2025年海船船員適任理論考試(輪機(jī)英語)歷年參考題庫含答案一、船舶主推進(jìn)裝置（MarineMainPropulsionPlant）1.單選題Themainreasonwhyalargetwostrokecrossheaddieselengineisfittedwithanexhaustvalverotateisto______.A.reducethethermalloadonthevalvespindleB.improvethescavengingefficiencyC.balancetheinertiaforcesoftherotatingpartsD.preventthevalvespindlefromstickingintheguide答案：D解析：排氣閥旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)（valverotation）通過緩慢轉(zhuǎn)動閥桿，使閥盤溫度場均勻，防止閥桿在高溫下因積碳或熱變形而卡死在導(dǎo)管中。2.單選題InacamshaftlesselectronicallycontrolledMEengine,thefuelinjectiontimingisdeterminedby______.A.thecrankanglesensorandtheenginecontrolunitB.thegovernordroopsettingC.thefuelpumpleadD.theexhaustvalveopeningpressure答案：A解析：ME機(jī)型取消傳統(tǒng)凸輪軸，噴油定時由曲軸角度傳感器實時測量，經(jīng)ECU計算后控制高壓共軌電磁閥實現(xiàn)。3.單選題Duringadockingsurvey,thepropellerisfoundtohaveasmallcrackat0.4Ronthesuctionsideofoneblade.Accordingtomostclassificationsocieties,theacceptablelengthofthiscrackis______.A.notmorethan5mmB.notmorethan15mmC.notmorethan25mmD.anycrackisunacceptable答案：B解析：規(guī)范普遍規(guī)定，位于0.3R～0.7R區(qū)域、長度≤15mm的表淺裂紋允許打磨光順后繼續(xù)使用，但須無損檢測確認(rèn)無擴(kuò)展。4.多選題Whichofthefollowingfactorswilldirectlyinfluencethecalculated“meaneffectivepressure”(MEP)ofadieselengine?A.enginebrakepowerB.compressionratioC.cylinderboreD.enginespeed答案：A、C、D解析：MEP=60000×P/(L×A×n×i)，其中P為制動功率，A為缸徑面積，n為轉(zhuǎn)速，L為沖程，i為缸數(shù)。壓縮比改變指示功，但不直接出現(xiàn)在MEP公式中。5.判斷題Inacontrollablepitchpropeller(CPP)system,theoildistributionboxisalwaysmountedontheforwardendofthesterntube.答案：錯誤解析：配油軸（ODbox）通常位于尾軸前端，但某些設(shè)計為維修便利將其置于機(jī)艙內(nèi)，通過高壓軟管連接，因此“always”表述絕對化。6.簡答題Explainwhyaturbochargedtwostrokeengineneedsauxiliaryblowerswhenrunningbelow30%load.答案：低速時廢氣能量不足，渦輪壓比下降，掃氣空氣量低于燃燒所需，導(dǎo)致燃燒惡化、排溫升高、碳煙增加。輔助鼓風(fēng)機(jī)由電機(jī)驅(qū)動，補(bǔ)充掃氣壓力，保證低負(fù)荷時仍有足夠過量空氣系數(shù)，維持穩(wěn)定燃燒并保護(hù)熱力部件。7.翻譯題將下列中文術(shù)語譯成英文：(1)十字頭軸承上瓦(2)活塞環(huán)搭口間隙(3)燃油凸輪“零”升程點答案：(1)upperhalfshellofcrossheadbearing(2)pistonringbuttclearance(3)fuelcamzeroliftpoint8.閱讀理解Passage：ThelatestMANB&WGtypeengineintroducesthe“ultralongstroke”designwithastroketoboreratioupto4.5.Theincreasedstrokeallowslowerenginespeedforthesamepistonspeed,thusalargerpropellerdiametercanbeused,improvingpropulsiveefficiencyby4–6%.However,thelongstrokeraisespeakfiringpressure,requiringhigherstructuralstrengthandredesignedpistoncooling.Question：Whatistheprimarytradeoffoftheultralongstrokedesign?答案：Primarytradeoff:higherpeakfiringpressuredemandsstrongerenginestructureandenhancedpistoncooling,offsettingpartofthefuelsavingbenefit.二、船舶輔機(jī)與系統(tǒng)（MarineAuxiliaryMachinery&Systems）9.單選題Whenstartingathermaloiltypefluidheater,thefirstoperationshouldbe______.A.openingthefueloilsupplyvalveB.startingthethermaloilcirculationpumpC.prepurgingthecombustionchamberD.switchingonthesparkplug答案：B解析：導(dǎo)熱油爐啟動順序：先啟動循環(huán)泵建立油流，防止?fàn)t管干燒，隨后進(jìn)行預(yù)掃風(fēng)、點火。10.單選題Inareverseosmosisseawaterdesalinationunit,thepHvalueoftheproductwaterisoftenslightlyacidicdueto______.A.CO?dissolvingthroughthemembraneB.sulphuricaciddosingforscaleinhibitionC.theremovalofalkalineionsD.biologicalposttreatment答案：C解析：反滲透脫除大部分HCO??、CO?2?等堿性離子，剩余CO?溶于水形成碳酸，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)水pH5.5–6.5。11.單選題Theautomaticbackwashingofaselfcleaningfueloilpurifierisinitiatedby______.A.adifferentialpressureswitchacrossthefilterB.atimerevery8hoursC.awatertransducerinthecleanoiloutletD.lossofbowlspeed答案：A解析：當(dāng)分離筒內(nèi)雜質(zhì)積聚導(dǎo)致進(jìn)出口壓差升高至設(shè)定值（通常0.08–0.1MPa），壓差開關(guān)觸發(fā)排渣。12.多選題Whichofthefollowingalarmswillcausearefrigerationcompressortoshutdownimmediately?A.lowsuctionpressureB.highdischargepressureC.motoroverloadD.oilpressuredifferentialtoolow答案：B、C、D解析：低吸氣壓通常只報警不停機(jī)；高排氣壓、電機(jī)過載、油壓差低均直接停壓縮機(jī)保護(hù)。13.判斷題Theaircondition’sreheatercoilislocatedafterthecoolingcoilintheairflowpathtopreventovercoolingofthesupplyair.答案：正確解析：再熱盤管用于冷卻除濕后適度升溫，使送風(fēng)溫度滿足艙室熱負(fù)荷需求，避免“過冷”現(xiàn)象。14.計算題Acentrifugalpumpdelivers80m3/hoffreshwateragainst45mhead.Ifthepumpefficiencyis68%,calculatetheapproximatebrakepowerrequired.(ρ=1000kg/m3,g=9.81m/s2)答案：P=ρgQH/(3.6×10?×η)=1000×9.81×80×45/(3.6×10?×0.68)≈14.4kW15.簡答題Statetworeasonswhythevacuuminafreshwatergeneratordropswhentheseawatertemperatureishigh.答案：(1)海水溫度升高→噴射泵背壓升高→抽真空能力下降；(2)蒸發(fā)溫度升高→對應(yīng)飽和蒸汽壓升高→系統(tǒng)絕對壓力上升，真空度降低。16.翻譯題將句子譯成英文：“分油機(jī)排渣間隔時間應(yīng)根據(jù)燃油雜質(zhì)含量及凈化流量進(jìn)行調(diào)整，最大不得超過制造商推薦值。”答案：Thedischargeintervalofthepurifiershallbeadjustedaccordingtotheimpuritylevelofthefueloilandthethroughput,andshallinnocaseexceedthemanufacturer’srecommendedmaximum.三、船舶電氣與自動化（MarineElectrical&Automation）17.單選題Ina3phasesynchronousgenerator,themagnitudeoftheexcitationcurrentprimarilycontrols______.A.thefrequencyB.thephasesequenceC.theterminalvoltageD.theactivepower答案：C解析：勵磁電流改變磁通，從而調(diào)節(jié)空載電勢，并網(wǎng)后主要影響無功功率和端電壓。18.單選題Whenahighresistanceearthfaultoccursinthe440Vmainswitchboard,thefirstindicationonthemimicpanelisusually______.A.generatorreversepoweralarmB.earthlampdimlyilluminatedC.overloadrelaytripD.undervoltagerelease答案：B解析：高阻接地使絕緣監(jiān)測燈形成串聯(lián)回路，燈微亮，指示接地相。19.單選題The“deadbus”interlockfunctionofageneratorcircuitbreakerprevents______.A.parallelingwhentheincomingsetisunderfrequencyB.closingthebreakerwhenthebusbarisliveandtheincomingvoltageiszeroC.closingthebreakerwhenbothbusbarandincomingvoltagesarepresentbutoutofphaseD.closingthebreakerwhenthebusbarisdeadandtheincominggeneratorvoltageisbuildingup答案：B解析：deadbus閉鎖確保母線無電時才允許新機(jī)組合閘，防止非同步并列。20.多選題Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutvariablefrequencydrives(VFD)forcargopumpsarecorrect?A.Theyreduceinrushcurrentduringstartup.B.Theyallowpumpoperationatthebestefficiencypoint.C.Theyeliminatetheneedforamechanicalcargopumpreliefvalve.D.Theycanprovideregenerativebrakingtothemains.答案：A、B、D解析：VFD軟啟動限制啟動電流；通過調(diào)速使泵在BEP運行；部分四象限變頻器支持能量回饋；但管系仍需泄壓閥作為機(jī)械保護(hù)。21.判斷題ThePt100sensorusedforbearingtemperaturemonitoringhasapositivetemperaturecoefficientofapproximately0.385Ω/°C.答案：正確解析：Pt100在0°C時100Ω，溫度系數(shù)≈0.385Ω/°C，符合IEC60751標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。22.計算題A220VDCmotortakes80Aandrotatesat1500rpm.Ifthearmatureresistanceis0.15Ω,calculatethebackEMF.答案：E_b=V?I_aR_a=220?80×0.15=220?12=208V23.簡答題Explainwhytheinsulationresistanceofa6.6kVinductionmotormustbemeasuredwitha5kVmeggerinsteadofa500Vmegger.答案：高壓繞組對地絕緣為多層結(jié)構(gòu)，500V兆歐表測試電壓不足以暴露潛在缺陷（如氣隙、分層），5kV兆歐表接近工作電壓，可真實反映絕緣強(qiáng)度，避免投運后擊穿。24.翻譯題將句子譯成英文：“當(dāng)主配電板匯流排絕緣電阻低于2MΩ時，應(yīng)禁止并聯(lián)運行，并立即排查故障回路?！贝鸢福篧hentheinsulationresistanceofthemainswitchboardbusbarisbelow2MΩ,paralleloperationshallbeprohibitedandthefaultycircuitshallbetracedandrectifiedimmediately.四、船舶防污染與法規(guī)（MarinePollutionPrevention&Regulations）25.單選題UnderMARPOLAnnexVI,thesulphurcontentofanyfueloilusedonboardshallnotexceed______inanEmissionControlArea(ECA)after1March2020.A.0.10%m/mB.0.50%m/mC.1.00%m/mD.1.50%m/m答案：A解析：2020年起全球限硫0.5%，但ECA仍維持0.1%不變。26.單選題TheOilRecordBookPartIshallbepreservedfor______afterthelastentry.A.oneyearB.twoyearsC.threeyearsD.fiveyears答案：C解析：MARPOLAnnexI第17條要求油類記錄簿保存3年。27.單選題A15ppmbilgewaterseparatormustbefittedwithanautomaticstoppingdevicethatactivateswhentheoilcontentexceeds______.A.10ppmB.15ppmC.20ppmD.100ppm答案：B解析：15ppm報警并聯(lián)鎖停泵，防止超標(biāo)排放。28.多選題Whichofthefollowingsubstancesarecategorizedas“noxiousliquidsubstances”(NLS)underMARPOLAnnexII?A.sulphuricacidB.palmoilC.methanolD.seawaterballast答案：A、C解析：棕櫚油屬Y類高黏度油脂，但歸類為“油類”；海水壓載非有害物質(zhì)；硫酸、甲醇均屬X或Y類NLS。29.判斷題TheGarbageRecordBookisrequiredforallshipsof100grosstonnageandaboveengagedinvoyagestoportsunderotherPartiestoMARPOL.答案：錯誤解析：MARPOLAnnexV規(guī)定400總噸及以上船舶需垃圾記錄簿，100–400總噸船舶僅需垃圾管理計劃。30.簡答題StatethethreeconditionsthatmustbesatisfiedbeforeashipmaydischargeuntreatedsewageintotheseaunderMARPOLAnnexIV.答案：(1)船舶在距最近陸地≥12nmile處；(2)船舶以≥4kn航速航行；(3)排放速率符合即時光譜法計算的最大允許速率。31.翻譯題將句子譯成英文：“生活污水處理裝置投藥記錄應(yīng)包括藥劑名稱、劑量、投藥時間及責(zé)任人簽字，并至少保存三年?！贝鸢福篢hechemicaldosingrecordofthesewagetreatmentplantshallincludethenameofthechemical,dosage,dosingtime,andsignatureoftheresponsibleperson,andshallbekeptforatleastthreeyears.32.案例分析AtankerloadedwithHFOgradeRMG380bunkered200toffuelwith0.47%sulphurinShanghai,thenenteredtheNorthSeaECA.Thechiefengineerchangedto0.08%sulphurdistillatefuelattheappropriatetime,butforgottologthechangeoverinthelogbook.DuringPSCinspection,theinspectorfoundthemissingentryandproposeddetention.Discussthelegalbasisandcorrectiveaction.答案：依據(jù)MARPOLAnnexVIReg.14.6，進(jìn)入ECA前須完成換油并記錄；缺失記錄視為未遵守，PSC可采取滯留措施。糾正：立即補(bǔ)錄換油時間、船位、燃油硫含量，提交書面程序修訂報告，培訓(xùn)責(zé)任船員確保后續(xù)完整記錄，滯留方可解除。五、輪機(jī)管理與安全（EngineeringManagement&Safety）33.單選題Duringenclosedspaceentry,theoxygencontentmustbeatleast______byvolumebeforeworkerscanremovebreathingapparatus.A.19%B.20%C.21%D.23%答案：B解析：IMOResolutionA.1050(27)規(guī)定≥20%方可不戴呼吸器，但需持續(xù)通風(fēng)監(jiān)測。34.單選題Thepurposeofthe“prestartsafetyloop”inamodernengineroomautomationsystemisto______.A.checkthegovernorresponseB.verifythatallprotectiveinterlocksaresatisfiedbeforeallowingstartC.testtheemergencystopD.simulateloadincrease答案：B解析：安全回路確認(rèn)滑油壓力、盤車機(jī)脫開、轉(zhuǎn)向閥位置等全部正常，才允許啟動。35.單選題WhichdocumentmustbecarriedonboardtoevidencecompliancewiththeISMCode?A.DOC(DocumentofCompliance)copyB.SMC(SafetyManagementCertificate)C.ISSC(InternationalShipSecurityCertificate)D.IOPPCertificate答案：B解析：SMC簽發(fā)給船舶，DOC為公司持有，船舶需攜帶DOC副本。36.多選題ThefollowingactionsarerequiredafterafireintheengineroomhasbeenextinguishedbyCO?floodingEXCEPT______.A.ventilatethespaceimmediatelytoremoveCO?