微專題1避開(kāi)設(shè)題陷阱,減少失分困擾高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2025陷阱一

主觀臆斷某些選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有基于原文進(jìn)行推斷,而是主觀猜測(cè)想象或根據(jù)常識(shí)進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。[典例1](2023全國(guó)乙卷,B)One

time

my

friends

and

I

drove

three

hours

to

Devil’s

Lake,Wisconsin,to

climb

the

purple

quartz(石英)

rock

around

the

lake.After

we

found

a

crazy-looking

road

that

hung

over

a

bunch

of

rocks,we

decided

to

photograph

the

scene

at

sunset.The

position

enabled

us

to

look

over

the

lake

with

the

sunset

in

the

background.We

managed

to

leave

this

spot

to

climb

higher

because

of

the

spare

time

until

sunset.However,we

did

not

mark

the

route(路線)

so

we

ended

up

almost

missing

the

sunset

entirely.Once

we

found

the

place,it

was

stressful

getting

lights

and

cameras

set

up

in

the

limited

time.Still,looking

back

on

the

photos,they

are

some

of

my

best

shots

though

they

could

have

been

so

much

better

if

I

would

have

been

prepared

and

managed

my

time

wisely.26.What

can

we

infer

from

the

author’s

trip

with

friends

to

Devil’s

Lake?A.They

went

crazy

with

the

purple

quartz

rock.B.They

felt

stressed

while

waiting

for

the

sunset.C.They

reached

the

shooting

spot

later

than

expected.D.They

had

problems

with

their

equipment.[解析]作者并沒(méi)有提到他們對(duì)紫色石英巖石有任何特別的情感反應(yīng),他們?nèi)ミ@里的主要目的是攀爬和攝影,所以A選項(xiàng)為主觀臆斷型錯(cuò)誤;在原文中,作者提到在找到攝影地點(diǎn)并在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)設(shè)定燈光和相機(jī)時(shí)感到了壓力,但這個(gè)壓力并不是在等待日落時(shí)產(chǎn)生的,所以B選項(xiàng)為張冠李戴型錯(cuò)誤;在文章中,作者并未提及任何設(shè)備問(wèn)題,所以D選項(xiàng)為無(wú)中生有型錯(cuò)誤;原文中提到,因?yàn)闆](méi)有標(biāo)記路線,他們幾乎錯(cuò)過(guò)了日落,這意味著他們比預(yù)期的時(shí)間更晚地到達(dá)了拍攝地點(diǎn)。所以C選項(xiàng)與原文意思一致。[答案]

C陷阱二

過(guò)度推斷或以偏概全有時(shí)作者僅簡(jiǎn)單、客觀地?cái)⑹鍪聦?shí),并未作出評(píng)論,而一些選項(xiàng)卻擴(kuò)大作者的敘述范圍,進(jìn)行過(guò)度推斷;或者一些選項(xiàng)僅針對(duì)原文中某一句話進(jìn)行推斷,而忽略了其他信息,造成以偏概全。[典例2](2023新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷,B)The

task

John

set

for

himself

was

to

remove

harmful

substances

from

some

sludge(污泥).First,he

constructed

a

series

of

clear

fiberglass

tanks

connected

to

each

other.Then

he

went

around

to

local

ponds

and

streams

and

brought

back

some

plants

and

animals.He

placed

them

in

the

tanks

and

waited.Little

by

little,these

different

kinds

of

life

got

used

to

one

another

and

formed

their

own

ecosystem.After

a

few

weeks,John

added

the

sludge.He

was

amazed

at

the

results.The

plants

and

animals

in

the

eco-machine

took

the

sludge

as

food

and

began

to

eat

it!Within

weeks,it

had

all

been

digested,and

all

that

was

left

was

pure

water.

25.Why

did

John

put

the

sludge

into

the

tanks?A.To

feed

the

animals.B.To

build

an

ecosystem.C.To

protect

the

plants.D.To

test

the

eco-machine.[解析]引文的第一段首句為該段主題句,說(shuō)明John是怎樣去除污泥里的有害物質(zhì)的。首先建造池子,然后搜集植物和動(dòng)物,最后加入污泥。第二段說(shuō)明了第一段實(shí)驗(yàn)的效果:污泥被吃掉了,只剩下了凈水。由此可以得出John把污泥加入池子中的目的是觀察生態(tài)機(jī)器的處理效果。A項(xiàng)不是John的目的,為過(guò)度推斷;B項(xiàng)是John為達(dá)到目的做實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程,屬于以偏概全;C項(xiàng)為主觀臆斷。[答案]

D陷阱三

偷換概念某些干擾選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與原文使用的句子結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯高度相似,僅在易忽視的地方略微改動(dòng)某個(gè)詞或表達(dá)方式,或截取部分原文中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的關(guān)鍵詞,但整體意思不符合原文主旨,此類選項(xiàng)干擾性較強(qiáng)。[典例3](2023全國(guó)乙卷,C)It’s

thanks

to

these

TV

chefs

rather

than

any

advertising

campaign

that

Britons

are

turning

away

from

meat-and-two-veg

and

ready-made

meals

and

becoming

more

adventurous

in

their

cooking

habits.It

is

recently

reported

that

the

number

of

those

sticking

to

a

traditional

diet

is

slowly

declining

and

around

half

of

Britain’s

consumers

would

like

to

change

or

improve

their

cooking

in

some

way.There

has

been

a

rise

in

the

number

of

students

applying

for

food

courses

at

UK

universities

and

colleges.It

seems

that

TV

programmes

have

helped

change

what

people

think

about

cooking.

29.Which

best

describes

cookery

programmes

on

British

TV?A.Authoritative.

B.Creative.C.Profitable.

D.Influential.[解析]對(duì)于A選項(xiàng),原文雖然提到了電視廚師,但并沒(méi)有提到他們是否具有權(quán)威性;對(duì)于B選項(xiàng),雖然從原文中可以看出英國(guó)人的烹飪習(xí)慣變得更富有冒險(xiǎn)精神,但并未明確指出這種變化是由電視烹飪節(jié)目的“創(chuàng)造性”引起的;對(duì)于C選項(xiàng),原文并沒(méi)有提到烹飪節(jié)目是否有利可圖。綜上所述,三項(xiàng)都犯了偷換概念的錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,由于這些電視烹飪節(jié)目,英國(guó)人的烹飪習(xí)慣發(fā)生了變化,他們更愿意從傳統(tǒng)的飲食習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閲L試新的烹飪方式,而且對(duì)烹飪有更多的興趣。這表明這些電視烹飪節(jié)目對(duì)觀眾的烹飪習(xí)慣和興趣有很大的影響。[答案]

D陷阱四

邏輯顛倒某些選項(xiàng)顛倒原文邏輯,例如因果倒置、目的與手段倒置等。[典例4](2021新高考Ⅰ卷,C)About

98

cents

of

every

duck

stamp

dollar

goes

directly

into

the

Migratory

Bird

Conservation

Fund

to

purchase

wetlands

and

wildlife

habitat

for

inclusion

into

the

National

Wildlife

Refuge

System—a

fact

that

ensures

this

land

will

be

protected

and

available

for

all

generations

to

come.Since

1934,better

than

half

a

billion

dollars

has

gone

into

that

Fund

to

purchase

more

than

5

million

acres

of

habitat.Little

wonder

the

Federal

Duck

Stamp

Program

has

been

called

one

of

the

most

successful

conservation

programs

ever

initiated.30.What

is

a

direct

result

of

the

Act

passed

in

1934?A.The

stamp

price

has

gone

down.B.The

migratory

birds

have

flown

away.C.The

hunters

have

stopped

hunting.D.The

government

has

collected

money.[解析]根據(jù)選段中的“About

98

cents

of

every

duck

stamp

dollar

goes

directly

into

the

Migratory...land

will

be

protected

and

available

for

all

generations

to

come.”可知,聯(lián)邦政府將出售鴨票的部分收入投入候鳥(niǎo)保護(hù)基金,用來(lái)保護(hù)濕地和野生動(dòng)物棲息地。該項(xiàng)法案的直接結(jié)果是政府籌集到了大量資金。干擾選項(xiàng)B提到的候鳥(niǎo)飛離,是1934年頒布法案的原因,而非頒布法案的結(jié)果,屬于邏輯顛倒。[答案]

D陷阱五

背離主題某些選項(xiàng)背離了文章的主題思想,是對(duì)原文的曲解。[典例5](2023全國(guó)乙卷,C)According

to

a

new

study

from

market

analysts,1

in

5

Britons

say

that

watching

cookery

programmes

on

TV

has

encouraged

them

to

try

different

food.Almost

one

third

say

they

now

use

a

wider

variety

of

ingredients(配料)than

they

used

to,and

just

under

1

in

4

say

they

now

buy

better

quality

ingredients

than

before.One

in

four

adults

say

that

TV

chefs

have

made

them

much

more

confident

about

expanding

their

cookery

knowledge

and

skills,and

young

people

are

also

getting

more

interested

in

cooking.The

UK’s

obsession(癡迷)withfoodisreflectedthroughtelevisionscheduling.Cookeryshowsanddocumentariesaboutfoodarebroadcastmoreoftenthanbefore.WithanincreasingnumberofmalechefsonTV,it’snolonger“uncool”forboystolikecooking.

31.What

might

the

author

continue

talking

about?A.The

art

of

cooking

in

other

countries.B.Male

chefs

on

TV

programmes.C.Table

manners

in

the

UK.D.Studies

of

big

eaters.[解析]A選項(xiàng)背離主題,原文主要關(guān)注英國(guó)電視烹飪節(jié)目對(duì)公眾烹飪興趣和習(xí)慣的影響;C選項(xiàng)雖然與食物和烹飪主題有關(guān),但并沒(méi)有直接關(guān)系到文章的主題;D選項(xiàng)背離文章主題,原文并沒(méi)有討論胃口大的人是怎么樣的,而是討論了電視烹飪節(jié)目對(duì)公眾烹飪興趣和習(xí)慣的影響。對(duì)于B選項(xiàng),原文中最后一句提到男性廚師在電視上的數(shù)量增加,使得男孩不再認(rèn)為做飯是“不酷”的。所以,作者可能會(huì)繼續(xù)討論這個(gè)主題,深入探討電視節(jié)目中男性廚師這個(gè)話題。[答案]

B陷阱六

事實(shí)復(fù)述某些選項(xiàng)僅僅是對(duì)原文事實(shí)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)述,而非推斷得出的結(jié)論。[典例6](2019全國(guó)Ⅱ卷,B)Still,most

of

us

volunteers

breathe

a

sigh

of

relief

when

the

season

comes

to

a

close.That

relief

is

coupled

with

a

deep

understanding

of

why

the

same

people

keep

coming

back

for

more:Connecting

to

the

community(社區(qū))

as

you

freely

give

your

time,money,skills,or

services

provides

a

real

joy.Volunteering

just

feels

so

good.In

that

sense,I’m

pretty

sure

volunteering

is

more

of

a

selfish

act

than