(zé)任，比should語氣重。

so/such...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，意為“如此……以至于……”?！sually,it’ssocrowdedthatIcan’tfindanywheretosit.通常，太擁擠了，我根本找不到座位?！twassonoisythatwecouldn’thearourselvesspeak.太吵鬧了，我們連自己說的話都聽不到。

我在第一次賽跑時(shí)是如此缺乏準(zhǔn)備，以至于弄傷了自己，不得不中途退賽。

·Sofastdidherunthatnobodycouldcatchupwithhim.他跑得如此快，以至于沒人能追上他。·Itissuchfineweatherthatweallwanttogotothepark.天氣如此好，以至于我們都想去公園。to

strengthen

one’s

immune

system強(qiáng)化免疫系統(tǒng)strengthen

vi.

&

vt.(使)強(qiáng)健·Byusingtheexercisebikefortenminutesaday,onewouldstrengthenone’sbodyandloseatleasttwokilosaweek.一個(gè)人每天騎十分鐘的健身自行車就會(huì)增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)，一周至少瘦兩公斤。strengthn.力量，力氣；實(shí)力onthestrengthof...憑借……strengthsandweaknesses優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足Thestrengthof...isthat...……的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是……particularn.尤其，特別

adj.

特定的...but

long-distance

running

in

particular

has

a

lot

of

benefits.……但長(zhǎng)跑尤其有很多好處。inparticular特別，尤其beparticularabout...對(duì)……挑剔/講究·Shelovesthesonginparticular,becausehermotherusedtosingit.她特別喜歡那首歌，因?yàn)樗哪赣H過去經(jīng)常唱?！hehasalreadytriedherbest.Pleasedon’tbetooparticularaboutherjob.她已經(jīng)盡力了。請(qǐng)不要過分挑剔她的工作。particularlyadv.

特別，尤其benefitn.好處，益處vt.有益于，有助于，使受益；得益...but

long-distance

running

in

particular

has

a

lot

of

benefits.……但長(zhǎng)跑尤其有很多好處。·Therearecertainlybenefitsofusingastarinafilm.

在電影中使用明星肯定是有益處的。benefitsb/sth對(duì)某人/某物有益benefitfrom/by從……中受益beofbenefitto對(duì)……有益forone’sbenefit＝forthebenefitofsb為了某人的利益·Todaywebenefitfromcountlessinventionsandinnovations.今天我們受益于無數(shù)的創(chuàng)造和創(chuàng)新。beneficialadj.有益的，有利的bebeneficialto...對(duì)……有益equipmentn.

設(shè)備，裝備It

is

a

great

sport

for

beginners—you

do

not

need

a

gym

membership

or

any

special

equipment.對(duì)于新手來說，這是一項(xiàng)相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，因?yàn)槟悴恍枰∩矸康臅?huì)員資格或任何特殊的設(shè)備。apieceofequipment一件設(shè)備·Therearealotofpiecesofequipmentinthegym.健身房里有很多設(shè)備。equipv.

配備，裝備；使有所準(zhǔn)備，使有能力equip...with...用……裝備……equipsbfor(doing)sth使某人為(做)某事而準(zhǔn)備，使某人具備(做)某事的條件·Youreducationwillequipyouforyourfuturelife.你所受到的教育會(huì)使你為未來生活做準(zhǔn)備。preventvt.預(yù)防；阻止，阻擋Running

will

help

you

get

fit

and

prevent

diseases.跑步有助于你保持健康和預(yù)防疾病。·Nothingcanpreventmefromworkinghard.

什么也阻止不了我努力工作。reliefn.

減輕，緩解Even

a

thirty-minute

run

will

provide

relief

from

aches

or

tension

that

you

may

be

suffering

due

to

stress.即使跑步30分鐘，也能緩解你可能因壓力而正感受到的疼痛或緊張?！t’llbeagreatreliefwhenhepassestheexams.如果他通過考試，那將是一件令人欣慰的事情。inrelief如釋重負(fù)toone’srelief＝tothereliefofsb令某人欣慰的是·Totheparents’relief,theirdaughterwasadmittedintoakeyuniversity.讓父母感到欣慰的是，他們的女兒被一所名牌大學(xué)錄取了。1.relievev.

減輕relievesbof...緩解/減輕/解除某人的(痛苦/負(fù)擔(dān)/職務(wù)等)2.relievedadj.寬慰的，寬心的·Drugshelpedtorelievetheoldmanofpain.藥物幫助這位老人減輕疼痛。detailn.細(xì)節(jié)

Details

細(xì)節(jié)·Weneedtodiscussafewdetailsbeforeyoustart.在你開始之前，我們需要討論一些細(xì)節(jié)。indetail詳細(xì)地forfurtherdetails欲知詳細(xì)情況gointodetail(s)

詳細(xì)敘述，逐一說明·Pleaseexplaintheproblemtousindetail.請(qǐng)向我們?cè)敿?xì)地解釋這個(gè)問題。satisfaction

n.

滿足，滿意Nothing

gives

one

more

satisfaction

than

realising

that

...沒有什么比認(rèn)識(shí)到……更令人滿意了。

in/withsatisfaction滿意地toone’ssatisfaction使某人滿意的是·Shelookedatthefinishedpaintingin/withsatisfaction.她滿意地看著那幅已完成的畫。1.satisfyv.

使?jié)M意，使?jié)M足；滿足(需求、需要等)satisfy/meetone’sneeds/demands滿足某人的需要/要求2.satisfiedadj.

(感到)滿意的besatisfiedtodo.../with...對(duì)(做)……感到滿意3.satisfyingadj.

令人滿意的·Iwassatisfiedwithwhathehaddoneforme.＝Whathehaddoneformesatisfiedme.我對(duì)他為我所做的事感到滿意。be

fed

up

with

厭煩的，不滿的，無法再忍受的I’m

a

bit

fed

up

with

getting

sick

all

the

time.我有點(diǎn)受夠了總是生病。feedsb/sthon/with用……喂……feedsthtosb/sth給某人/動(dòng)物喂某物feedonsth(動(dòng)物)以……為食，靠……活feedup養(yǎng)肥befedup吃得過飽；極其厭倦·Usuallywefeedchildrenon/withmilk.That’stosay,weoftenfeedmilktoourchildren.Atlastthismakesthemfedupwithit.我們通常用牛奶來喂養(yǎng)孩子。也就是說，我們經(jīng)常給孩子們喝牛奶。最終這使他們討厭牛奶。be

capable

of

有能力做There

is

also

no

better

way

to

know

yourself

and

to

see

what

you

are

capable

of.

也沒有更好的方法去認(rèn)識(shí)你自己并了解你有什么能力了?！ctually,wearecapableofpreventingthediseasefromspreading.實(shí)際上，我們有能力阻止疾病蔓延。beabletodosth有能力做某事havetheabilitytodosth有能力做某事make

sure

確保Make

sure

you

are

running

the

right

amount

...確保跑步要適度……·First,makesuretheprinterhasenoughpaperinit.

首先要確保打印機(jī)里有足夠的紙張。makesureof確保forsure/certain肯定地besuretodosth一定要做某事，務(wù)必做某事

“aspeopleoftensay”是as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，as作關(guān)系代詞，代替整個(gè)主句，as意為“正如，正像”。as引導(dǎo)的從句位置比較靈活，可以位于主句的前面、中間或后面，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。

正像人們常說的，任何鍛煉都比不鍛煉強(qiáng)……常見的由as引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)：asiswellknown眾所周知asisreported正如報(bào)道所說asisoftenthecase情況常常如此asoftenhappens正如常常發(fā)生的那樣ashasbeensaidbefore如前所述asisexpected正如預(yù)料的那樣·Asiswellknown,Hemingwayisafamouswriter.

眾所周知，海明威是位著名作家。The

audience

was

amazed

at

his

show

of

sportsmanship

and

cheered

and

clapped.觀眾們對(duì)他表現(xiàn)出的體育精神驚嘆不已，并歡呼鼓掌。amazed

adj.

大為驚奇的，驚訝的·IwasamazedatherabundantknowledgeofFrenchliterature.她的法國(guó)文學(xué)知識(shí)之豐富，使我大為驚奇。beamazedat...對(duì)……感到驚異1.

amaze

vt.使驚愕(驚奇)

2.amazingadj.令人驚異的3.amazementn.

驚奇，驚詫

inamazement驚訝地toone’samazement令某人驚訝的是·Toouramazement,thefaceofthecitykeepsonchangingeveryday.令我們大為驚奇的是，這座城市的面貌每天都在發(fā)生變化。responsen.回答，答復(fù)However,Navarro

refused,and

his

response

was：“Offering

me

the

prize

was

worth

more

than

what

I

did

for

him.”然而，納瓦羅拒絕了，他的回復(fù)是：“將這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)給我(這一舉動(dòng))就遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過我為他所做的。”·Theresponsetoourappealwasfantastic.

我們的呼吁引起十分強(qiáng)烈的反應(yīng)。inresponseto作為對(duì)……的答復(fù)/反應(yīng)make(no)responseto...對(duì)……不予/給予回答·Management

have

granted

a

ten

percent

pay

rise

in

response

to

union

pressure.

面對(duì)工會(huì)的壓力，資方以加薪10％應(yīng)對(duì)。respondv.回答；回應(yīng)respondto響應(yīng)；對(duì)……作出反應(yīng)·Thepolicerespondtoemergenciesinjustafewminutes.

緊急事件發(fā)生時(shí)，警察在短短幾分鐘內(nèi)就會(huì)作出反應(yīng)。take

advantage

of

sth

利用某物...Navarro

for

refusing

to

take

advantage

of

Esteban’s

troubles

...

……納瓦羅拒絕利用埃斯特班碰到的麻煩……·Takingadvantageofthenewtechnologies,scannerscanaimatvictimsprecisely.

利用新技術(shù)，掃描儀能夠精確地瞄準(zhǔn)受害者。betoone’sadvantage對(duì)某人有利anadvantageover...比……強(qiáng)，優(yōu)于……advantagesanddisadvantages優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)·It

would

be

to

your

advantage

to

agree

to

his

demands.

答應(yīng)他的要求對(duì)你有利。定語從句在復(fù)合句中，修飾前面的某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，在句中起定語(也就是形容詞)的作用。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：(1)引導(dǎo)定語從句；(2)代替先行詞；(3)在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞是用來指代先行詞是人或物的詞，關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose等。1.that既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中可作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)可省略。Thegirl(that)wesawyesterdayisJim’ssister.(作賓語)昨天我們見到的女孩是吉姆的姐姐。Thewomanthatspoketomeintheshopismyaunt.(作主語)在商店里和我說話的那位女士是我的姨媽。2.which僅指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)可以省略。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.(作主語)中國(guó)是一個(gè)具有悠久歷史的國(guó)家。Thefish(which)weboughtthismorningwasnotfresh.(作賓語)我們今天早晨買的魚不新鮮。3.who僅指人，在定語從句中作主語，在口語中也可作賓語，作賓語時(shí)可省略。Themanwhoistalkinghappilywithmyteacherismyfather.(作主語)正在和我的老師愉快交談的那個(gè)人是我父親。Thegirl(who)Ispoketoisanurse.(作賓語)和我說話的那個(gè)女孩是一位護(hù)士。4.whom僅指人，是who的賓格形式，在定語從句中作賓語，可以省略。Sheisthemanager(whom)youwanttoknow.(作賓語)她是你想認(rèn)識(shí)的那個(gè)經(jīng)理。5.whose指人或物，在定語從句中作定語。Iknowaboywhosefatherisanengineer.(作定語)我認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)男孩，他的父親是位工程師。Shesawafilmwhosenameshehasforgotten.(作定語)她看了一部電影，名字她忘記了。二、關(guān)系代詞that的特殊用法定語從句中關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：1.

先行詞是much,anything,something,nothing,everything,none等不定代詞時(shí)。Allthatglittersisnotgold.閃光的未必都是金子。2.

先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。Thisisthemostinterestingbook(that)hehaseverread.這是他曾經(jīng)讀過的最有趣的書。3.

先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等詞修飾時(shí)。Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.我讀完了你給我的所有書。4.

先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修飾時(shí)。Heistheonlyperson(that)Iwanttotalkto.他是唯一一個(gè)我想與之交談的人。5.

先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。Theytalkedofthingsandpersons(that)theyrememberedintheschool.他們談起了他們回憶起來的學(xué)校里的人和事。三、關(guān)系代詞的省略關(guān)系代詞which,that或who在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略，但作主語時(shí)，這些關(guān)系代詞不可省略。另外，關(guān)系代詞whom在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)，也可以省略。Theexactyear(which/that)AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.

安吉拉和她家人在北京度過的確切年份是2008年。Thegirl(who/that/whom)youmetatthepartywentabroadforfurthereducationlastyear.你在晚會(huì)上遇到的那個(gè)女孩去年出國(guó)深造了。四、定語從句中的主謂一致1.

關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，定語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要根據(jù)先行詞的形式確定。Herearelotsofbooksthatareinteresting.這里有許多有趣的圖書。2.oneof＋限定詞＋名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋定語從句(復(fù)數(shù)謂語)；theonlyoneof＋限定詞＋名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋定語從句(單數(shù)謂語)。Heisoneofthestudentswhowerechosentoattendthesummercamp.他是被選中去參加夏令營(yíng)的學(xué)生之一。HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhowasadmittedtoPekingUniversityinhisschool.在他們學(xué)校，他是唯一被北大錄取的學(xué)生。2017年版《普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》首次提出“學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)”。英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)由語言能力、文化意識(shí)、思維品質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)能力構(gòu)成。因此，以后的英語考試將更加堅(jiān)持能力立意，突出核心素養(yǎng)的考查。下面文段就是圍繞“文化意識(shí)”這一學(xué)科素養(yǎng)展開的，旨在提高學(xué)生分析和解決問題的能力。主題：人與社會(huì)學(xué)科素養(yǎng)：文化意識(shí)難度系數(shù)：★★★★

Bossaball

is

a

sports

game

that

started

in

Spain

in

2004.

Taking

its

name

from

the

bossa

nova,a

style

of

Brazilian

popular

music,it

is

a

great

ball

game

played

between

two

teams

of

three

to

five

people,and

is

played

on

an

inflatable

court

with

built-in

trampolines

on

both

of

its

sides.The

sport

is

a

combinati