土壤重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀及來源研究文獻綜述重金屬是指具有相對較高密度并且即使在低濃度下也有毒的金屬元素，包括鉛（Pb），鎘（Cd），鎳（Ni），鉻（Cr），鈷（Co），鋅（Zn），鐵（Fe），砷（As）以及鉑族元素ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hu</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>178</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[1]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>178</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607130307">178</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hu,Bifeng</author><author>Zhao,Ruiying</author><author>Chen,Songchao</author><author>Zhou,Yue</author><author>Jin,Bin</author><author>Li,Yan</author><author>Shi,Zhou</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>HeavyMetalPollutionDelineationBasedonUncertaintyinaCoastalIndustrialCityintheYangtzeRiverDelta,China</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth</full-title></periodical><volume>15</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1660-4601</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000434868800149</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000434868800149</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>710</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/ijerph15040710</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[1]。隨著工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，土壤重金屬污染日趨嚴重，目前已成為世界范圍內(nèi)普遍存在的環(huán)境問題。根據(jù)2014年環(huán)境保護部和國土資源部發(fā)布的《全國土地污染狀況調(diào)查公報》ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>171</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>171</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1596009291">171</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">環(huán)境保護部，國土資源部</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">全國土壤污染狀況調(diào)查公報</style></title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]，當(dāng)時已有16.1%的全國土壤和19.4%的耕地土壤受到了重金屬污染。根據(jù)2019生態(tài)環(huán)境部發(fā)布的《中國生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況公報》ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>172</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>172</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1596009316">172</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">生態(tài)環(huán)境部</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中國生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況公報</style></title></titles><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]，重金屬是目前影響我國農(nóng)用地土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量的主要污染物。我國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局的調(diào)查結(jié)果ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>182</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>182</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607177138">182</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中國耕地地球化學(xué)調(diào)查報告（</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">2015</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">年）</style></title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]也顯示，我國耕地土壤中重金屬中—重度污染或超標的土壤覆蓋面積為3488萬畝，點位比例為2.5%。在我國，每年受到重金屬污染的糧食數(shù)量約為1200萬噸，造成經(jīng)濟損失約為200億人民幣ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[5]。此外，不僅是中國，重金屬污染在世界范圍內(nèi)都引起了廣泛的關(guān)注，各國紛紛制定土壤修復(fù)計劃并投入大量資金用于重金屬污染土壤的治理和研究，將重金屬作為優(yōu)先監(jiān)測和控制污染物。因此，重金屬污染已經(jīng)成為刻不容緩的環(huán)境問題。重金屬的來源有很多，自然界也是重金屬的來源之一。重金屬最重要的自然來源是母質(zhì)層（未受土壤發(fā)育過程顯著影響的土壤母質(zhì)）和裸露的巖石，重金屬通過風(fēng)化過程進入土壤環(huán)境中，許多巖漿巖中含大量的錳，鈷，鎳，銅和鋅，而在沉積巖中，鉻，錳，鈷，鎳，銅，鋅，鎘，錫，汞和鉛的含量也較高ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[6]。另外，火山噴發(fā)也會向環(huán)境中釋放大量的鋅，錳，鉛，鎳，銅和汞。其次，還有風(fēng)沙、海洋活動、森林火災(zāi)等等，都有可能是重金屬的自然來源ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[7]。但通常來說，自然來源的影響微乎其微，在自然狀況下，重金屬不會高濃度累積。人為來源是環(huán)境中重金屬的重要來源，主要分為農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)以及生活污水等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zu</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>181</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>181</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607174707">181</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zu,Y.Q.</author><author>Li,Y.</author><author>Chen,J.J.</author><author>Chen,H.Y.</author><author>Qin,L.</author><author>Schvartz,C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>HyperaccumulationofPb,ZnandCdinherbaceousgrownonlead-zincminingareainYunnan,China</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentInternational</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentInternational</full-title></periodical><pages>755-762</pages><volume>31</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0160-4120</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000229724400015</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000229724400015</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.004</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中會造成重金屬污染的過程主要包括農(nóng)藥化肥、殺蟲劑、糞便的使用以及農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水，這些會向土壤環(huán)境中釋放不同濃度的鎘，鉻，鎳，鉛和鋅等，盡管其中重金屬的濃度比較微量，但反復(fù)使用仍會導(dǎo)致土壤中重金屬的積累ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[7]。重金屬的工業(yè)來源也有很多，主要包括采礦，冶煉，金屬精加工以及回收等，工業(yè)中的高溫加工過程會使重金屬（諸如鎘，銅，鉛，錫和鋅等）形成蒸氣形式，進而與大氣中的水結(jié)合形成氣溶膠并通過干沉降或濕沉降污染土壤或水體ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hu</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>177</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>177</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607130219">177</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hu,Bifeng</author><author>Jia,Xiaolin</author><author>Hu,Jie</author><author>Xu,Dongyun</author><author>Xia,Fang</author><author>Li,Yan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AssessmentofHeavyMetalPollutionandHealthRisksintheSoil-Plant-HumanSystemintheYangtzeRiverDelta,China</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth</full-title></periodical><volume>14</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>WOS:000411574400094</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000411574400094</style></url></related-urls></urls><custom7>1042</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.3390/ijerph14091042</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]。此外，生活污水的排放可能也會導(dǎo)致環(huán)境中重金屬含量的增加，這是因為許多洗滌劑中都含有痕量的元素錳，鉻，鈷，鋅，鍶等ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[6]，生活污水的排放也會造成環(huán)境中重金屬的污染和積累。圖1-1我國土壤重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀Figure1-1CurrentstatusofsoilheavymetalpollutioninChina重金屬污染具有污染范圍廣、持續(xù)時間長、難以生物降解等特點。鎘（Cd）和鎳（Ni）是兩種典型的重金屬。根據(jù)《全國土地污染狀況調(diào)查公報》ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>171</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>171</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1596009291">171</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">環(huán)境保護部，國土資源部</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">全國土壤污染狀況調(diào)查公報</style></title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]，我國大部分土壤（耕地、草地、未利用地）主要污染物均包括鎘和鎳，全國土壤中鎘和鎳的點位超標率分別為7.0%和4.8%，嚴重威脅土壤環(huán)境和糧食安全。根據(jù)Hu等人的研究ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[5]，全國30個?。ǔＤ鲜∫酝獾乃惺。┍韺油寥乐墟k的平均含量均高于全國背景值，全國22個省的鎘含量高于全球背景值（ABW），其中，廣西省表層土壤中鎘含量最高，高達4.87mg/kg；全國26個省的表層土壤平均鎳含量高于國家背景值，9個省的平均鎳含量高于全球背景值，其中，上海的表層土壤中鎳含量最高（111.07mg/kg），但是作物中鎳含量超標率顯著高于土壤超標率。農(nóng)業(yè)土壤中鎘和鎳的最重要來源之一就是無機和有機肥料的使用，包括農(nóng)藥、灌溉用水、殺真菌劑、無機肥料和磷酸鹽肥料，其鎘鎳的含量也各不相同，會使鎘富集，雖然農(nóng)業(yè)土壤中的重金屬含量比較低，但是由于土地的重復(fù)使用，再加之金屬的持久積累性，可能會導(dǎo)致某些有害重金屬持續(xù)積累ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zu</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>181</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>181</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607174707">181</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zu,Y.Q.</author><author>Li,Y.</author><author>Chen,J.J.</author><author>Chen,H.Y.</author><author>Qin,L.</author><author>Schvartz,C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>HyperaccumulationofPb,ZnandCdinherbaceousgrownonlead-zincminingareainYunnan,China</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentInternational</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentInternational</full-title></periodical><pages>755-762</pages><volume>31</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0160-4120</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000229724400015</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000229724400015</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.004</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]。鎘和鎳在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)也中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。鎘是一種無生物功能的重金屬，被用于冶煉、發(fā)電站、電池、顏料、油漆、精煉工藝、金屬加工行業(yè)等，同時也產(chǎn)生于垃圾焚化爐、采礦、燃料燃燒、城市交通、水泥廠等行業(yè)，已成為多種環(huán)境中一種普遍存在的嚴重環(huán)境工業(yè)污染物ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Abbas</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1582794881">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Abbas,SyedZaghum</author><author>Rafatullah,Mohd</author><author>Ismail,Norli</author><author>Lalung,Japareng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Isolation,identification,characterization,andevaluationofcadmiumremovalcapacityofEnterobacterspecies</title><secondary-title>JournalofBasicMicrobiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofBasicMicrobiology</full-title></periodical><pages>1279-1287</pages><volume>54</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0233-111X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000346260300001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000346260300001</style></url><url>/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201400157</url><url>/doi/abs/10.1002/jobm.201400157</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/jobm.201400157</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]。鎳的主要來源是電鍍、電子、廚房、家用電器、外科手術(shù)器械、鋼合金、金屬清潔行業(yè)，此外，鎳鎘電池的應(yīng)用也是其重要來源之一ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[11]。參考文獻[1]HuB,ZhaoR,ChenS,etal.HeavyMetalPollutionDelineationBasedonUncertaintyinaCoastalIndustrialCityintheYangtzeRiverDelta,China[J].InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth,2018,15(4).[2]環(huán)境保護部，國土資源部.全國土壤污染狀況調(diào)查公報[R].2014.[3]生態(tài)環(huán)境部.中國生態(tài)環(huán)境狀況公報[R].2019.[4]中國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局.中國耕地地球化學(xué)調(diào)查報告（2015年）[R].2015.[5]HuB,ShaoS,NiH,etal.Currentstatus,spatialfeatures,healthrisks,andpotentialdrivingfactorsofsoilheavymetalpollutioninChinaatprovincelevel[J].Environmentalpollution(Barking,Essex:1987),2020,266(Pt3):114961.[6]NagajyotiPC,LeeKD,SreekanthTVM.Heavymetals,occurrenceandtoxicityforplants:areview[J].EnvironmentalChemistryLetters,2010,8(3):199-216.[7]FuFL,WangQ.Removalofheavymetalionsfromwastewaters:Areview[J].JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,2011,92(3):407-418.[8]ZuYQ,LiY,ChenJJ,etal.HyperaccumulationofPb,ZnandCdinherbaceousgrownonlead-zincminingareainYunnan,China[J].EnvironmentInternational,2005,31(5):755-762.[9]HuB,JiaX,HuJ,etal.AssessmentofHeavyMetalPollutionandHealthRisksintheSoil-Plant-HumanSystemintheYangtzeRiverDelta,China[J].InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth,2017,14(9).[10]AbbasSZ,RafatullahM,IsmailN,etal.Isolation,identification,characterization,andevaluationofcadmiumremovalcapacityofEnterobacterspecies[J].JournalofBasicMicrobiology,2014,54(12):1279-1287.[11]BorbaCE,GuirardelloR,SilvaEA,etal.Removalofnickel(II)ionsfromaqueous'solutionbybiosorptioninafixedbedcolumn:Experimentalandtheoreticalbreakthroughcurves[J].BiochemicalEngineeringJournal,2006,30(2):184-191.[12]SanitaDiToppiL,GabbrielliR.Responsetoca