第01講閱讀理解提升講解通過詳細(xì)分析歷年高考英語試卷，我們可將閱讀理解歸納為以下幾種題型：主旨大意題，細(xì)節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題（含寫作意圖、目的等），詞義猜測題。英語閱讀理解題的技巧與策略是學(xué)生提高閱讀理解需要具備的。一、主旨大意題這類題在設(shè)題時常會用到title,subject,mainidea,topic,theme等詞。1.歸納標(biāo)納題特點(diǎn)：短小精悍，一般多為一個短語；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般能覆蓋全文意思；精確性強(qiáng)，表達(dá)范圍要恰當(dāng)，不能隨意改變語意程度或色彩。常見命題形式有：What’sthebesttitleforthetext?Thebesttitleforthispassageis___.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?2.概括大意題包括尋找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（mainidea）。常見命題形式有：Whatisthegeneral/mainideaofthepassage？Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainidea？Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?What’sthearticlemainlyabout？解題技巧閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說明文，這兩種文體的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為：提出問題——論述問題——得出結(jié)論或者闡明觀點(diǎn)。對于這類文章，抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。主題句具有簡潔性、概括性的特點(diǎn)。主題句在文章中的位置主要有以下幾種情況。位于段首：一般而言，以演繹法撰寫的文章，主題句往往在文章的開頭，即先點(diǎn)出主題，然后圍繞這一主題作具體的陳述。判斷第一句是否為主題句，可具體分析段落的首句與第二，三句的關(guān)系；如果從第二句就開始對第一句進(jìn)行說明，論述或描述，那第一句就是主題句。有些段落，在主題句后面有明顯引出細(xì)節(jié)的信號詞，如forexample,anexampleof;first,second,next,last,finally;tobeginwith,also,besides;one,theother;some,others等。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用上述信號詞來確定主題句的位置。位于段尾：有些文章會在開頭列舉事實(shí),然后通過論證闡述作者的核心論點(diǎn)。因此，如果第一句話不是概括性的或綜合性的話，最好快速讀一讀段落的最后一個句子，看看它是否具備主題句的特征。如果它具備主題句的特征，段落的主題思想就很容易確定了。一般說來，當(dāng)一種觀點(diǎn)不易向人解釋清楚或不易被人接受時，主題句便會到段落的末尾才出現(xiàn)。學(xué)生可以充分利用引出結(jié)論的信號詞。如so，therefore，thus，consequently；inconclusion，inshort；inaword,tosumup等來確定主題句的位置在段尾。當(dāng)無明顯的此類信號時，學(xué)生可在段落的最后一句話前面添加一個引出結(jié)論的信號詞，以確定其是否是主題句。位于段中：有時段落是先介紹背景和細(xì)節(jié)，接著用一句綜合或概括性的話概括前面所說的內(nèi)容或事例，然后再圍繞主題展開對有關(guān)問題的深入討論。這種文章的主題句往往會在段落中間出現(xiàn)。歸納起來主要有兩種情況：先提出問題，然后給予回答(主題句)，最后給予解釋；或者，先提出問題，然后點(diǎn)出主題思想(主題句)，最后給予解釋。首尾呼應(yīng)：主題句在段落的開頭和結(jié)尾兩個位置上先后出現(xiàn)，形成前呼后應(yīng)的格局。這兩個主題句敘說的是同一個內(nèi)容，但用詞不盡相同，這樣不但強(qiáng)調(diào)了主題思想，而且顯得靈活多變。這兩個句子并非簡單重復(fù)，后一個主題句或?qū)υ撝黝}作最后的評述，或?qū)σc(diǎn)作一概括，或使之引申留給讀者去思考。無明確主題句：找關(guān)鍵詞（出現(xiàn)頻率較高）,歸納總結(jié)。注意：新題型中有一個選項(xiàng)是干擾項(xiàng)，解答此類題時同學(xué)易犯以下三種錯誤：（1）表述過于片面，只涵蓋該段個別細(xì)節(jié)；（2）表述太過于籠統(tǒng)，已經(jīng)超出該段的內(nèi)容；（3）表述與段落內(nèi)容無關(guān)，在段落中找不到相關(guān)依據(jù)二、細(xì)節(jié)理解題考查內(nèi)容主要涉及時間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果、數(shù)字等議論文中例證細(xì)節(jié)和定義類細(xì)節(jié)。這類題目的共同特點(diǎn)是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。當(dāng)然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，大家需要根據(jù)文章提供的信息自己組織語句回答問題。1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題→尋讀法分為直接理解題和間接理解題，前者常用who,what,which,when,where,why和how提問，或判斷正誤；后者需與原文信息轉(zhuǎn)換，表達(dá)上與原文有差異。常見命題形式有：Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?AllthefollowingarementionedexceptWhichofthefollowingismentioned(notmentioned)?Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue/right/false/wrongabout…?2.排列順序題→首尾定位法（找出第一個事件和最后一個事件，用排除法縮小范圍）常出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說明文中，一般按事件發(fā)生的順序。常見命題形式有：Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderof…?WhichofthefollowingshowsthepathofsignalsdescribedinParagraph…?3.圖文匹配題→按圖索驥理清線索設(shè)題形式：給出圖表，根據(jù)圖表提問問題。4.數(shù)字計算題→（方法：審題→帶著問題找細(xì)節(jié)→對比、分析、計算）可直接找到相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)，但需經(jīng)過計算方可找到答案。三、推理判斷題主要考查大家對文章中隱含或深層的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容做出合乎邏輯的推斷，包括考生對作者觀點(diǎn)的理解，態(tài)度的判斷，對修辭、語氣、隱含意思等的理解。題干關(guān)鍵詞：infer(推斷),indicate(象征，暗示),imply/suggest(暗示),conclude(作出結(jié)論),assume(假定，設(shè)想).1.細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息或借助生活常識進(jìn)行推理判斷。常見命題形式有：Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat__________.Theauthorimplies/suggeststhat_____.Wemayinferthat_________.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedbutNOTstated?2.預(yù)測推理判斷題根據(jù)語篇對文章接下來的內(nèi)容或可能的結(jié)局進(jìn)行猜測。常見命題形式有：Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenif/when…?Attheendofthispassage,thewritermightcontinuetowrite_____3.推測文章來源或讀者對象常見命題形式有：Thepassageisprobablytakeoutof_____Thepassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_____Wheredoesthistextprobablyefrom?4.寫作意圖、目的、態(tài)度推斷題作者的語氣態(tài)度往往不會直接寫在文章里，只能通過細(xì)讀文章，從作者的選詞及其修飾手段中體會出來。詢問寫作目的的題，選項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：explain(解釋),prove(證明),persuade(勸說),advise(勸告),ment(評論),praise(贊揚(yáng)),criticize(批評),entertain(娛樂),demonstrate(舉例說明),argue(辯論),tell(講述),analyze(分析)等。詢問語氣態(tài)度的題，選項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是：neutral(中立的),sympathetic(同情的),satisfied(滿意的),friendly(友好的),enthusiastic(熱情的),subjective(主觀的),objective(客觀的),matteroffact(實(shí)事求是的),pessimistic(悲觀的),optimistic(樂觀的),critical(批評的),doubtful(懷疑的),hostile(敵對的),indifferent(冷淡的),disappointed(失望的)。常見命題形式Thepurposeofthetextis_____Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Bymentioning…,theauthoraimstoshowthat_____Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards…?Whatistheauthor’sopinionon…?Theauthor’stoneinthispassageis_____.解答技巧推斷題是考查大家透過文章表面的文字信息進(jìn)行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實(shí)為依據(jù)，切莫主觀臆斷。①那些文章中直接陳述的內(nèi)容不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章推理出來的選項(xiàng)。②推理不是憑空猜測，而是立足已知推斷未知；作出正確答案時一定要在文中找到依據(jù)或理由。③要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)。不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的想法；不要脫離原文主觀臆斷。四、詞義猜測題考點(diǎn)：①猜測某個詞、詞組、句子的意義②對文中的多義詞或詞組進(jìn)行定義③判斷某個代詞的指代的對象。常見命題形式有：Theunderlinedword/phraseinthesecondparagraphmeans_____.Theword“it/they”inthelastsentencerefersto______.Theword“…”（Line6.para.2）probablymeans______.Theword“…”（Line6.para.2）couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword“…”?解答技巧1.通過因果關(guān)系猜詞通過因果關(guān)系猜詞首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn'thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn'thisfault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯)，可猜出blame的詞義是"責(zé)備"。2.通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞all...handsomend或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay，即使我們不認(rèn)識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬于"行星"這一義域。通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。3.通過構(gòu)詞法猜詞根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞知識判斷生詞詞義。如：Sheisunlikelytohavestolenthemoney.(“un”含否定意義，故為“不太可能”之意。)4.通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測詞義例如：Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時期，即drought，由此可見drought意思為"久旱"，"旱災(zāi)"。而adryperiod和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折號等來表示。5.通過句法功能來推測詞義例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關(guān)系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。6.通過描述猜詞描述即作者對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例如：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類。后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習(xí)性。7.根據(jù)常識猜詞如：Thedoorwassolowthathehithisheadonthelintel.（lintel“過梁”。）Afraidofwakingthebabyup,shetiptoedoutoftheroom.（tiptoed“踮著腳走，躡手躡腳”）閱讀理解提升講解精練試題：閱讀理解AFormorethantenyears,IwasascreenandTVwriter,navigatingthesharkfilledwatersofHollywood.Despitetheconstantandunavoidableupsanddownsofthislife,IrealizedmanyofmydreamsincludingworkingwithstarslikeLucasandwritinganEmmywinningTVshow.Then,mylifetookanunexpectedturn.In2011,Iagreedtoteachaclass.Idiscoveredadeeploveforit—theengagementwithstudentsandthestableinewerewelechanges.Asmywritingcareerslowed,mywifeencouragedmetopursuemoreteaching.IresearchedandfoundapositionatUCRiverside.Isaid“Yes”totheinterview,gotthejob,andwithinyearsbecameaprofessor.Academybecamemyfocus,butIremainedawriteratheart.Idecidedtowritemyfirstnovel,freefromdeadlines,simplyforthecreativejoy.In2015,anemailaskedifIwasinterestedinatalkinthemunity.Isaid“Yes”.Thechallengewasbig;a15minutespeechinfrontof500peopleandthreecameras.However,Isucceeded,andthetalkwaswellreceived.Afterthespeechwasuploadedtotheinternet,itledtoanemailfromPublisher,suggestingabookonmytalk’stopic.Iinsteadremendedmynovel.TheyaskedifIwantedtolaunchapresalecampaigntoattractreaders.Isaid“Yes”.Publisher’sfounderadvisedmetofindaneditor.Again,Isaid“Yes”.IhiredLaurenHughes,whoseinsightfulfeedbackwasincrediblyencouraging.Iacceptedhernotesandrevisedthemanuscript.Thepresalecampaignsoldover300books,generatinginterestfrommanyreaders.Somyfirstnovelwaspublished.AllthishappenedbecauseIconsistentlysaid“Yes”tonewopportunities,embracingchallengeswithoutknowingtheoute.Thisphilosophykeepsmeengagedagainstthepullofaging.Asaprofessor,Iurgestudentstobepositive.Idon’tknowhowmynovelwillbereceived,butwhenaskedifIhaveabookout,Icanproudlysay“Yes”.1．WhatdidtheauthorthinkofhisworkinHollywood?A．Itwassteadyandwellpaid. B．Itwastiringanddisappointing.C．Itwasfruitfuldespitechallenges. D．Itwasfullofunbearablepressure.2．Whichwordcanbestdescribethepresalecampaign?A．Unexpected. B．Nationwide. C．Demanding. D．Successful.3．Whatcanweknowabouttheauthor?A．Hehasalwayslivedinastateofinstability.B．Hefacestheunknownandchallengesbravely.C．Heacceptedteachingmainlyforitshighine.D．Heviewedpublicspeakingasanunavoidableduty.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ThePowerofSaying“Yes”. B．ANewChapterinMyLife.C．FromHollywoodtoClassroom. D．ThePathtoBeinganAuthor.【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．A【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。本文講述了作者從好萊塢影視編劇，到轉(zhuǎn)型成為大學(xué)教授、出版首部小說的人生經(jīng)歷。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Despitetheconstantandunavoidableupsanddownsofthislife,IrealizedmanyofmydreamsincludingworkingwithstarslikeLucasandwritinganEmmywinningTVshow.(盡管生活中不可避免地會有起起落落，但我實(shí)現(xiàn)了許多夢想，包括與盧卡斯這樣的明星合作，以及創(chuàng)作一部獲得艾美獎的電視節(jié)目。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為自己在好萊塢的工作盡管有挑戰(zhàn)，但它還是很有成果的。故選C。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Thepresalecampaignsoldover300books,generatinginterestfrommanyreaders.Somyfirstnovelwaspublished.(預(yù)售活動售出了300多本書，引起了許多讀者的興趣。所以我的第一部小說出版了。)”可知，預(yù)售活動很成功。故選D。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“AllthishappenedbecauseIconsistentlysaid“Yes”tonewopportunities,embracingchallengeswithoutknowingtheoute.(這一切的發(fā)生都是因?yàn)槲沂冀K對新機(jī)會說“是”，在不知道結(jié)果的情況下接受挑戰(zhàn)。)”可知，作者勇敢地面對未知和挑戰(zhàn)。故選B。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“AllthishappenedbecauseIconsistentlysaid“Yes”tonewopportunities,embracingchallengeswithoutknowingtheoute.(這一切的發(fā)生都是因?yàn)槲沂冀K對新機(jī)會說“是”，在不知道結(jié)果的情況下接受挑戰(zhàn)。)”可知，文章主要強(qiáng)調(diào)了說“是”的力量。故選A。BStudieshaveshownthatmanypeopledon’tmutebybikeduemainlytoafearofbeinghitbycars.Anewbikemountedproximity(接近)sensorhasbeendesignedtohelpsuchfolks,byobjectivelytellingthemwhichstreetsarethesafestforcyclists.Thenewdevice(裝置),ProxiCycle,simplyreplacesthebike’sexistingleftsidehandlebarplug,whereitusestwospeciallightsensorstomonitorthespacesdirectlybesideandimmediatelybehindthebicycle.Wheneveranobjectisdetected,theProxiCycleemploysaBluetoothmoduletotransmitthesensordatatoanapponthecyclist’ssmartphone.Thatappusesaspecialputerprogramtodetermineifthedetectedobjectwasanautomobile,andifitpassedlessthan1mfromthebike.Ifthereadingmeetsbothofthosecriteria,itissavedasanexampleofamotorizedvehiclethatpassedthecyclisttooclosely.Theideaisthatoverarelativelyshortperiodoftime,readingsgatheredfrommultipleProxiCycleuserscouldbeusedtopaintarealisticpictureofjusthowdangerousvariousstreetsactuallyare.Inaninitialtestofthetechnology,7cyclistsrodethroughSeattlewithboththedeviceandanactioncameramountedontheirbike.ClosepassingincidentsrecordedbytheProxiCyclewerefoundtomatchupwiththosecapturedbythecamera.Next,15Seattlecyclistsusedthedevicewhilegoingonabinedtotalof240bikeridesoveratwomonthperiod.Theyrecorded2,050closepassesinthattime,withthemajorityoftheincidentstakingplaceinlocationswherehigherthanaveragenumbersofbikecarcollisionshadalreadybeenreported.Theincidentsalsomostlyoccurredinareasthatcyclistshadpreviouslyperceivedasbeingdangerous.Importantly,however,thesensordataprovedtobeamoreaccurateindicatorofjusthowdangerousthoseplacesactuallywere.Researchersnowplanonconductinglargerscalestudies,whichwillincludetestingtheProxiCycleinothercities.5．Whatistheprimaryreasonwhypeopleavoidcyclingaccordingtothestudy?A．Concernofsafety. B．Unskilledriding.C．Fearofpassersby. D．Lackofbikeway.6．HowdoestheProxiCyclesensorassistcyclists?A．Bymonitoringtraffic. B．BysendingGPSsignals.C．Bygivingoutwarnings. D．Bysensingthesafetydistance.7．Whatcanweknowaboutthesensorfromthelastparagraph?A．Itisperceiveddangerous. B．Itisstillinthetestingstage.C．Itcanensureriders’security. D．Itrecordsincidentsonroads.8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ImprovingTrafficSafetyforBicycleUsersB．SmartphoneAppsforNavigationAssistanceC．ProxiCycle:aSensortoEnhanceCyclistSafetyD．DevelopingEnvironmentallyFriendlyBikeMaterials【答案】5．A6．D7．B8．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。針對人們騎車怕被車撞的顧慮，ProxiCycle傳感器可監(jiān)測車距并記錄危險路段，經(jīng)測試數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確，未來將開展更大規(guī)模測試。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Studieshaveshownthatmanypeopledon’tmutebybikeduemainlytoafearofbeinghitbycars.(研究表明，許多人不選擇騎自行車出行，主要是因?yàn)楹ε卤黄囎驳?”可知，人們避免騎自行車的主要原因是安全方面的擔(dān)憂。故選A。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Thatappusesaspecialputerprogramtodetermineifthedetectedobjectwasanautomobile,andifitpassedlessthan1mfromthebike.(該應(yīng)用程序會使用一種特殊的計算機(jī)程序來判斷所檢測到的物體是否為汽車，并且要確認(rèn)該物體距離自行車的距離是否小于1米)”可知，ProxiCycle傳感器通過感知安全距離為騎車者提供幫助。故選D。7．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Researchersnowplanonconductinglargerscalestudies,whichwillincludetestingtheProxiCycleinothercities.(研究人員目前計劃開展更大規(guī)模的研究，這些研究將包括在其他城市對ProxiCycle進(jìn)行測試)”可知，傳感器仍處于測試階段。故選B。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Thenewdevice(裝置),ProxiCycle,simplyreplacesthebike’sexistingleftsidehandlebarplug,whereitusestwospeciallightsensorstomonitorthespacesdirectlybesideandimmediatelybehindthebicycle.(這款名為“ProxiCycle”的新設(shè)備，只需替換掉自行車原有的左側(cè)把手端蓋，就能通過內(nèi)置的兩個專用光傳感器，監(jiān)測自行車側(cè)方及正后方的區(qū)域)”結(jié)合文章說明了針對人們騎車怕被車撞的顧慮，ProxiCycle傳感器可監(jiān)測車距并記錄危險路段，經(jīng)測試數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確，未來將開展更大規(guī)模測試?？芍?，C選項(xiàng)“ProxiCycle：一種能提高騎行者安全性的傳感器”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。CWeallknowthatwateristasteless.Butithappensfromtimetotime:youpickupthebottleofwateryoudidn’tfinishyesterday,andittastesstrange.Mostoften,youtendtodropthebottleinthetrashbin,believingthatthewaterhasgonebad.Butisittrue?AccordingtoTime,ofcoursenot,tastehaslittletodowithqualityofwater.AsismentionedinTime,whenwaterisexposedtotheairfor12hours,carbondioxideinteractswiththeH2Ointhewater,andthepHvaluelowersslightly.Asaresult,thewaterhasadifferenttaste.“Butit’smostlikelysafetodrink,”NorwegianexpertTrulsKroghtoldScienceNordic.“Ifthewateriscoveredandofgoodqualitytostartwith,inprincipleitcanlastathousandyears.That’sbecausewhenwaterisfresh,itcontainslittleorganicmatter.Aslongaswaterisheldincleanglassesorbottles,nopollutantswillenterittoharmourhealth.”PeopleincountriesliketheUS,theUKandAustraliausuallydrinktapwater.AccordingtoTime,iftapwaterisdrunkwithinsixmonths,thechlorine(氯氣)inthewaterwillbeenoughtokillanybacteriaandkeepitsafetodrink.water.Withherearealsosomeexceptions.Ifyouaccidentallyputyourfingersintowaterorstorewaterinuncleancontainersdayafterday,microorganism(微生物)willenterthewater.Withthehelpofsurroundingtemperature,andsunlightstreamingthroughwindows,thesemicroorganismsmultiplyquickly.Soonerorlater,thewaterwillbefulloftheunfriendlybacteria.Andifyoudrinkthewatertoooften,thenyou’remorelikelytobeill.Andwhataboutwaterinplasticbottles?Heatandplasticareabadbination,USresearcherKelloggSchwabstresses.Whenplasticbottlesareusedathightemperatures,theyproduceachemicalcalledBPA．BPAissomethingthataffectshormones(荷爾蒙)andresearchhastentativelylinkeditto“severalhealthdamage,includingheartdiseaseandcancer”,Timereported.Schwabsuggestsreplacingdisposable(一次性的)plasticbottleswiththerefillablecontainersmadeofmetalorglasstodealwithBPA．9．Thepurposeofthefirstparagraphisto________.A．introduceatopic B．drawaconclusionC．showanexample D．a(chǎn)nalyzeaphenomenon10．WhichofthefollowingmayTrulsKroghagree?A．Coveredwatercanlastforathousandyears.B．Ifthewatertastesdifferent,weshouldn’tdrinkit.C．Althoughkeptfresh,watermaystillhavemuchorganicmatter.D．Thewaterheldinacleancontainerislikelysafetodrink.11．Whydowatermicroorganismsincreaseinnumber?A．Becausethewaterisstoredincleancontainers.B．Becauseofthesurroundingtemperatureandsunlight.C．Becausethewatercontainsalotoforganicmatter.D．Becausechlorineinthewaterfailstokillbacteria.12．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．WhyWaterIsTasteless B．HowtoGetCleanWaterC．DoesWaterReallyGoBad? D．LearntoProtectWater【答案】9．A10．D11．B12．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了水放置一段時間后味道改變的原因，探討了水是否真的變質(zhì)，以及不同存儲條件下水的情況。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Weallknowthatwateristasteless.Butithappensfromtimetotime:youpickupthebottleofwateryoudidn’tfinishyesterday,andittastesstrange.(我們都知道水是沒有味道的。但這樣的事時有發(fā)生：你拿起昨天沒喝完的那瓶水，嘗起來味道怪怪的)”可知，該段通過生活現(xiàn)象引出本文話題，所以第一段目的是引入話題。故選A項(xiàng)。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Ifthewateriscoveredandofgoodqualitytostartwith,inprincipleitcanlastathousandyears.That’sbecausewhenwaterisfresh,itcontainslittleorganicmatter.Aslongaswaterisheldincleanglassesorbottles,nopollutantswillenterittoharmourhealth.(如果水被覆蓋，質(zhì)量好，原則上可以持續(xù)一千年。這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)水新鮮時，它含有很少的有機(jī)物。只要水裝在干凈的玻璃杯或瓶子里，就不會有污染物進(jìn)入其中損害我們的健康)）”可知，特魯爾斯·克羅格認(rèn)為裝在干凈容器里的水可能是可以安全飲用的。故選D項(xiàng)。11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Withthehelpofsurroundingtemperature,andsunlightstreamingthroughwindows,thesemicroorganismsmultiplyquickly.(在周圍溫度和透過窗戶的陽光的幫助下，這些微生物迅速繁殖)”可知，水中的微生物數(shù)量增加是因?yàn)橹車鷾囟群完柟?。故選B項(xiàng)。12．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其根據(jù)第一段“Weallknowthatwateristasteless.Butithappensfromtimetotime:youpickupthebottleofwateryoudidn’tfinishyesterday,andittastesstrange.Mostoften,youtendtodropthebottleinthetrashbin,believingthatthewaterhasgonebad.Butisittrue?(我們都知道水是沒有味道的。但這樣的事時有發(fā)生：你拿起昨天沒喝完的那瓶水，嘗起來味道怪怪的。大多數(shù)情況下，你傾向于把瓶子扔進(jìn)垃圾桶，以為水已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。但這是真的嗎？)”可知，文章開篇提出人們認(rèn)為沒喝完放置一段時間的水味道奇怪就是變質(zhì)了這一觀點(diǎn)，接著通過專家觀點(diǎn)、不同情況分析等探討水是否真的會變質(zhì)，所以“DoesWaterReallyGoBad?(水真的會變質(zhì)嗎？)”最適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。DAlexsandrahisafashionmodel(模特)inLondon.Shehasatwin,buthertwinisnothersister.ThetwinisaproductofArtificialIntelligence(AI).WheneverAlexsandrahisnotavailabletoworkwithaphotographer,thevirtualtwintakesherplace.Alexandrah’stwinisanexampleofhowputerimagesareinfluencingcreativeindustries.ThepaniesthatmakeclothingsayusingAIpreventspeoplefrombuyingtheirproducts,tryingthemonathome,andthensendingthembackiftheydislikethem.Itcouldhelpabuyermakemoresensibledecisions,cuttingdownonproductreturnsandwaste.Thefashionindustryhasoftenbeenarguingaboutusingmodelswhoareonlywhiteortallorwhofitoneideaofbeauty.Activistsforincludingmanygroupsinfashionsaysomepaniescouldseemliketheyareemployingminorities(少數(shù)).LeviStraussisanAmericanclothingpanyknownforitsbluejeans.InMarch2023,thepanysaiditwouldbetestingAIgeneratedmodels.Theaimwastoshowhowitsclothinglooksonpeopleofallshapesandsizes.Butthepanysaiditwouldnotreduceitsuseofhumanmodels,foritwouldnotreplacehumanswithAIatthecostoftheactiontowardits“diversity,equityandinclusiongoals.”O(jiān)thersinthefashionindustryarefullyusingAI.TheDiigitals,apanyinBritain,helpedthehumanmodelAlexsandrah,whohasworkedinfashionshowsasareallifeversionoftheAImodel.“Thesearethepioneers.I’mproudofmywork,”Alexsandrahsaid.Othermodelsdon’tfeelgoodaboutAI.YveEdmondworksasa“fitmodel”.Shetriesonclothesforpaniesthatwanttoseehowtheirdesignsfitarealperson.SheworriesthatAImodelingpaniesareusingimagesandvideosofrealpeopletotraintheirsystem.Shecallsthataviolation(侵犯)becausehumansarenotbeingpaidfortheirpartinthetechnology.Edmondsaidshewascalledforphotoshooting,buttherewerenonewclothes.Shewasaskedtomoveherbodyincertainwaysandwalkforarecording.13．WhatisthefunctionofAlexsandrah’stwin?A．Relievingtheshortageofphotographers. B．Providinginspirationforfashionmodels.C．FillinginforAlexsandrahinphotoshoots. D．PromotingAlexsandrah’spopularityinmodeling.14．WhydidLeviStraussintroduceAImodels?A．Tosticktoitsmonbelief. B．Tomakeitsproductsbroadened.C．Toavoiditsdependenceonhumanmodels. D．Todemonstrateitsclothesonallhumanfigures.15．WhatisYveEdmond’sopiniononAImodelingpanies?A．Theyignorehumanmodels’efforts. B．TheyhelpthehumanmodelAlexsandrah.C．Theysimplytakeawayfromhumanwork. D．Theycanbeacceptedasawayoutforthefashionindustry.16．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．HumanModelsAreFacingThreatfromAIB．AIMakesItsFarreachingInfluenceonClothingDesignC．ClothingFashionVarieswithTechnologicalDevelopmentD．TheClothingIndustryWondersabouttheEffectofAIonModels【答案】13．C14．D15．A16．D【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。本文介紹AI模特在時尚行業(yè)的應(yīng)用：可替代真人工作、助品牌展示多元身形，同時也引發(fā)了模特對自身勞動權(quán)益被侵犯的擔(dān)憂。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“WheneverAlexsandrahisnotavailabletoworkwithaphotographer,thevirtualtwintakesherplace.(每當(dāng)亞歷山德拉無法與攝影師合作時，這個虛擬的“雙胞胎”就會代替她進(jìn)行工作)”可知，亞歷山德拉的雙胞胎姐妹在拍攝照片時代替亞歷山德拉。故選C。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Theaimwastoshowhowitsclothinglooksonpeopleofallshapesandsizes.(其目的是展示該品牌的服裝在各種體型的人身上所呈現(xiàn)出的效果)”可知，萊維·斯特勞斯引入人工智能模型以便在所有人體模型上展示其服裝。故選D。15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“SheworriesthatAImodelingpaniesareusingimagesandvideosofrealpeopletotraintheirsystem.Shecallsthataviolationbecausehumansarenotbeingpaidfortheirpartinthetechnology.(她擔(dān)心一些人工智能模型公司正在利用真實(shí)人物的圖像和視頻來訓(xùn)練他們的系統(tǒng)。她認(rèn)為這是一種違規(guī)行為，因?yàn)檫@些人在該技術(shù)中所發(fā)揮的作用并未獲得報酬)”可知，伊夫·埃德蒙認(rèn)為人工智能模特公司忽視了人類模特的努力。故選A。16．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“AlexsandrahisafashionmodelinLondon.Shehasatwin,buthertwinisnothersister.ThetwinisaproductofArtificialIntelligence(AI).WheneverAlexsandrahisnotavailabletoworkwithaphotographer,thevirtualtwintakesherplace.Alexsandrah’stwinisanexampleofhowputerimagesareinfluencingcreativeindustries.(亞歷山德拉是一位在倫敦工作的時尚模特。她有一個雙胞胎姐妹，但這個雙胞胎并非她的親姐妹。這個雙胞胎是人工智能的產(chǎn)物。每當(dāng)亞歷山德拉無法與攝影師合作時，這個虛擬的雙胞胎就會代替她工作。亞歷山德拉的這個雙胞胎形象展示了計算機(jī)圖像如何影響創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè))”結(jié)合本文介紹AI模特在時尚行業(yè)的應(yīng)用：可替代真人工作、助品牌展示多元身形，同時也引發(fā)了模特對自身勞動權(quán)益被侵犯的擔(dān)憂?？芍珼選項(xiàng)“服裝行業(yè)對人工智能對模特的影響感到疑惑”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選D。EAt5:45amonarecentFridaymorning,agroupofabout20homelessguyswarmedupinaparkinglotacrossthestreetinEastHarlem.15minuteslater,theytookoffrunning.AstheycrossedthebridgesbetweenManhattanandtheBronxduringtheirfourmilejourney,thestrengtheningsunshinereflectedoffthewindowsofnearbytoweringbuildings.RyanbeganjoggingwiththegroupknownasBackOnMyfeetsevenmonthsago.Neverarunner,healwayswonderedwhatthebigdealaboutitwas.Askhimtoday,however,andhe’lltellyou,“It’ssonatural,almostspiritual.Runninghastrulystrengthenedhim.Lessthanayearafterfirsthittingtheroad,Ryanpletedahalfmarathon.Nowheisstudyingtobeahealthadvisor.BackonMyfeetisaprogrambasedontheideathatrunningcanchangeaperson’sselfimage.Earlymorningexercisethreedaysaweekprovidesawayofexpressingdepressivefeelingsandstartstochangethewaysomeonethinksabouthardwork.Nowtheprogramhasreached5200homelesspeople.Theyshowupvoluntarilyforfouroutofeveryfiveruns.Over1900havefoundjobsand1300havemovedintoindependenthousing.BackonMyfeetbeganinPhiladelphiain2007ononeofAnnMahlum’smorningruns.Mahlumstartedrunningatthetimetohelpdealwithherfather’sseriousaddictionproblems.Runningasateen,shecontinuallypassedbyagroupofhomelessmenoutsidetheSundayBreakfastRescueMission.InMay2007shebegantodevelopafriendshipwiththem.ByJuly,theystartedrunningwithher.Inspired,Mahlumformedanofficialrunningclubforthehomeless.Atfirst,onlynineguyssignedup.Today,Mahlum’srunningclubhasgrownintoanationwideorganization.17．WhatisthemainpurposeoftheBackonMyfeetprogram?A．Toprovidehomelesspeoplewithfreehousingandjobs.B．Touserunningasawaytochangeparticipants’selfimage.C．Toorganizemarathonpetitionsforhomelesspeople.D．Tohelphomelesspeopledealwithaddictionproblems.18．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“hittingtheroad”inparagraph2referto?A．Gettingajob. B．Settingagoal.C．Goingforarun. D．Consideringanidea.19．WhydidAnnMahlumsetupBackonMyfeet?A．Tocareforhersickfather. B．Tohelpthehomelesspeople.C．Toraisepeople’shealthawareness. D．Tocollectmoneyforthehomeless.20．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Thelifechallengesfacedbyhomelesspeopleinbigcities.B．Thephysicalandmentalbenefitsofrunningforeveryone.C．Arunningprogramthathelpshomelesspeoplerebuildtheirlives.D．Thepersonalstoryofawomanwhochangedhomelesspeople’slives.【答案】17．B18．C19．B20．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹名為“重新振作”的跑步項(xiàng)目，講述其通過跑步幫助無家可歸者重塑自我、改善生活的理念與成效。17．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“BackonMyfeetisaprogrambasedontheideathatrunningcanchangeaperson’sselfimage.(‘重新振作’是一個基于跑步可以改變一個人自我形象這一理念的項(xiàng)目)”可知，該項(xiàng)目的主要目的是通過跑步改變參與者的自我形象。故選B項(xiàng)。18．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中的“RyanbeganjoggingwiththegroupknownasBackOnMyfeetsevenmonthsago.Neverarunner,healwayswonderedwhatthebigdealaboutitwas.(瑞安七個月前開始加入這個名為‘重新振作’的團(tuán)體一起慢跑。他以前從不跑步，總是想知道跑步有什么了不起的)”以及“Lessthanayearafterfirsthittingtheroad,Ryanpletedahalfmarathon.(在第一次hittingtheroad后不到一年，瑞安就完成了半程馬拉松)”可知，“hittingtheroad”在這里指的是開始跑步。故選C項(xiàng)。19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Runningasateen,shecontinuallypassedbyagroupofhomelessmenoutsidetheSundayBreakfastRescueMission.InMay2007shebegantodevelopafriendshipwiththem.ByJuly,theystartedrunningwithher.Inspired,Mahlumformedanofficialrunningclubforthehomeless.(青少年時期跑步時，她經(jīng)常路過周日早餐救助站外的一群無家可歸的人。2007年5月，她開始和他們建立友誼。到了7月，他們開始和她一起跑步。受到啟發(fā)，馬勒姆為無家可歸者成立了一個正式的跑步俱樂部)”可知，安·馬勒姆創(chuàng)立這個項(xiàng)目是為了幫助無家可歸的人。故選B項(xiàng)。20．主旨大意題。通讀全文，文章開篇描述無家可歸者參與跑步的場景，接著介紹參與者瑞安的轉(zhuǎn)變，然后說明項(xiàng)目的理念和成果，最后講述項(xiàng)目的起源。全文圍繞這個通過跑步幫助無家可歸者重建生活的項(xiàng)目展開。因此“一個幫助無家可歸者重建生活的跑步項(xiàng)目”最適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。FHowfarbackdoesyourfamilytreego?Ahundredyears?Athousandyears?Whataboutsixtosevenmillionyears?Anancientskull(頭骨)foundinAfricasuggeststhatthehumanfamilymightbethatold.Discoveredin2001inthedesertofChad,theskullwasnicknamedToumaibyscientists.Toumaiisararefind.Theskullisnearlyplete.Itevenincludesafewteeth.TheToumaiskullisestimatedtobebetweensixandsevenmillionyearsold.Scientistsaredebatingwhethertheskullislinkedtohumans.Thefindingisnotwithoutcontroversy.SomescientiststhinkthatToumaiistheoldestknownhominid(原始人)everfound.OtherssayToumaiisanape(猿).MosthominidsthatscientistsareawareoflivedmillionsofyearsafterToumai.ThemostfamousoneiscalledLucy.ShelivedinEthiopiaabout3.5millionyearsago.WhileLucy’sfacelookedlikethefaceofachimpanzee,Toumai’sskullhasbothhumanandapelikefeatures.BecauseToumai’sskulllooksdifferentfromotherhominidskulls,s